Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
WORKERS OFOF
ALLALL
COUNTRIES,
UNITEI
WORKERS
ENVER HOXHA
ENVER
HOXHA
EUROCOMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM
IS
ANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMNIUNISM
TIRANA
TIRANA 1930
1980
THE
THEINSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOF
OFMARXIST-LENINIST
MARXIST-LENINISTSTUDIES
STUDIES
AT
ATTHE
THECC
CCOF
OFTHE
THEPLA
PLA
THE NNTORI
..8 NENTORI
PUBLISHINGHOUSE
HOUSE
THE
PUBLISHING
ENVER HOXHA
At the
the 9th
9th Congress
Congress of the Communist Party
At
of Spain,
Spain, in
in April
April 1978,
1978, the
the Carrillo revisionists
of
declared that
that their
their party
party was
was no
no longer
longer aa MarxMarxdeclared
ist-Leninist party,
party, but a Marxist-democratic
ist-Leninist
revolutionary party. To consider Leninism the
revolutionary
Marxism of
of our
our time,
time, declared
declaredCarrillo,
Carrillo,is
is
Marxism
unacceptable.
The French revisionist leaders proposed to
sMay 1979, that they
their 23rd Congress, held in kMay
should give up referring to Marxism-Leninism in
the documents of their party
party and
and use
use the
the term
term
scientific socialism
socialism
instead.
The Italian revisionists too, at the 15th Congress of their party in April 1979, removed fom
from
their Constitution the requirement
requirement that
that the
the memmembers of the party should master Marxism-Leninism
and apply its teachings.
teachings. The
The formula
formula of
of 'Marx'Marxism-Leninism'
ism-Leninism' does not express the whole wealth
of our theoretical and ideological heritage, said
the
the followers
followers of
of Togliatti.
Togliatti. Now
Now anyone
anyone can
can take
take
part
part in
in the
the Italian
Italian revisionist
revisionist party,
party, regardless
regardless of
of
the
ideology
to
which
he
adheres
or
which
he
the ideology to which
applies.
applies.
In
In this
this way
way the
the Eurocornmunist
Eurocommunist revisionists
revisionists
formally
formally and
and publicly
publicly have
have sanctioned
sanctioned the
the final
final
break
break with
with Marxism-Leninism,
Marxism-Leninism,which
whichin
inpractice
practice
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
1-10XHA
they
theyhad
haddone
doneyears
yearsago.
ago.Very
Verypleased
pleased with
with this
this
rapid
rapidand
andcomplete
completesocial-democratic
social-democratictransformatransformation
tion of
ofthese
theseparties,
parties,the
thebourgeois
bourgeoispropaganda
propaganda
called1979
1979the
theyear
yearof
ofEurocommunism.
Eurocommunism.
called
In
In aa situation
situation when
when the
the European
European bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
is in
in great
great difficulties
difficulties because
because of
of the
the grave
grave econeconis
omic and
and political
political crisis,
crisis, when
when the
the revolt
revolt of
of the
the
omic
masses
masses against
against the
the consequences
consequences of
of this
this crisis
crisis and
and
capitalist
capitalist oppression
oppression and
and exploitation
exploitation is
is mounting
mounting
to
to ever
ever higher
higher levels,
levels, nothing
nothing could
could serve
serve itit better
better
than
than the
the anti-Marxist
anti-Marxist views
views and
and anti-worker
anti-worker actiactivity of the Eurocommunists. Nothing could give
greater assistance to the strategy of imperialism
for the suppression of the revolution, the undermining of liberation struggles and domination
domination of
of
the world than the revisionist, pacifist, capitulationist, collaborationist trends, including Eurocommunism.
The Western bourgeoisie does not conceal its
fast that now the Eurocomenthusiasm over the fact
munist revisionists
revisionists have
have lined
lined themselves
themselves up
up with
with
munist
the
social-democrats
and
the
fascists
to
attack
the
the social-democrats,
to attack the
revolution, Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism and communism
revolution,
jointly, with
with all
all their
their weapons.
weapons. The
The capitalists are
jointly,
overjoyed that
that they
they are
are preparing
preparing new
new adminisadminisoverjoyed
trators of
of their
their affairs
affairs to
to gradually
gradually replace
replacethe
the
trators
social-democrats,
whose
long
service
in
the
apsocial-democrats, whose long service in the apparatuses of
of the
the bourgeois
bourgeoisstate
stateand
andopen
open
paratuses
struggle against
against the
the working
workingclass
classand
andthe
thecause
cause
struggle
ofsocialism
socialism in
in many
many countries,
countries, has
has led
led them
them into
into
of
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM
55
the ranks
reaction
andand
compromised
the
ranksof
ofextreme
extreme
reaction
compromised
them deeply
of of
thethe
workers.
Today
the the
them
deeplyininthe
theeyes
eyes
workers.
Today
social-democrats have
become
identified,
not only
social-democrats
have
become
identified,
not only
ideologically and
from
thethe
so-soideologically
andpolitically,
politically,but
butalso
also
from
cial viewpoint,
viewpoint, with
Now
thethe
cial
with the
thebig
bigbourgeoisie.
bourgeoisie.
Now
bourgeoisie has
hopes
thatthat
the the
Eurocommubourgeoisie
hasgreat
great
hopes
Eurocomi-nuthethe
main
warders
of of
nist revisionists
revisionistswill
willbecome
become
main
warders
the
capitalist
order,
the
banner-bearers
of
counterthe capitalist order, the banner-bearers of counterrevolution. But
lords
of of
capital
are are
a a
revolution.
Butthe
thegreat
great
lords
capital
little hasty
hasty in
drum.
little
in beating
beatingthe
thevictory
victory
drum.
now,
communism
For more
morethan
thana acentury
century
now,
communism
has been
capitalist
bourgeoisie
and and
has
beenterrifying
terrifyingthe
the
capitalist
bourgeoisie
land-owners, imperialists
and
opportunists,
and and
land-owners,
imperialists
and
opportunists,
renegades from
Marxism-Leninism.
ForFor
more
renegades
from
Marxism-Leninism.
more
than aahundred
years
Marxism-Leninism
has been
than
hundred
years
Marxism-Leninism
has been
guiding
in in
their
battles
to overguiding the
theproletarians
proletarians
their
battles
to overthrow
thethe
triumph
of socialism.
throw capitalism
capitalismand
andforfor
triumph
of socialism.
Its
waved
forfor
a long
timetime
in in
Its triumphant
triumphantbanner
banner
waved
a long
many
and
thethe
workers,
peasants,
peo- peomanycountries,
countries,
and
workers,
peasants,
ple's
warnen
andand
the the
youth
tasted
the the
ple'sintellectuals,
intellectuals,
women
youth
tasted
fruits
equal
andand
human
life for
fruits of
of that
thatfree,
free,just,
just,
equal
human
life for
which
and
Stalin
hadhad
fought.
which Marx,
Marx,Engels,
Engels,Lenin
Lenin
and
Stalin
fought.
Although
been
overthrown
in the
Althoughsocialism
socialismhas
has
been
overthrown
in the
Soviet
Union
and
other
countries
where
the
counSoviet Union and other countries where the counter-revolution
this
does
notnot
prove
that that
ter-revolutiontriumphed,
triumphed,
this
does
prove
Marxism-Leninism
been
defeated
and and
in- inMarxism-Leninismhas
has
been
defeated
validated,
bourgeoisie
andand
the revisionists
validated,asasthe
the
bourgeoisie
the revisionists
claim.
claim.
The
of of
thethe
proletariat,
Marx
Thegreat
greatleaders
leaders
proletariat,
Marx
and
outout
andand
stressed
that the
andLenin,
Lenin,pointed
pointed
stressed
thatrevthe rev-
66
ENVERHOXHA
HOXHA
ENVER
olution
march
in ainstraight
olutionisisnot
nota atriumphant
triumphant
march
a straight
line.
but
also
setbacks;
it it
line.ItItwill
will have
havevictories
victories
but
also
setbacks;
advances
zigzags
mounts
step
by The
step. The
advances
in in
zigzags
andand
mounts
step by
step.
historyof
ofthe
thedevelopment
development
of human
society
history
of human
society
shows
replacement
of one
social
system
showsthat
thatthe
the
replacement
of one
social
system
by
system,
is not
donedone
within
one one
by another,
another,higher
higher
system,
is not
within
day.
day,but
butcovers
covers
a whole
a whole
historical
historical
epoch.
epoch.
In many
In many
instances
in in
many
countries
the bourgeois
instancesand
and
many
countries
the bourgeois
revolutions,
thethe
feudal
system
of of
revolutions,which
whichreplaced
replaced
feudal
system
exploitation
system
of exploitaexploitationwith
withthe
thecapitalist
capitalist
system
of exploitation,
toto
escape
the the
counter-revolution,
tion, were
wereunable
unable
escape
counter-revolution,
either.
ofof
this
is France,
where
the the
either.An
Anexample
example
this
is France,
where
bourgeois
bourgeoisrevolution,
revolution,
although
although
it was
it was
the the
mostmost
profound
revolution
of of
thethe
time.
waswas
profoundand
andradical
radical
revolution
time,
unable
and
consolidate
the capitalist
unabletotoestablish
establish
and
consolidate
the capitalist
order immediately.
initial
victory
of of
1789,
oi-der
immediately.After
Afterthethe
initial
victory
1789,
the
thethe
working
masses
had to
riseto rise
the bourgeoisie
bourgeoisieand
and
working
masses
had
again
inrevolution
revolutiontotooverthrow
overthrow
feudal
monaragain in
thethe
feudal
monarand
thethe
feudal
system
in ge-in gechy of
of the
theBourbons
Bourbons
and
feudal
system
neral and
thethe
bourgeois
order.
neral
andfinally
finallyrestore
restore
bourgeois
order.
The epoch
revolutions
hashas
just just
The
epochofofproletarian
proletarian
revolutions
begun. The
of of
socialism
represents
an hisbegun.
Theadvent
advent
socialism
represents
an historical necessity
from
thethe
objective
torical
necessitywhich
whichresults
results
from
objective
development of
This
is inevitable.
TheThe
development
ofsociety.
society
This
is inevitable.
counter-revolutions which
been
carried
out out
counter-revolutions
whichhave
have
been
carried
and the
which
emerge
cancan
prolong
the the
and
theobstacles
obstacles
which
emerge
prolong
existente ofofthe
system
to some
ex- exexistence
theold
oldexploiting
exploiting
system
to some
tent, but
to halt
the the
march
of of
tent,
but they
theyare
arepowerless
poi,verless
to halt
march
human society
itsits
socialist
future.
human
societytowards
towards
socialist
future.
Eurocommunism labours
to to
raise
a barrier
Eurocommunism
labours
raise
a barrier
EUROCONINIUNISM
IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMIJNISM
M IS
EUROCOMMUNIS
77
of thorns
thorns and
and brambles
bramblesto
tothe
therevolution,
revolution,in
inorder
order
of
to defend
defend the
the capitalist
capitalist system.
system. But
Butthe
theflames
flamesof
of
to
the
revolution
have
swept
over
and
destroyed
not
the revolution have swept over and destroyed not
only such
such barriers,
barriers, but
but also
also whole
whole fortresses ereconly
ted by
by the bourgeoisie.
Bourgeoisie.
ted
The revisionists
revisionists and
and the
the Eurocommunists
Eurocommunists in
in
The
particular, are
are not
not the first to attack Marxismparticular,
Leninism and to pronounce the gravest anathemas
Leninism
against it. The bourgeois reaction and imperialists
have massacred, tortured and killed in prisons
thousands and huncireds
hundreds of thousands of communcommunists and fighters for the revolution, who had emMarxism-Leninism and
and fought
fought
braced the ideas of Marxism-Leninism
for the liberation of the proletariat and the peoples. The fascists have burned the books of Marx,
Engels, Lenin
Lenin and
and Stalin
Stalin in
in the
the City
city squares, and
in many countries still people are sent to the firing squad when it is discovered that they read
their books or
or whisper
whisper their
their names
names with
with hope
hope
and admiratiori, even in secret. No library could
hold
hold all
all the
the books,
books, magazines,
magazines, newspapers
newspapers and
and
other
other publications
publications which
which attack Marxism-Leninism,
ism, no one can calculate or even imagine the
quantity
quantity and
and extent
extent of
of the
the anti-communist
anti-communist Propropaganda
paganda of
of imperialism.
imperialism.
Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism has
has not
not
disappeared,
disappeared. itit isis living
living and
and flourishing
flourishing as
as an
an ideolideology
ogy and
and aa reality,
reality, materialized
materialized in
in the
the socialist
socialist
social
social system
system constructed
constructed according
according to
to its
its teachteachings.
ings. Examplifying
Examplifying this
this isis socialist
socialist Albania,
Albania, the
the
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HOXIIA
Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninistparties,
parties,and
andthose
thosemillions
millionsand
and
millions
millionsof
ofworkers
workersand
andpeasants
peasantswho
whoare
arefighting
fighting
every
everyday
dayfor
forthe
theoverthrow
overthrowof
ofthe
thebourgeoisie,
bourgeoisie,
for
democracy
and
national
liberation.
for democracy and national liberation.No
Noforce,
force,no
no
torture,
torture, no
no intrigue,
intrigue, no
no deception
deceptioncan
caneradicate
eradicate
Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism from
fromthe
theminds
mindsand
andhearts
hearts
of men.
men.
of
The
The doctrine
doctrine of
of Marx
Marx and
and Lenin
Lenin is
is not
not aa
scheme
drafted
in
the
studies
of
philosophers
scheme drafted in the studies of philosophers and
and
politicians. It
It is
is aa reflection
reflection of the objective laws
politicians.
of
of the
the development
development of
of society.
society. Even
Even without
without knowknowing Marxism-Leninism,
Marxism-Leninism, the
the working
working people
people
struggle to escape
escape from
from oppression
oppression and
and exploitaexploitation, to overthrow the bosses
and
tyrants,
bosses and tyrants, in
in order
order
to live in freedom and enjoy the fruits of their
toil.But
But by
by acquainting
acquainting themselves
themselves with the
toil.
teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, they
find the right road in the struggle, find the compass which guides them in the capitalist jungle
and gain
gain the
thelight
lightwhich
which shows
Showsthem
them the
the certain
and
socialist future.
The revisionists
revisionists want to smash this compass
The
of the
the workers,
workers, want
want to
to dim
dim this
this light
light so
so that
thatthey
they
of
lose
lose this
this perspective.
perspective.
Until recently
recently the
the revisionist
revisionistparties
partiesof
ofthe
the
Until
West
were
united
in
the
West were
Khrushchevite-imperialKh rushchevite-imperialist anti-communist
anti-communist campaign
campaign against
against Stalin.
Stalin. They
They
ist
spoke with
with great
great enthusiasm
enthusiasm about
about liberation
liberation
spoke
fromStalinism,
Stalinism, allegedly
allegedly to
to return
return to
to Leninism,
Leninism,
from
which,
according
to
them,
had
been
distorted
by
which, according to them, had been distorted by
ELTROCOMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS
IS ANTI-COMMLTNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
Stalin. Now
abandoning
Leninisrn
Stalin.
Nowthey
theypreach
preach
abandoning
Leninism
in order
thethe
founders
of scientific
orderto
togo
goback
backtoto
founders
of scientific
socialism
Engels.
socialism
Marx
Marxand
and
Engels.
These
areare
trying
to present
their their
Theserenegades
renegades
trying
to present
rapid
rapid descent
descentdown
down
thethe
steps
steps
of betrayal
of betrayal
of Marxof Marxism-Leninism
as
a
painful
ascent
of
the
mountain
ism-Leninism as a painful ascent of the mountain
communist
truth.
Howto find the
thesource
sourceofofthe
the
communist
truth.
However, all
Khrushchevite
or or
ever,
allrevisionists,
revisionists,whether
whether
Khrushchevite
Eurocommunist,fight
fightwith
withequal
equal
ferocity
and
Eurocommunist,
ferocity
and
cunning
Stalin
and
against
Lenin
cunningboth
bothagainst
against
Stalin
and
against
Lenin
and Marx.
and
Marx.
The
ofof
their
fire
against
The initial
initial concentration
concentration
their
fire
against
Stalin, leaving
ofof
it for
the
time
Stalin,
leavingLenin
Leninout
out
it for
the
time
being,
being, was
wassimp]y
simplytactical.
tactical.
Their
Their
class
class
logic
logic
told the
revisionists
thatthat
at the
theimperialists
imperialistsand
and
revisionists
at the
given moment
preferable
first
to destroy
given
momentititwas
was
preferable
first
to destroy
socialism
Union,
first
to to
attack
socialismininthe
theSoviet
Soviet
Union,
first
attack
Marxism-Leninism
it it
had
been
applied
in in
Marxism-Leninismwhere
where
had
been
applied
practice.
andand
reaction
understood
practice.The
Thebourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
reaction
understood
that the
of the
Soviet
that
thecapitalist
capitalistdegeneration
degeneration
of the
Soviet
Union
would
greatly
assist
their
struggle
to
bring
Union would greatly assist their struggle to bring
about
of communist
parties
aboutthe
thedegeneration
degeneration
of communist
parties
which
which were
werenot
notininpower.
power.
The
work
of of
Stalin
were
linked
The narre
nameand
and
work
Stalin
were
linked
with the
of of
thethe
state
of the
the establishment
establishment
state
of dictatorthe dictatorship of
inin
the
Soviet
Union
andand
ship
of the
theproletariat
proletariat
the
Soviet
Union
the construction
in in
that
country.
By By
the
constructionofofsocialism
socialism
that
country.
denigrating
thethe
social
system
for which
denigratingStalin
Stalinand
and
social
system
for which
he
throughout
his his
life,life,
reache fought
foughtand
andworked
worked
throughout
reacscum
wanted
to to
tion and
andall
allthe
theanti-communist
anti-communist
scum
wanted
10
10
ENVER
ENVER
HO
XHA
HOXHA
destroynot
not
only
the
greatest
powerful
destroy
only
the
greatest
and and
mostmost
powerful
baseofofsocialism,
socialism,
communist
base
butbut
alsoalso
the the
communist
dreamdream
of
and
hundreds
of millions
of people
of hundreds
hundreds
and
hundreds
of millions
of people
throughout
world.
With
their
attack
on Stalin
throughoutthe
the
world.
With
their
attack
on Stalin
and
wanted
to create
an atmoandhis
hiswork,
work,they
they
wanted
to create
an atmosphere
among
the fighters
for the
sphereofofpessimism
pessimism
among
the fighters
for the
revolution,
revolution,the
thebitter
bitterdisappointment
disappointment
of someone
of someone
who
guided
by a
ideal.
who unwittingly
unwittinglyhas
hasbeen
been
guided
byfalse
a false
ideal.
However,
allall
thethe
great
hopes
they they
However,besides
besides
great
hopes
had
the
campaign
against
Stalin,
de- dehadpinned
pinnedonon
the
campaign
against
Stalin,
spite
spitethe
thevictory
victoryofofthe
the
counter-revolution
counter-revolution
in the
in the
Soviet
other
countries,
the the
revolution
SovietUnion
Unionand
and
other
countries,
revolution
was
wasnot
notconquered,
conquered,
Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism
waswas
not not
eliminated,
eliminated,and
and
socialism
socialism
was
was
not not
snuffed
snuffed
out. out.
The
betrayal
was
a major
one,one,
but but
The Khrushchevite
Khrushchevite
betrayal
was
a major
it could
could never
the
glorious
banner
of of
neverpull
pulldown
down
the
glorious
banner
Marxism-Leninism which
genuine
revolutionMarxism-Leninism
whichthe
the
genuine
revolutionaries,
millionsofofpeople
people
who
believe
in inexits inexaries, millions
who
believe
in its
haustible power,
always
hold
high.
While
Khrushhaustible
power,
always
hold
high.
While
Khrushchevism was
as aascounterrevolutionary
chevism
wasunmasked
unmasked
a counterrevolutionary
ideology of
ofof
capitalism
andand
as aas a
ideology
of the
therestoration
restoration
capitalism
great
power
policy
for
the
domination
of
great power policy for the domination the
of the
world, Marxism-Leninism
thethe
ideology
world,
Marxism-Leninismremained
remained
ideology
which leads
triumph
of of
thethe
revolution
andand
which
leadstotothe
the
triumph
revolution
the
liberationof
ofthe
thepeoples.
peoples.
the liberation
Now the
the revisionists
turned
against
Now
revisionistshave
have
turned
against
Leninism. It
why
is this
attack
Leninism.
It is
is natural
naturaltotoask:
ask:
why
is this
attack
against Leninism
andand
whywhy
are are
pre- preagainst
Leninismundertaken
undertaken
cisely the
thethe
standard-bearers
cisely
the Eurocommunists
Eurocommunists
standard-bearers
of
of this
this attack?
attack?
ETJROCOMMUNISMISIS
ANTI-COMMUNISM
ELTROCOMMUNISM
ANTI-COMML7NISM
11
11
Like Khrushchev,
Khrushchev,who
whowith
withhishis
attack
against
Like
attack
against
Stalinwanted
wantedtotoattack
attack
theory
practice
Stalin
thethe
theory
andand
practice
of the
theconstruction
construction
socialism,
Eurocomof
ofof
socialism,
thethe
Eurocommunists,with
withtheir
theirattack
attack
Lenin,
want
munists,
anon
Lenin,
want
to to
attackthe
thetheory
theory
and
practice
of the
proletarian
attack
and
practice
of the
proletarian
revolution.The
Thework
workofofLenin
Lenin
very
wide-rangrevolution.
is is
very
wide-ranging, but
butititisisclosely
closelylinked
linked
precisely
with
ing,
precisely
with
thethe
preparationand
and
carrying
of the
revolution.
preparation
carrying
outout
of the
revolution.
Therefore,like
likeKhrushchev
Khrushchev
who
could
destroy
Therefore,
who
could
not not
destroy
socialismininthe
theSoviet
Soviet
Union
without
getting
socialism
Union
without
getting
rid rid
Stalin,the
theEurocommunists
Eurocommunists
cannot
thoroughly
of Stalin,
cannot
thoroughly
undermineand
andsabotage
sabotage
revolution
without
undermine
the the
revolution
without
eradicatingLenin
Leninfrom
fromthe
the
minds
hearts
eradicating
minds
andand
hearts
of of
the working
workingpeople.
people.
the
the struggle
struggletotodeny
deny
and
denigrate
MarxIn the
and
denigrate
Marxism-Leninism,
thebourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
always
had the
ism-Leninism, the
hashas
always
had the
support
ofopportunists
opportunists
and
renegades
of every
support of
and
renegades
of every
kind and
andevery
everyhue,
hue,
according
to the
time.
All of
according
to the
time.
All of
them
haveproclaimed
proclaimed
of Marxism.
They
them have
thethe
endend
of Marxism.
They
have
described
unsuitable
for new
the new
times,
have described
it it
asas
unsuitable
for the
times,
while
advertisedtheir
theirmodern
-<<modern
ideas
while they have
have advertised
ideas
as
thescience
science
future.
what
became
of
as the
ofof
thethe
future.
ButBut
what
became
of
Proudhon,
Lassalle,
Bakunin,
Bernstein,
Kautsky,
Proudhon, Lassalle,
Bakunin,
Bernstein,
Kautsky,
Trotsky and
andtheir
theirsupporters?
supporters?
History
nothHistory
hashas
nothing positive
positiveto
tosay
sayabout
about
them.
Their
preachings
them.
Their
preachings
have
servedonly
only
hold
back
sabotage
have served
toto
hold
back
andand
sabotage
the the
revolution,
revolution, to
to undermine
underminethe
the
struggle
struggle
of the
of the
pro-prolet,ariat
andsocialism.
socialism.
They
were
defeated
letariat and
They
were
defeated
in thein the
struggle
withMarxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninismand
and
ended
up in
struggle with
ended
up in
the
rubbishbasket.
basket.
From
time
to time
the rubbish
From
time
to time
newnew
op- op-
12
ENVER
ENVER
HONHA
HOXHA
portunists
portunistsdrag
dragthem
themout
outof
ofthis
thisbasket,
basket,trying
tryingtoto
peddle
peddlethe
thebankrupt
bankruptand
anddiscredited
discreditedformulae
formulaeand
and
thesesof
ofthe
thelatter
latteras
astheir
theirown
ownand
andto
tooppose
oppose
theses
is iswhat
Marxism-Leninism.
This
whatthe
theEurocomEurocomm. This
Marxism-Leninis
munists
are
doing
today.
n-iunists are doing today.
The
TheEurocommunists
Eurocommunistsare
arenot
notthe
thefirst
Erstand
andby
by
no
no means
means original
original in
in their
their efforts
efforts to
to negate
negate MarxMarxism-Leninism
ism-Leninismon
an the
the grounds
grounds that
thatititisisoutdated
outdated
and that
that allegedly
allegedly new
new theories
theories have
have been
been disdisand
covered
covered for
for everyone,
everyone, proletarians
proletariansand
andbourgeois,
bourgeois,
priests
priests and
and police,
police, to
to go
go over
over to
to socialism
socialism together,
together,
without
without class
dass struggle,
struggle, without revolution, without
the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Our Party of Labour Jong
long ago analysed and
unmasked the anti-Marxist theories and counterand Soviet
Soviet
revolutionary
revolutionary actions of the Yugoslav and
revisionists.
It
has
also
refuted
the
opportunist
revisionists. It has also refuted the Opportunist
views and
and stands
stands of
of the
the Chinese
Chinese
and bourgeois views
revisionists.
revisionists. It
It has
has not
not refrained
refrained from
from criticizing
the ideological
ideological and
and organizational
organizational degeneration
degeneration
the
of the
the communist
communist parties
parties of
of Western
Western Europe,
Europe,
of
either. In
In this
this book,
book, however,
however, we
weshall
shalldeal
dealin
in
either.
greater
greaterdetail
detailwith
withthe
theexamination
examinationand
andcriticism
criticism
ofthe
theanti-communist
anti-communistconcepts
conceptsand
andtheses
thesesof
ofthe
the
of
revisionist
revisionistcurrent
currentwhich
whichisisdoing
doinggreat
greatharm
harmto
to
the
thecause
causeof
ofthe
therevolution
revolutionand
and socialism
socialism not
not only
only
inEurope
Europebut
butthroughout
throughoutthe
theworld.
world.Its
Itscapitalist
capitalist
in
godfathers
godfathershave
havebaptized
baptizedthis
thistrend
trendof
ofmodern
modern
revisionismEurocommunism,
Eurocommunism,whereas
whereasfor
forus
us
revisionism
it
is
anti-communism.
Marxist-Leninists
it
is
anti-communism.
s
Marxist-Leninist
1I
THE NEW IMPERIALIST STRATEGY AND THE
BIRTH OF MODERN REVISIONISM
REVISIONISM
Opportunism aa Permanent
Opportunism
Permanent Ally of the
Bourgeoisie
The birth
birthof
modernrevisionism,
revisionism. like the
The
ofmodern
birth of the old revisionism, is a social phenomephenomenon conditioned by many different historical, economic, political and other causes. Taken as a
whole, it is a product of the pressure of the bourbouran the working class and its struggle. Opgeoisie on
portunism and revisionism,
revisionism, from
from the
the start
start to
to this
this
day.
day, have been closely linked with the struggle of
and imperialism
imperialism against Marxismthe Bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie and
pari of the caLeninism, have been a constituent part
pitalist gra.nd
strategy to undermine the revolugrand strategy
tion and perpetuate the bourgeois order. The more
the cause
sause of the revolution has advanced, and the
more Marxism-Leninism has been spread among
the broad masses of the working people, so much
the attention
attention which
which imperialimperialthe greater has been the
14
14
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HOXHA
ism
ism has
has devoted
devoted to
to the
the use
use of
of revisionism
revisionism as
as its
its
favourite
favourite weapon
weapon to
to oppose
oppose and
and undermine
undermine the
the
triumphant ideology
ideology of
of the
the proletariat.
proletariat.
triumphant
This is
is what
what happened
happened at
at the
the beginning
beginning of
of
This
the second
second half
half of
of the
the 19th
19th century,
century, after
afterthe
the
the
publication of
of the
the .<Communist
Communist Manifesto and
and
publication
other
other works
works of
of Marx
Marx and
and Engels,
Engels, and
and the
the growth
growth
of the
the influence
influence of
of Marxism
Marxism among
among the
the working
working
masses of Europe. Precisely at this time reformist
trade-unionist currents were spread in Britain,
the petty-bourgeois
petty-bourgeois views
views of
of Proudhon
Proudhon in
in France,
France,
petty-bourgeois concepts
concepts of
of Lassalle
Lassalle in
in GerGerthe petty-bourgeois
many, the anarchist
anarchist ideas
ideas of
of Bakunin
Bakunin in
in Russia
Russia and
and
elsewhere, and so on. This phenomenon appeared
appeared
again after the heroic events of the Commune of
Paris, when the bourgeoisie, mortally afraid of
the spread of the great example it set, encouraged
encouraged
the new opportunist trend of Bernstein, who tried
to strip iMarxism
Marxism of
of its
its revolutionary
revolutionary content and
make it harmless to the political domination of
the imperialist bourgeoisie.
At the beginning of the 20th century, when
the political and economic conditions were becombecommore and more ripe for the revolution
revolution and
and the
the
ing rnore
seizure of power by the proletariat, the bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
gave all-out
all-out support
support to the opportunist trend of
gave
the Second
Second International and used it extensively
the
in its
its manoeuvres
manoeuvres for the preparation for and
in
launching
launching of
of the
the First
First World
World War.
War.
After
the
historic
victory
of the
the October
October RevRevAfter the historic victory of
EUR
OCOAIMUNISNI
AN'I'I-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM
IS IS
ANTI-COMMUNISM
15
15
olution,when
when
socialism
transformed
a
olution,
socialism
waswas
transformed
from from
a
revolutionarytheory
theory
and
movement
a sociorevolutionary
and
movement
into into
a socioeconomicsystem
system
which
triumphed
in one
economic
which
hadhad
triumphed
in one
sixthofofthe
theworld,
world,capitalism
capitalism
was
forced
to alter
sixth
was
forced
to alter
itsstrategy
strategyand
and
tactics.
Internally,
it stepped
its
tactics.
Internally,
it stepped
up up
itsviolence
violenceand
and
terror
even
further,
began
its
terror
even
further,
began
to useto use
themost
mostferocious
ferocious
means
to strengthen
its rule
the
means
to strengthen
its rule
evenby
bybringing
bringing
fascism
to power.
First
of all,
even
fascism
to power.
First.
of all,
it further
furtherwhipped
whippedupup
demagogy
propait
itsits
demagogy
andand
propagandaininorder
order
denigrate
distort
Marxismganda
to to
denigrate
andand
distort
MarxismLeninismby
byinventing
inventingnew,
new,
pseudo-Marxist
Leninism
pseudo-Marxist
theories,
theories,bybyslandering
slandering
Soviet
Union
thethe
Soviet
Union
and and
preparingfor
forwar
waragainst
against
that
time
Lenin
preparing
it. it.
At At
that
time
Lenin
wrote
that
imperialism
wrote that imperialism
<...justbeeause
becauseititfeels
feels that
that Bolshevism has
...just
become a world force,
forte, is trying to throttle
us as fast as possible in the hope of
of dealing
dealing
first with the Russian Bolsheviks, and then
first
with
with its
its own.*
own.*
In
In 1918
1918 the
theBritish,
British,American,
American,
French
French
andand
Japanese imperialists
began
theirtheir
military
InterJapanese
imperialists
began
military
intervention
in Russia.
Russia.The
The
struggle
against
the first
vention in
struggle
against
the first
state of
brought
all the
state
of workers
workersand
andpeasants
peasants
brought
all the
reactionary
forcesinto
intoa asingle
single
camp.
opporreactionary forces
camp.
TheThe
opportunists
andrenegades
renegades
from
Marxism
hurled
tunists and
from
Marxism
alsoalso
hurled
themselves
intothe
theattack
attack
October
Revoluthemselves into
anon
thethe
October
Revolu* *V.
Works,vol.
vol.28,
28,p.p.
239
V.I.I.Lenin,
Lenin,Collected
Collected Worbs,
239
(Alb.ed.).
ed.).
(Alb.
l
16
ENVER
1101CIIA
EN
R 1-10X1-1A
tionand
andthe
theproletarian
proletarian
state
power.
Kautsky
tim
state
power.
Kautsky
in in
Germany,
Germany, Otto
OttoBauer
Bauer
and
and
Karl
Karl
Renner
Renner
in Austria,
in Austria,
Leon
Slum and
andPaul
PaulBoncourt
Boncourt
France,
rose
Lyon Blum
in in
France,
rose
in in
fury
againstthe
theOctober
October
Revolution
and
fury against
Revolution
and
thethe
Leninist
strategyand
andtactics
tactics
the
revolution.
Leninist strategy
ofof
the
revolution.
They called
calledthe
theOctober
OctoberRevolution
Revolution
unlawful,
They
unlawful,
a a
diversion
fromthe
thecourse
courseofofh'storical
h'storical
developdiversion from
development and
andaadeviation
deviationfrom
from
the
Marxist
theory.
ment
the
Marxist
theory.
preachedthe
thepeaceful
peacefulrevolution
revolutionwithout
without
They preached
power
bloodshed, the
thetaking
takingof
ofpower
violence and
and bloodshed,
through
in in
parlia.ment;
they
were
throughthe
thernajority
majority
parliament;
they
were
against
against the
thetransformation
transformation
of of
thethe
proletariat
proletariat
intointo
a ruling
praised
bourgeois
democracy
ruling They
dass. They
praised
bourgeois
democracy
the heavens
heavensand
andattacked
attacked
dictatorship
to the
thethe
dictatorship
of of
the proletariat.
proletariat.
When the
When
thearrned
armedintervention
Intervention
against
against
Soviet
Soviet
Russia
Russia failed
failedand
andwhen
whensocial-democracy
social-dernocracy
was
was
unable to
ofof
new
communist
unable
tostop
stopthe
theereation
creation
new
communist
parties
andthe
thegreat
great
revolutionary
drive
of the
parties and
revo]utionary
drive
of the
working
working masses
massesof
ofEurope,
Europe,the
the bougeoisie
bourgeoisiepinned
pinned
all its
its hopes
hopesan
anbreaching
breaching
the
the
communist
communist
front
front
... from
rn within
within and
and is
islooking
looking for
for eltamehampions among
among the
the Leaders
leaders of the RCP (B).*
(13).*
The Trotskyites
brought
up up
the
theory
The
Trotskyitesagain
again
brought
tthe
theory
of permanent
permanent revolution,
revolution,
according
according
to to
which
which
so-sobuilt in
inthe
theSoviet
SovietUnion
Union
cialis
cialisrn
not be built
, p.
Stalin, Works.
Works.vol.
vet.66,
p.278
278(Alb.
(Alb.ed.).
cd.I.
J. V. Stalin,
* J.
EUIROCOMMUNISM
ANTE-00743.11:NISM
hunoco:vilitiNzsm ISISANT1-COMMUNISM
17
91nnnn1n
withoutthe
thetriumph
triumph
the
revolution
in other
without
ofof
the
revolution
in other
countries.
Theyarnalgamated
amalgamated
a single
front
countries. They
in in
a single
front
with
the struggle
struggleofofthe
thebourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
against
socialwith the
against
socialism. Stalin
Stalinvery
verycorrectly
correctly
pointed
that
a single
pointed
outout
that
a single
enemy
fronthad
hadbeen
been
created,
including
everyenemy front
ereated,
including
everybody,
fromChamberlain
Chamberlain
Trotsky.
The
rightists,
body, from
toto
Trotsky.
The
rightists,
the
Bukharinites
also
went
on
the
attack
against
the Bukharinites also went on the attack against
socialism. They
They were
were for
forextinguishing
extinguishingthe
thedass
class
socialism,
struggle,
andpreached
preached
the
possibility
struggle, and
the
possibility
of of
thethe
In-Integration
ofcapitalisrn
capitalisminto
into
socialism.
tegration of
socialism.
The
strategyof
ofimperialism
imperialism
assumed
a-iore
n
The strategy
assumed
a more
marked
counterrevolutionary
and
anti-commumarked counterrevolutionary
and
anti-communist character,
character,especially
especially
after
Second
World
nist
after
thethe
Second
World
War,
asaaresult
resultofofthe
the
alteration
ratio
War, as
alteration
in in
thethe
ratio
of of
forces in
forces
in favour
favourof
ofsocialism
socialismand
and
the
the
revolution,
revolution,
which shook
shookthe
thewhole
wholecapitalist
capitalist
system
which
System
to to
itsits
foundations.These
Thesechanges
changesput
put
the
question
of the
foundations.
the
question
of the
revolution and
revolution
andthe
thetriumph
triumph
of of
socialism
socialism
on on
thethe
order of
order
ofthe
theday.
day,no
nolanger
longer
inin
just
just
one
one
or or
twotwo
councountries.
butin
inwhole
wholeregions
regionsand
and
continents.
Imtries. but
continents.
Imperialist, headed
byAmerican
Americanimperialism,
imperialism,
perialism,
headed by
thisthis
time
basedits
itsgreatest
greatest
hope
militarization
time based
hupe
onon
thethe
rnilitariz-ation
of the
the whole
whole of
ofits
itslife,
life,on
onrriilitary
militaryblocs
blocsand
and
pacts,
pacts,
an violent
open
on
violent intervention
interventionand
and
open
war
against
war
against
so-socialism
andthe
therevolutionary
revolutionary
and
liberation
cialism and
and
liberation
mo-movements
ofthe
thepeoples.
peoples.
However,ititpinned
pinned
very
vements of
1-Towever,
very
great
great hopes
hopesalso
alsoan
onthe
theinvigoration
invigoration
and
and
activation
activation
of all the
the Opportunist
opportunistforces
forcesininorder
order
undermine
to to
undermine
the
the socialist
socialistcountries
countriesand
and
coramunist
communist
parties
parties
from
from
within and
andto
tobring
bringabout
about
their
degeneration.
within
their
degeneration.
38
2 -- 3$
1818
ENVER
ENVERIIOXHA
HOXHA
The
TheVictory
Victoryover
overFascism
Fascismand
andthe
the
Counter-offensive
Counter-offensive of
of Imperialism
Imperialism
The
The imperialist
imperialist powers
powers and
and the
the whole
whole of
of
world capitalism
capitalism encouraged
encouraged and
and launched
launched the
the
world
Second
Second World
World War
War with
with the
the aim
aim of
of directing
directing it
it
against
against the
the Soviet
Soviet Union
Union and
and socialism.
socialism.This
Thiswar,
war,
however,
however, not only failed to overthrow the first
socialist
socialist state, but also dealt imperialism heavy
damage which
which put
put its
its whole
whole
blows, causing it great damage
system in jeopardy.
Not only were the armies of fascism routed
routed
on the battlefield, but the anti-communist ideology of world imperialism and the counterrevolutionary policy of international opportunism
opportunism were
were
Italy,
defeated, too. The fascist powers, Germany, Italy,
Japan, which comprised the main striking forces
of the attack of
of international
international capitalism
capitalism on
on sosocialism
cialism and
and communism,
communism, were
were defeated.
defeated. The
The BriBritish
tish and
and French
French empires,
empires, which
which up
up till
till that
that time
time
in world
world politics.
politics.
had
noises in
bignoises
hadbeen
beenthe
thebig
declined
declined in
in power
power and
and weight
weight and
and tailed
tailed along
along
behind
behind the
the policy
policy of
of the
the United
UnitedStates
Statesof
ofAmerAmerica. The
The anti-communist
anti-communist front
frontwas
wasthoroughly
thoroughly
ica.
set
upagainst
against
breached
breachedand
andthe
thecordon
cordonsanitaire
sanitaire set up
the
theSoviet
SovietUnion
Unionwas
wassrnashed
smashed to
to smithereens.
smithereens.
TheSoviet
SovietUnion.
Union,which
whichcarried
carriedthe
themain
main
The
burdenof
ofthe
thewar
warand
andplayed
playedaadecisive
decisiverole
rolein
in
burden
the
thevictory
victoryover
overfascism
fascismand
andthe
theliberation
liberationof
ofenen-
EUROCOMMUNISMISISANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM
19
19
slaved
emerged
fromfrom
the war
and and
slavedpeoples,
peoples,
emerged
the strong
war strong
with
with an
anindisputable
indisputable
international
international
prestige.
prestige.
In the
In the
great
thethe
socialist
system
greatclash
c]ashwith
withimperialism,
imperialism,
socialist
system
gave
gavehistorical
historicalproof
proof
ofof
itsits
superiority,
superiority,
stability
stability
and
andinvincibility.
invincibility.As
Asaaresult
resultofof
the
the
conditions
conditions
which
and
their
anti-fascist
national
which were
,verecreated
created
and
their
anti-fascist
national
liberationwar
warled
ledbybythe
the
communist
parties,
a
liberation
communist
parties,
a
seriesofother
countriesbroke
broke
away
the caseries
other countries
away
fromfrom
the ca.pitalist system
systemand
and
on the
to socialism.
pitalist
setset
outout
an the
roadroad
to socialism.
The
was
created
and and
this was
The socialist
socialistcamp
camp
was
created
this the
was the
greatest
greatestevent
event
after
after
thethe
October
October
Revolution.
Revolution.
The
of of
all all
countries
had had
an an
The communist
communistparties
parties
countries
unprecedented
growth.
Standing
in the
of of
unprecedented
growth.
Standing
in forefront
the forefront
the fight
fight against
againstfascism,
fascism,
they
proved
through
the
they
hadhad
proved
through
the
andand
their
stands
that that
the blood
bloodofoftheir
theirmembers
members
their
stands
they
most
consistently
they were
werethe
thepolitical
politicalforces
forces
most
consistently
ofof
thethe
peoples
and and
the naloyal to
to the
theinterests
interests
peoples
the nations,
tions, the
the most
forfor
freedom,
mostresolute
resolutefighters
fighters
freedom,
democracy and
Marxism-Leninism
democracy
andprogress.
progress.
Marxism-Leninism
spread throughout
the
whole
world,
thethe
interspread
throughout
the
whole
world,
international communist
extended
its aunational
communistmovement
movement
extended
its authority and
influencetotoallallcontinents.
continents.
and influence
The great
ofof
freedom,
independence
The
greatideas
ideas
freedom,
independence
and national
inspired
thethe
antiand
nationalliberation,
liberation,which
which
inspired
antifascist war,
not
only
Europe,
but but
alsoalso
fascist
war,pervaded
pervaded
not
only
Europe,
Asia, Africa and
continent.
Asia,
andthe
theLatin-American
Latin-American
continent.
The victory
thethe
creation
of the
The
victory over
overfascism
fascismand
and
creation
of the
socialist camp
thethe
peoples
in the
socialist
campawakened
awakened
peoples
incolonthe colonies. The
of of
imperialism
entered
its its
ies.
Thecolonial
colonialsystem
system
imperialism
entered
greatest crisis.
powerful
national
liberation
greatest
crisis.The
The
powerful
national
liberation
20
20
ENVSR
ENVZItHOXHA
HOXHA
movement
movement in
in the
the colonies,
colonies, which
which accounted for
almost
almost half
half of
of mankind,
mankind, burst out like a volcano.
The
The rear
rear of
of the
the capitalist
capitalist system,
system, the
the colonial
colonial and
and
semi-colonial regimes
regimes began
began to
to collapse.
collapse. WeakWeaksemi-colonial
ened
ened by
by all
all these
these defats,
defeats, the
the imperialist
imperialist system
system
began to
to be
be shaken
shaken to
to its
its foundations.
foundations.
began
All
All these changes constituted a great victory,
not only for the Soviet Union, not only for the
countries of people's democracy, not only for the
peoples of the world, but also for the immortal
theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, the
vitality and accuracy of which was confirm2d
confirm2d once
once
again with new
new force
forte in the greatest war which
which
mankind has seen to this day, during which
which two
two
worlds the sacialist
world
and
the
capitalsocialist world and the capitalist world, clashed. All the changes which occurred
after the Second World War proved
proved in
in practice
practice
the theses of Marx and Lenin that the
the capitalist
capitalist
world was in decay and heading for
for collapse,
collapse, i.vhile
while
the revolution and socialism were an
on the ascent.
ft
It was these great victories
victories of
of socialism,
socialism, the
the
peoples,
peoples, and
and the
the Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninist theory
theory which
which
compelled
compelled world
world imperialism
imperialism to
to draft
draft its
its new
new dedefensive
fensive and
and offensive
offensive strategy
strategy in
in order
order to
to resist
resist
the
the mounting
mounting waves
waves of
of the
the revolution
revolution and
and the
the
struggle
struggle of
of the
the peoples,
peoples, in
in order
order to
to prop
prop up
up the
the
shaky
shaky foundations
foundations of the capitalist system.
The
The joint
joint line,
line, which
which the
the imperialist
imperialist powers
powers
worked
worked out
out after
after the
the war,
war, was
was characterized by
two
two fundamental
fundamental directions:
directions:
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
21
22
EN VEL-Z. HOXHA
ENVER
EUROCOMMUNISIVI
EI:R00O2,11VIUNISM 1S
IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
23
23
and
thethe
econthe militarization
militarizationof
ofthe
theeconorny
economy
and
economic
blockades
against
the
socialist
countries,
imomic blockades against the socialist countries, imperialism also
means
of propaganperialism
alsomobilized
mobilizedmany
many
means
of propaganda, philosophers,
economists,
sociologists,
writers
da,
philosophers,
economists,
sociologists,
writers
and historians
forfor
thethe
furious
campaign
against
a.nd
historians
furious
campaign
against
the revolution
in in
order
to present
the
revolutionand
andsocialism,
socialism,
order
to present
capitalism and
capitalist
state
as changed,
capitalism
andthe
the
capitalist
state
as changed,
of gengenstate
as -people's
capitalism,
as a
as
people's
capitalism,
asstate
a of
eral well-being,
bourgeoisie
alsoalso
ex- excral
well-being,etc.
etc.The
The
bourgeoisie
ploited the
economic
circumploited
thefavourable
favourablepost-war
post-war
economic
circumclamourabout
aboutthe
the
prosperity
of castances to
to clamour
prosperity
of castances
masses
the
pitalism, to
to spread
the masses
spreadillusions
illusionsamong
among
pitalism,
about the
crises,
anarchy,
unemabout
theelimination
eliminationofof
crises,
anarchy,
unemployment and
ills
ofof
capitalism,
about
the the
ployment
andother
other
ills
capitalism,
about
alleged superiority
over
socialism,
alleged
superiorityofofcapitalism
capitalism
over
socialism,
which
as aas
totalitarianorderorder
which was
waspresented
presented
a totalitarian
behind
the
iron
curtain,
etc.
behind the iron curtain, etc.
In order
peoples'
liberation
orderto
tohinder
hinderthe
the
peoples'
liberation
struggle,
thethe
proletarian
revolution,
to to
struggle,totostrangle
strangle
proletarian
revolution,
destroy
and
defend
andand
consolidate
its its
destroysocialism,
socialism,
and
defend
consolidate
own
in the
moments
of of
own position,
position,the
thebourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
in the
moments
its
general
crisis
of its
its agony
agonyand
andthe
the
general
crisis
ofcapitalist
its capitalist
system,
encourages
'andand
sets sets
in motion
the the
system,incites,
incites,
encourages
in motion
various
and
revisionist
currents,
along
variousopportunist
opportunist
and
revisionist
currents,
along
with other
These
enemies
of the
othermeans.
means.
These
enemies
ofproletariat
the proletariat
and
to to
work
with
all all
their
andthe
therevolution
revolutionset
set
work
with
their
strength,
first
of
all,
to
attack
Marxism-Leninism,
strength, first of all, to attack Marxism-Leninism,
the
thethe
working
dass
con-conthe ideology
ideologywhich
whichmakes
makes
working
class
scious
itsits
historic
missocialsituation
situationand
and
historic
missciousof its
its social
sion,
this
ideology,
to make
it
sion,ininorder
ordertotodistort
distort
this
ideology,
to make
it
24
24
ENVER
ENVERHO
HOXHA
XHA
harmless
harmless to
to the
the bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie and
and worthless
worthless to
to the
the
proletariat. The
The new
new trends
trends of
of revisionism
revisionism which
which
proletariat.
emerged after
after the
the Second
Second World
World War
War and
and which
which
emerged
were called for short
short modern
modern revisionism
revisionismunderunderviere
took this despicable role of betrayal.
Modern
Modern revisionism,
revisionism, which
which is
is the
the continuation
continuation
of the anti-Marxist theories of the parties of the
Second International, of European social-democracy, adapted itself to the times after the Second World War. It has its source in the hegemonic policy of American imperialism. All the
variants and currents of modern revisionism have
the same base and the
the same
same strategy,
strategy, and
and differ
differ
only in the tactics which they apply and the forms
of struggle which they use.
Modern
Modern Revisionism
Revisionism in
in Power
Power
aa New
New Weapon
Weapon
Bourgeoisie against
against the
the Revolution
Revolution and
and
of the Bourgeoisie
Socialism
The first current which preceded the modern
revisionism in power was Browderism. This current was born in the United States of America and
its name
narre from the former general
general secretary
secretary
took its
of the Communist Party of the USA, Earl Browder.
In 1944, when the victory of the peopies
peoples over
an the horizon, Browder came
fascism was clearly on
out publicly with a program which was reformist
EUROCOMNIUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS
IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
2-5
from start
start to
to finish.
finish. He
He was
was the
the first
first herald
herald of
of
from
that line
line of
of ideological
ideological and
and political
political capitulation
capitulation
that
which
which American imperialism was to strive to impose on
on the
the communist
communist parties
parties and the revolupose
tionary
tionary movement. Under the pretext of the alleged
change in the historical conditions of the developof capitalism
capitalism and
and the
the international
international situation,
ment cf
Brow derproclaimed
proclaimed Marxism-Leninism
Marxism-Leninism outBrowder
dated and called it a system of rigid dogmas and
schemes. Browder
Browder advocated
advocated giving
giving up
upthe
theclass
dass
and called
called for
for class
dass conciliation on a nastruggle and
thought that
that
tional and international scale. He thought
American capitalism was no longer reactionary,
that it could cure the ills of bourgeois society, and
could develop in democratic ways for the good
of the working people. He no longer saw socialism
as an ideal, as an objective to be achieved. AmerAmerican imperialism with its strategy and policy had
disappeared completely from his field of vision. For
Browder, the big monopolies, the pillars of this
imperialism, constituted a progressive force
forte for
for
the democratic, social and economic
economic development
development
of
o,`.the
thecountry.
country.Browder
Browder denied
denied the dass
class character
character
of
of the
the capitalist
capitalist state,
state, and
and considered American
society a unified and harmonious society, without
social
social antagonisms.
antagonisms, aa society
society in
in which
which understandunderstanding
ing and
and dass
classco-operation
co-operation prevailed.
prevailed. On
On the
the basis
of
of these
these concepts
concepts Browder
Browder also
also denied
denied the
the need
need
for
for the existente
existenceof
of the
the revolutionary
revolutionary party
party of
of the
the
working
working dass.
class.He
Hebecame
becamean
an initiator
initiator of
of the
the disdis-
26
26
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HOXHA
banding
banding of
of the
the Communist
Communist Party
Party of
of the
the United
United
States
of
America
in
1944.
States of America in 1944.
.The
Communists,
foresee that
<<The
Communists,he
he wrote,
wrote, <<foresee
that
the
the practical
practical political
political aims
aims they
they hold
hold will
will for
for aa
long
long time
time be
be in
in agreement
agreement on
on all
all essential
essential points
points
with
with the
the aims
aims of
of aa much
much larger
larger body
body of
of non-Comnon-Communists,
munists, and
and that,
that, therefore, our political actions
will be
be merged
merged in
in such
such larger
larger movements.
movements. The
The
will
existente
existence of
of aa separate
separate political
political party
party of
of ComCommunists, therefore,
therefore, no
no longer
longer serves
serves aapractical
munists,
practical
purpose but
but can
can be,
be, on
on the
the contrary,
contrary, an
an obstacle
obstacle
to the larger unity. The Communists will, thereseparate political
political party,
party, and
and
fore, dissolve their separate
find a new and different
different organizational
organizational form
form and
and
name, corresponding more accurately
accurately to
to the
the tasks
tasks
of the day and the political structure through
which these tasks must be performed.*
Browder took the Conference of allied
allied powere
powers
which was held in Teheran in 1943
1943 as
as his
his starting
starting
point and justification for the formulation of his
bourgeois liquidatory theory
theory and
and made
made aa complecompletely distorted and anti-Marxist analysis and Ininterpretation of the results of this conference.
Browder presented
presented the agreement of the
Browder
anti-fascist
anti-fascist allies
allies to
to carry
carry the war against Hitlerite Germany
Germany through
through to the end as the beginlerite
* E.
E. Browder,
Browder, Teheran,
Teheran, Our
Our Path
Path in
in War
War and
and Peace,
Peace, New
New
York
York 1944,
1944, p.
p. 117.
117.
EUROCOMIVIUNISMIS
ISANTI-COM:VIIINISIvi
ANTI-COMIVIUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM
27
fing
ning of
of aa new
new historical
historical epoch, in which socialism
and capitalism had found the way to co-operation
within one and the same world, as he expressed
it. Browder presented it as a duty to ensure that
the spirit of co-operation and peaceful coexistence
between the allied powers, which emerged from
from
Teheran, should be applied not only between
between the
the
Soviet socialist state and those capitalist states,
but also within the capitalist country in relations
relations
antagonistic classes.
classes. Class
Class differences
differentes and
between antagonistic
political groups now no longer have any importance, said Browder. He considered the achievement of -.national
national unity, without incidents and
peace, the
the sole
sole objecobjecin an atmosphere of class
dass peace,
tive which the communists should set themselves,
and he understood this national unity
unity as
as aa bloc
bloc
uniting the groups of finance capital, the organizations of monopolists, the Republican and Democratic parties, and the communists and tradetradeUnion movements,
movements, all of which, without
union
without excepexception, he considered
considered <democratic
democratic and
and patriotic
forces.
For the sake of this unity Browder declared
that communists
communists raust
must 'be
be ready to sacrifice even
their convictions,
convictions, their
their ideology
ideologyand
andspecial
specialin=
interests, that the American
American cornrnunists
communists have
have apapplied this rule to themselves first
first of
of all.
all. The
The polipolitical aims which we hold with the majority
majority of
of the
the
Americans, says he, we will attempt to advance
through the existing party structure of our councoun-
28
28
ENVER
ENVER1-30XHA
HOXHA
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANT/-COMMUNISM
29
Z9
30
30
HOXHA
ENVER NOXIIA
1
E UROCOMMUNISMISISANTI-COMM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISNI
LTNISM
31
31
CommunistParty
Party
USA
is today
an orgaCommunist
of of
thethe
USA
is today
an organizationininwhich
which
the
revisionism
of Browder
nization
the
revisionism
of Browder
combinedwith
withthat
that
Khrushchev
prevaiLs.
combined
ofof
Khrushchev
prevaiLs.
With his
hisrevisionist
revisionistconcepts
concepts
about
With
about
the the
rev-revolutionand
andsocialism,
socialism,
Browder
gave
world
olution
Browder
gave
world
ca- capitalismdirect
directaid.
aid.
According
Browder,
socialpitalism
According
to to
Browder,
socialismarises
arises
only
from
some
great
cataclysm,
ism
only
from
some
great
cataclysm,
from from
some
catastrophe,
and
not
as
an
inevitable
some catastrophe, and not as an inevitable result result
of historical
historicaldevelopment.
development.
We
desire
of
We
do do
notnot
desire
any any
catastrophe
for
America,
even
if such
a thing
catastrophe
for
America,
even
if such
a thing
would lead
leadtotosocialism,
socialism,
said.
While
presentwould
he he
said.
While
presenting the
theprospect
prospect
triumph
of socialism
ing
ofof
thethe
triumph
of socialism
as as
very
very remote,
remote,he
he
advocated
advocated
dass
class
collaboration
collaboration
in
in
Americansociety
societyand
and
throughout
world.
American
throughout
thethe
world.
Ac-According
tohim,
him,the
theonly
only
alternative
cording to
alternative
waswas
thatthat
of of
development
evolution,
through
reforms
development bybyevolution,
through
reforms
and and
with the
the aid
aidof
ofthe
theUnited
United
States
of America.
States
of America.
According
According to
toBrowder,
Browder,the
the
United
United
States
States
of of
America,
whichpossessed
possessed
colossal
economic
America, which
colossal
economic
powerpower
and
greatscientific-technical
scientific-technical
potential,
and great
potential,
hadhad
to to
assist
thepeoples
peoples
world,
including
the Soassist the
of of
thethe
world,
including
the Soviet
Union,for
fortheir
their
development.
viet Union,
development.
This
aid,.
This
aid,.
said
Browder,would
wouldhelp
help
America
maintain
high
said Browder,
America
maintain
high
rates
productionafter
afterthe
the
war,
ensure
work
raues of production
war,
ensure
work
for
preserve
the
national
unity
many
for all,
all, and
and preserve
the
national
unity
for for
many
years.
Tothis
thisend,
end,
Browder
advised
magnates
years. To
Browder
advised
the the
magnates
of
thatthey
they
should
a series
of Washington
Washington that
should
setset
up aup
series
of
industrialdevelopment
development
corporations
of giant
giant industrial
corporations
for for
the
variousdevastated
devastated
and
undeveloped
regions
the various
and
undeveloped
regions
of
world, Europe,
Europe,Africa,
Africa,Asia,
Asia,
Latin
Amerof the
the world,
Latin
Amer-
3232
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HOXH A
ica.*
we can
can face
face realities
realitieswithout
withoutflinching,
flinching,
ica.* If we
and
and revive
revive in
in modern
modern terms
terms the
the grand
grand tradition
tradition
of
of Jefferson,
Jefferson, Paine,
Paine, and
and Lincoln,
Lincoln, then
then America
America
can
can face
face the
the world
world united,
united, assuming
assuming aa leading
leading
** In
part... in
inthe
thesalvation
salvationof
ofmankind...
mankind..."
Inthis
this
part...
way,
way, BrOwder
Brwder became the spokesman
spokesman and
and propapropagandist
gandist of
of the
the grand
grand strategy
strategy of
of American
American imimperialism,
perialism, and
and its
its expansionist
expansionist neo-colonialist
neo-colonialist
theories and
and plans.
plans.
theories
Browderism
Browderism directly
directly assisted
assisted the
the Marshall
Marshall
Plan
Plan through
through which
which the
the United
United States
States of
of AmerAmerica aimed to establish its economic hegemony in the
different war-devastated countries of Europe,
Asia, Africa, etc. Browder advocated
advocated that
that the
the
counand especially
especially the
the , councountries of the world, and
tries of people's democracy
democracy and
and the
the Soviet
Soviet Union,
Union,
ought to soften their Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninist policy
policy
aid
of
the
United
aid of the United
and accept
accept the
thealtruistic
altruistic
America, which,
which, according
according to
to him,
him. has
has aa
States of America,
colossal
colossal economy
economy and
and huge
huge surpluses
surpluses which
which can
can
and
should
serve
all
peoples(!).
and should serve all peoples(!).
Browder
Browder tried
tried to
to present
present his
his anti-Marxist
anti-Marxist
and
and counterrevolutionary
counterrevolutionary views
views as
as the
the general
general
line
line of
of the
the international
international communist
communist movement.
movement.
Under
Under the
the pretext
pretext of
of the
the creative
creativedevelopment
development
ThePath
Pathto
toPeace,
Peace,Progress
Progressand
andProsperity,
Prosperity,New
NewYork
York
**The
1944.
1944,p.p.21.
21.
**E.
E.Erol.vder,
Browder, Teheran,
Teheran, Our
OurPath
Pathin
inWar
Warand
andPeace.
Peace,New
New
**
York
York1944,
1944,p.p.12E.
128.
EUROCOMMUNISMIS
ISANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
ELTROCOMMUNISM
33
33
of
of Marxism
Marxismand
andthe
the
struggle
struggle
against
against
dogmatism,
dogmatism,
he,
he,like
likeall
allthe
theearlier
earlier
revisionists,
revisionists,
tried
tried
to argue
to argue
thatthe
thenew
newepoch
epoch
after
Second
World
that
after
thethe
Second
World
War War
requiredaacommunist
communist
movement
which
would
required
movement
which
would
re- reexamine
ideological
convictions
and and
examineits
itsformer
former
ideological
convictions
relinquishits
itsold
oldformulas
formulas
and
prejudices,
relinquish
and
prejudices,
which, according
accordingtoto
him,
cannot
help
which,
him,
cannot
help
us atus
allat all
to
to find
find our
ourway
wayininthe
the
new
new
world.
world.
This
This
waswas
a a
call
call for
for rejection
rejectionofofthe
the
principles
principles
of of
MarxismMarxismLeninism.
Leninism.
Browder's
the the
opposition
Browder'sviews
viewsencountered
encountered
opposition
of the
the communist
communistparties
parties
of of
several
several
countries,
countries,
as as
asof
ofthe
therevolutionary
revolutionary
American
commuwell as
American
communists themselves.
themselves.
Browderism
was
exposed
nists
Browderism
was
exposed
relatively
revisionism,
as an
i.ively quickly
quicklyas
asundisguised
undisguised
revisionism,
as an
openly liquidationist
asas
a direct
ideoloopenly
liquidationistcurrent,
current,
a direct
ideological agency
imperialism.
gical
agencyofofAmerican
American
imperialism.
Browderism did
damage
to the
comBrowderism
didgreat
great
damage
to the
communist and
movement
of the
United
munist
andworkers'
workers'
movement
of the
United
States of
and
some
Latin-American
States
ofAmerica
America
and
some
Latin-American
countries. Upsets
and
splits
occurred
in some
of
countries.
Upsets
and
splits
occurred
in some
of
the old
of of
Latin
America,
andand
the
old communist
communistparties
parties
Latin
America,
these had
source
in the
activity
of opportunthese
hadtheir
their
source
in the
activity
of opportunweary
of of
thethe
revolutionary
ist elements
elementswho,
who,
weary
revolutionary
struggle, grasped
at at
any
means
withwith
which
Amerstruggle,
grasped
any
means
which
American imperialism
them
to quell
the the
re- reican
imperialismprovided
provided
them
to quell
volts of the
and
thethe
revolution,
and and
to to
volts
thepeoples
peoples
and
revolution,
spread decay
inin
the
parties,
which
were
working
spread
decay
the
parties,
which
were
working
for the
the education
preparation
of the
peoples
for
educationand
and
preparation
of the
peoples
for
for revolution.
revolution.
3
3 -- 3Z
38
34 31
ENVER
E N VERHOXHA
HOXHA
In
Browderismdid
didnot
not
have
In Europe,
Europe, Browderism
have
thethe
suc-success
hadininSouth
SouthAmerica,
America,
although
cess itit had
although
thisthis
seedseed
of
imperialismwas
wasnot
not
left
unabsorbed
of American
American imperialism
left
unabsorbed
by
disguisedanti-Marxist
anti-Marxist
anti-Leninist
by those
those disguised
andand
anti-Leninist
reformist
elementswho
who
were
awaiting
or preparreformist elements
were
awaiting
or preparing
suitablemoments
moments
deviate
openly
ing the suitable
to to
deviate
openly
fromfrom
the scientific
the
scientific Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninistideology.
ideology.
Although
in its
its own
owntime
timeBrowderism
Browderism
Although in
diddid
not manage
managetotobecome
become
a revisionist
current
a revisionist
current
with with
broad
internationalproportions,
proportions,
other
modern
broad international
thethe
other
modern
revisionists
whocame
came
later
revived
its views
revisionists who
later
revived
its views
and and
made
themtheir
theirown.
own.
These
views,
in various
made them
These
views,
in various
forms,
remainthe
thebasis
basis
political
ideoloforms, remain
of of
thethe
political
andand
ideological platforms
platformsofofthe
theChinese
Chinese
Yugoslav
andand
Yugoslav
revi-revisionists,
sionists, as
aswell
wellasas
of of
thethe
Eurocommunist
Eurocommunist
parties
parties
of Western
Europe.
Western Europe.
Mao Zedong
Zedong
Mao
Not
Not only
only Browderism,
Browderism,but
butalso
also
thought, the
the theories
theories and
and line
line which
which the
the Chinese
Chinese
thought,
responded
to
the
American
responded
to
the
American
leadership
followed,
leadership
and
forthe
the
strategy
for
4(restraining
communism
and
strategy for restraining communism for
establishment
establishment
ofof
the
the
hegemony
hegemony
of the
of United
the United
States
StatesofofAmerica
America
over
over
thethe
post-war
post-war
capitalist
capitalist
world.
world.
At
At the
thebeginning
beginningofof1945,
1945,
at the
at the
time
time
when
when
Browderappeared
appeared
scene
and when
Browder
an on
the the
scene
and when
a new a new
Americanstrategy
strategy
under
Truman
assuming
American
under
Truman
waswas
assuming
itscomplete
completeform,
form,
the
Congress
of Comthe Comits
the
7th7th
Congress
of the
rnunistParty
Party
China
was
held
in that
country.
munist
ofof
China
was
held
in that
country.
TheConstitution
Constitution
which
this
congress
adopted,
The
which
this
congress
adopted,
sta- sta-
EUROCOMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
35
35
tes:
tes: The
TheCommunist
Communist
Party
Party
of of
China
China
is guided
is guided
by by
the ideas
in in
allall
its its
activity.
Comthe
ideasof
ofMao
MaoZedong
Zedong
activity.
Commenting
onthis
thisdecision,
decision,
report
which
menting on
in in
thethe
report
which
he he
delivered atatthe
LiuLiu
Shaoqi
declared
that that
delivered
thecongress,
congress,
Shaoqi
declared
Mao
Mao Zedong
Zedonghad
hadallegedly
allegedly
refuted
refuted
many
many
outdated
outdated
concepts
concepts ofofthe
theMarxist
Marxist
theory
theory
andand
replaced
replaced
themthem
with
with new
new theses
thesesand
and
conclusions.
conclusions.
According
According
to to
Liu Shaoqi,
Shaoqi, Mao
had
managed
to give
Liu
MaoZedong
Zedong
had
managed
to give
Marxism
Chinese
form.
says:
The
Marxism aaChinese
form.
HeHe
says:
The
ideasideas
Mao Zedong
Chinese
Marxism.
of Mao
Zedongare
are
Chinese
Marxism.
, this
These
newtheses
theses
and
conclusions
These new
and
conclusions,
this
Chinese
form
of
Marxism
had
nothing
at
all
Chinese form of Marxism had nothing atto
all to
do
do with
with any
anycreative
creative
application
application
of of
MarxismMarxismLeninism
conditions
of China,
but but
Leninismin
inthe
theconcrete
concrete
conditions
of China,
were
itsits
universal
fundamental
laws.laws.
were aadenial
denialofof
universal
fundamental
Mao Zedong
hishis
comrades
had had
a bourgeois
Mao
Zedongand
and
comrades
a bourgeois
democratic
concept
of
the
development
of
the
democratic concept of the development of revthe revolution
notnot
forfor
raising
it toit ato a
olution in
in China.
China.They
Theywere
were
raising
socialist
them
thethe
model
waswas
the the
socialistrevolution.
revolution.For
For
them
model
American
andand
theythey
reckoned
on the
Americandemocracy
democracy
reckoned
on the
support
capital
forfor
thethe
construction
supportofofAmerican
American
capital
construction
of
of new
newChina.
China.
There
affinities
between
the ideas
Therewere
weregreat
great
affinities
between
the ideas
of Mao
and
thethe
Opportunist
ideas
of of
MaoZedong
Zedong
and
opportunist
ideas
Browder
bebe
said,
hadhad
studied
and and
Browderwho,
who,ititmust
must
said,
studied
thoroughly
thethe
anti-Marxist
concepts
thoroughlyunderstood
understood
anti-Marxist
concepts
of
leaders.
Browder
wrote:
What
is is
of the
theChinese
Chinese
leaders.
Browder
wrote:
What
called
camp
in China,
because
it
calledthe
the'Communist'
'Communist'
camp
in China,
because
it
is
members
of the
is led
ledby
byoutstanding
outstanding
members
of Chinese
the Chinese
Communist.
CommunistParty,
Party,
is is
much
much
closer
closer
to American
to American
36
36
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HOXHA
concepts
concepts of
of democracy
democracy than
thanis
isthe
theso-called
so-calledKuoKuomintang
mintang camp;
camp; itit is
is closer
closerin
inevery
everyway,
way,including
including
the
the wider
wider scope
scope given
given to
to 'free
'free enterprise'
enterprise' in
in the
the
economic life.*
economic
Mao
Mao Zedong
Zedong was
was for
for the
the unrestricted
unrestricted free
free
development
development of
of capitalism in China in the period
of the
the state of the type of new democracy,
as
of
democracy., as
he called
called that
that regime
regime which
which was
was to
to be
be established
established
after the departure
departure of
of the
the Japanese.
Japanese. At
At the
the 7th
7th
Congress
Congress of
of the
the CPC
CPC he
he said,
said, Some
Some think
think that
that
the communists are against
against the
the development
development of
of
private initiative,
initiative, against
against the
the development
development of
of
private capital, against the protection
protection of
of private
private
property. In
In reality,
reality, this
this is
is not
not so.
so. The
The tank
task of
of
the order of new democracy, which we are striving to establish, is precisely to ensure
ensure the
the possipossibility for broad circles of Chinese to freely develop their private initiave in society, to freely
develop the private capitalist economy. In this
way, Mao Zedong took over the anti-Marxist concept of Kautsky, according to which. in the backward countries the transition to socialism cannot
be achieved without going through a lengthy period of free development of capitalism which
prepares the conditions to go over to socialism
prepares
later. In fact, the
the so-called
so-called socialist
socialist regime
regime which
which
Mao Zedong
Zedong and his group established in China,
Mao
* E.
E. Browder,
Browder, Teheran,
Teheran, Our
Our Path
Path in
in War
War and
and Peace,
Peace, New
New
York
York 1944,
1944, p.
p. 26.
26.
EUROCONIMUNISIVIIS
ISANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM
37
38
38
ENVER HOXHA
HOXHA
ENVER
EUROCOMMUNISLI
ISANTI-cozvimuNisivi
ANTI-COMMUNISM
INg1 IS
EUROCOMMUNIS
3939
ln
Inessence,
essence,the
theliquidationist
liquidationist views
views of
of BrowBrowder about
aboutthe
theparty
partyare
arefound
foundininthe
thetheories
theoriesofof
der
Mao Zedong
Zedong too.
too. Just
Just as
as Chinese
Chinese communism
communism
Mao
was
was aa wash-out,
wash-out, the
the Communist
Communist Party
Party of
of China,
China,
too,
was
such
only
in
name.
Mao
Zedong
did
not
too, was such only in name. Mao Zedong did not
work to
to build
build aa genuine
genuine Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninist proletproletwork
arian
arian party.
party. From
Fromits
itsclass
dass composition,
composition, its
its organorganizational structure
structure and
and the
the way
way itit was
was built
built and
and
izational
the
the ideology
ideology which inspired it, the Communist
Party of China was not a party of the Leninist
type. Moreover, Mao Zedong had no consideration
even for this party such as it was. He did whatever he wanted. During the so-called Cultural
Revolution, he completely disbanded it, concenconcentrating everything in his own hands and putting
the
the army
army at
at the
the head
head of
of affairs.
affairs.
Like Browder, who presented Americanism
as the ideal model of the
the society
society of
of the
the future,
future,
Mao Zedong too, considered American
American democrademocracy the finest example of state
state and
and social
social ororganization for China. Mao
Zedong
admitted
Mao Zedong admitted to
to
Service: After
After all,
all, we
we Chinese
Chinese consider
consider you
you
Americans
Americans the
the ideal
ideal of
of democracy.*
democracy.*
Along
Along with
with their
their acceptance
acceptance of
of American
American
democracy,
ciemocracy,the
theChinese
Chineseleaders
leaderssought
soughtthe
theestabestablishment
of
dose
and
direct
links
with
American
lishment of close and direct links with American
capital,
capital, sought
sought American
Americaneconomic
economicaid.
aid.Service
Service
writes
writes that
that Mao
Mao Zedong
Zedong told
told him,
him, China
China must
must
* J.J.Service,
Service,Lost
LostChance
ChanceininChina,
China,New
NewYork
York1974,
1974,p.p.303.
303.
40
40
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HONHA
industrialize. This
This can
canbe
bedone
done
in
inChina
China
industrialize.
only by
by free
free enterprise
enterprise and
and with
with the
the aid
aid of
of foreign
foreign
only
capital.
capital. Chinese
Chinese and
andAmerican
Americaninterests
interestsare
are
correlated
and
similar...
correlated and similar...
.The
The United
United States
States would
would find
find us
us more
more cocooperative
operative than
than the
the Kuomintang.
Kuomintang. We
We will
will not
not be
be
afraid
afraid of
of democratic
democratic American
American influence
influence
we
we
will welcome
welcome it...
it...
will
-America
America does
does not
not need
need to
to fear
fear that
that we
we will
will
not be co-operative. We must co-operate and we
American help.*
help.*
must have American
Today we hear such statements and
and requests
requests
every day from the disciples and collaborators of
Mao Zedong, such as Deng Xiaoping, Hua Guofeng,
feng. and others who are achieving
achieving in
in practice
practice the
the
all-round links with American imperialism
dreamed of and initiated by
by Mao
Mao Zedong.
Zedong. Now
Now the
the
Chinese strategy is orientated completely towards
towards
co-operation with
with the
the United
United States
States of
of America
America in
in
co-operation
capitalism in
in general,
general, and
and
particular, and world capitalism
China politically
politically and
and to
to
they began to support China
influence it
it ideologically,
ideologically, so
so that
that it
it would
would obliteobliteinfluence
rate any shadow of Marxism-Leninism from the
minds and hearts of common people and thus
minds
carry out
out thorough-going
thorough-going political
political and
and organizaorganizacarry
tional transformations
transformations towards
towards the
the capitalist
capitalist syssystional
tem, whether
whether in
in the
the economic
economic field,
field, in the state
tem,
organization, or
or in
in the
the organization
organization of
of the
the party.
party.
organization,
* J.
J. Service,
Service,Lost
LostChance
ChanceininChina,
China,New
NewYork
York1974,
1974,p.p.307.
307.
EUROCOMMUNISMIS
ISANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMNIUNISM
41
41
Objectively,
Objectively, the
the whole
whole line
line of
of Mao
Mao Zedong
Zedong
for the
the construction
construction of
of China
China and
and his
his concept
concept of
of
for
the development
development of
of the
the countries
countries which
which liberated
the
themselves from
from colonialism
colonialism has served and gone
Bone
themselves
along
with
the
strategy
of
American
imperialism.
along with the strategy of American imperialism.
If close
dose collaboration between China
China and
and the
the United
United
If
States of
of America
America was
was not
not established
established at
at the
the
States
start, this
this is
is explained
explained by
by the
the fact
fact that
that in
in the
the
start,
post-war years
years the
the Chiang
Chiang Kai-shek
Kai-shek lobby
lobby
post-war
triumphed in
in America.
America. At
At that time the cold war
triumphed
was at its height and Macarthyism prevailed in
On the
the other
other hand,
hand, immediately
immediately after
alter
America. On
the war, the United States of America gave priority to Japan. thinking that first of all, it had
had
to aid Japan or subjugate it from every point of
view, to make it a powerful and obedient ally, to
reconstruct the Japanese economy,
economy, and
and turn
turn that
that
country into a great bastion against the Soviet
Union, and eventually against Mao Zedong's
China. Apparently,
Apparently, the
the USA
USA was
was not
not sufficiently
sufficiently
powerful to be able to provide aid for all parts of
the
the world
world and
and to
to prepare
prepare them
them against
against the
the Soviet
Soviet
Union,
Union, against
against the
the system
system of
of socialism,
socialism, therefore,
therefore,
itit gave
gave preference
preference to
to preparing
preparingEurope
Europeand
andJapan,
Japan,
where
where the
the destruction
destruction was
was great
greatand
andwhere
wheresosocialism
had
become
dangerous
to
world
capital.
cialism had become dangerous to world capital.
Without
Without doubt.
doubt, these
these were
were the
the factors
factors that
that
made
made the
the heads
heads of
of American
American imperialism
imperialism refuse
refuse to
to
grasp
grasp the
the hand
hand Mao
Mao Zedong
Zedong held
held out
out to
to them
them imimmediately.
mediately. Considerable
Considerable time
time had
had to
to pass.
pass. The
The
4242
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HOXI1A
Chinese
Chineserevisionist
revisionistleaders
leadershad
hadtotogive
givenew
newproofs
proofs
of
oftheir
theirlove
lovefor
forAmerica
Americabefore
beforeNixon
Nixon could
could
go
goto
toBeijing
Beijingand
andthe
theAmericans
Americansand
andall
allthe
theothers
others
understand
understandthat
thatChina
Chinahad
hadnothing
nothingat
atall
allto
todo
do
withsocialism.
socialism.
with
After the
the Second
Second World
World War
After
War the
the Yugoslav
Yugoslav rerevisionists
visionists were
were included
included in
in the
the great
greatcampaign
campaignof
of
American
American imperialism
imperialism and
and other
other reactionary
reactionaryforforces
ces that
that gathered
gathered around
around it,
it, in
in the
the struggle
struggle against
against
socialism
socialism and
and the
the revolution.
revolution. This
This current,
current, which
which
represented
revisionism
in
power,
emerged
at a
represented
crucial
crucial moment of the struggle between socialism
and imperialism.
The period after the Second World War could
not be a period of tranquility either for imperialimperialism or for socialism. In the new conditions which
which
to cope
cope with
with
had been created, imperialism had to
situations which were mortally dangerous to
to it,
it,
while socialism had to be consolidated, had to radiate and
and give
give its
its aid
aid in
in the
the right
right way
way for
for the
the liberaliberaate
tion
and
the
progress
of
the
peoples
of
the
world.
It
tion and the progress of the peoples of the world. It
was aa time
time when
when not
not only
only the
the wounds
wounds of
of the
the war
war
was
had to
to be
be treated
treatedand
andhealed,
healed,but
butthe
theclass
dass struggle
struggle
had
had to
to be
be waged
waged correctly,
correctly, too,
too, both
both within
within the
the
had
countries where
where the
the proletariat
proletariat had
had taken
taken power
power
countries
and in
in the
the international
international arena.
arena. The
The victory
victory over
over
and
fascism had
had been
been achieved,
achieved. but
but the
the peace
peace was
was rerefascism
lative,
lative,the
the war
war continued
continued with
with other
other means.
means.
Thesocialist
socialistcountries
countriesand
andtheir
their communist
communist
The
ISM 43
EUROCOMMUNISM
SM ISISANTI-COMMUN
ANTI-CMMUNISIVI
EUROCOMMUNI
43
parties
parties were
were faced
faced with
with the
the task
task of
of working
working to
to
consolidate
consolidate their
their victories
victorieson
onthe
theMarxist-LeninMarxist-Leninist
ist road
road and
and to
to become
become examples
examplesand
andmirrors
mirrorsfor
for
the
the peoples
peoples and
and the
the other
other communist
communist parties
parties which
were
were not
not in
in power.
power. The
The communist
communist parties
parties of the
socialist
socialist countries,
countries, also,
also, had
had to
to temper
temper themselves
themselves
further
further with
with the
the Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninist ideology, taking
ing care
care that
that this
this was
was not
not turned
turned into
into a dogma,
but
but preserved
preserved as
as aa revolutionary
revolutionary theory
theory for
for action,
action,
aa means
ound social transformameans to
to achieve
achieve prof
profound
tions,
tions, which
which is what it is in fact. In particular,
after the historic victory over the fascist coalition, the socialist countries and the communist
parties had to avoid becoming conceited,
conceited, thinking
thinking
that they were infallible, and forgetting or
or weakweakening the class
dass struggle.
struggle. This
This is
is the
the important
important
thing Stalin had in mind when he stressed the
struggle
need for the continuation of the class
dass struggle
in socialism.
Precisely in these circumstances the Titoites
came out
out against
against Marxism-Leninism.
Marxism-Leninism. Titoism
Titoism did
did
came
not throw
throw off
off its
its disguise
disguise and come out openly
not
against
against the
the revolution
revolution and
and socialism
socialism at
at the
the start,
start,
but,
but, on
on the
the contrary,
contrary, tried
tried to
to camouflage
camouflage itself
itself
while continuing
continuing to
to prepare
prepare the
the terrain
terrainfor
fortaking
taking
while
Yugoslavia back
back into
into the
the road
road of
of capitalism
capitalism and
and its
its
Yugoslavia
transformationinto
intoaatool
toolof
ofworld
worldimperialism.
imperialism.
transformation
It is
is aa recognized
recognized fact
fact that
that Titoism
Titoism leaned
leaned
It
spiritually,
spiritually,politically
politicallyand
andideologically
ideologicallytowards
towards
theWest,
West, towards
towards the
the United
United States
States of
of America,
America,
the
44
ENVER
ENVERHOXIIA
HOXHA
thatright
rightfrom
fromthe
thestart
startititmaintained
maintainednumerous
numerous
that
politicalcontacts
contactsand
andachieved
achievedsecret
secretcombinacombinapolitical
tionswith
withthe
theBritish
Britishand
andother
otherrepresentatives
representatives
tions
ofworld
worldcapitalism.
capitalism.The
TheYugoslav
Yugoslavleaders
leadersopened
opened
of
all
all the
the doors
doors to
to UNRRA,
UNRRA,and
andby
bythis
thismeans
meansand
and
under
under the
the pretext
pretext of
of aid
aid with
with the
the stockpiles
stockpiles of
of
clothing
clothing and
and food
food left
left over
over from
from the
thetime
timeof
ofthe
the
war,
war, the
the American-British
American-British imperialists
imperialists tried
tried to
to ininfiltrate
filtrate into
into many
many countries
countries of
of the
the world,
world, and
and
especially
especially into
into the
the countries
countries of
of people's
people's democrademocracy.
cy. The
The aim
aim of
of the
the imperialists
imperialists was
was to
to prepare
prepare aa
more
more or
or less
less suitable
suitable terrain
terrain for
for operations
operations of
of
a more
more wide-ranging
wide-ranging plan
plan in
in the
the Future.
future. The YuYugreatly from
from the
the things
things UNRRA
UNRRA
goslavs benefited greatly
gave them, but for its part, UNRRA was able to
exert its influence an
on the
the still
still incompletely
incompletely built
built
state mechanisms of the newly formed Yugoslav
st
ate.
state.
Right from the start, American imperialism
and the
the whole
whole of
of international
international reaction
reaction gave
gave TitoTitoand
ism all
all their support because they saw in it the
ism
course, the
the ideology
ideology and the policy which led to
course,
the degeneration
degeneration of
of the
the countries of the socialist
the
camp, to
to the
the splitting
splitting and
and disruption of their unity
camp,
with
the
Soviet
Union.
The activity
activity of
of Titoism
Titoism
with the Soviet Union. The
conformed completely
completely to
to the
the aim
aim of
of American
American imimconformed
perialism to
to undermine
undermine socialism
socialism from
fromwithin.
within.But
But
perialism
Titoismwas
wasalso
alsoto
toserve
servethe
thestrategy
strategyof
ofimperialimperialTitoism
ism of
of paralysing
paralysingthe
theliberation
liberationstruggles
strugglesand
and
ism
weaning new
new states,
states, which
which had
had just
just thrown
thrown off
off
weaning
EUROCOMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNLSMIS
ISANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
45
45
46
46
ENVEltHOXHA
HOXIIA
ENVER
the
the party
party into
into an
an educational
educational and
and propaganda
propaganda
association.
association. They
They eliminated
eliminated the
the revolutionary
revolutionary
spirit
spirit of
of the
the Communist
Communist Party
Party of
of Yugoslavia
Yugoslaviaand
and
de facto
facto went
de
went so
so far
far as
as to
to eliminate
eliminate the
the influence
influence
of the
the party
party and
and to
to raise
raise the
the role
role of
of the
the Popular
Popular
of
Front
above
it.
Front above it.
On
On the
the cardinal
cardinal question
question of
of the
the party,
party, in
in
connection
connection with the leading factor of the revolution
tion and
and the
the construction
construction of
of socialism,
socialism, there
there is
is aa
community of
of political,
political, ideological
ideological and
and organizaorganizacommunity
views between
between Browderism
Browderism and
and Titoism.
Titoism.
tional views
Since Titoism, like Browderism, is liquidationist
and anti-Marxist an
on the decisive platform of the
vanguard role of the party of the working class
dass
in the revolution and construction of
of socialism,
socialism,
it is such in all its platforms.
The similarity of the views of the Titoites
and those of Browder is apparent also in their
stand towards American democracy which the
Titoites took as a model for the construction of
system in
in Yugoslavia.
Yugoslavia. Kardelj
Kardelj hirnhimthe political system
similar
self has
has admitted
admittedthat
thatthis
thissystem
systemisis . similar
to the
the organization of the executive power in the
to
United
United States of America.*
Following the
the liquidation
liquidation of
of the
the party
party and
and
Following
the break
break with
with the
the Soviet
Soviet Union and the counthe
E. Kardelj,
Kardelj, Directions
Directions of
of the
the Development
Development of
of the
the Political
Political
** E.
System of
ofSocialist
SocialistSelf-administration,
Self-administration.Rilindja,
Rilindja,Prishtina
Prishtina1978,
1978,
System
p.p.235.
235.
EUROCOMMUNISMIS
ISANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM
tiies of
of people's
people's democracy,
democracy, Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia has
has been
been
tries
writhing in
in aa chaos
chaos of
of economic-organizational
economic-organizational
writhing
operations. The
The Titoites
Titoites proclaimed
proclaimed the
the state
state
operations.
property social
social property,
property, and
and camouflaged the
property
capitalist relations
relations of
of production
production under the anarcapitalist
cho-syndicalist slogan
slogan of
of factories
factories to
to the
the workworkcho-syndicalist
ers, and
and set
set the detachments of the working
\vorking class
ers,
one against the other. The collectivization of small
one
producers was called the Russian way and was
with the
the American
American way
way of
of the
the creation
creation
opposed with
the encouragement
encouragement of
of pripriof capitalist farms and the
vate peasant economies.
This transformation in the economic, politpolitical and ideological fields was bound
bound to
to bring
bring about
about
state orgaorgathe subsequent transformation of the state
nization, the organization of the army, and the
organization of education and culture and so it
did. In the fifties they proclaimed their
their so-called
so-called
self-governing
socialism,
which
was
used
self-governing
socialism,
which
was
used to
to
disguise the capitalist order.
This
specific
soorder. This specific socialism, according to
to them,
them, was
was to
to be
be built
built by
by
relying not an
on the
the socialist
socialist state, but directly an
on
the producers.
producers. On
On this
this basis,
basis, they
they preached
preached the
the
withering
withering away
away of
of the
the state
state in
in socialism,
socialism, denied
denied
the
the fundamental
fundamental Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninist thesis
thesis about
about
the
the need
need for
for the existente
existence of
of the
the dictatorship
dictatorship of
of
the
the proletariat
proletariat during
during the
the whole
whole period
period of
of the
the
transition
transition from
from capitalism
capitalism to
to communism.
communism.
In
In order
order to
to justify
justify their
their course
course of
of betrayal
betrayal
and
to
throw
dust
in
people's
eyes.
the
and to throw dust in people's eyes, the Titoites
Titoites
ENVERHOXHA
HOXHA
ENVER
presented themselves
themselves as
as creative
creative Marxists
Marxists who
who
presented
opposed only
only Stalinism
Stalinism but
but not
not MarxismMarxismopposed
Leninism.
Leninism. Thus,
Thus, they
they proved
provedonce
onceagain
againthat
thatthe
the
slogan of
of the
the creative
creative development
development of
of Marxism
Marxism
slogan
and the
the struggle
struggle against
against dogmatism
dogmatism is
is the
the favoufavouand
rite slogan common to every variant of revisionism.
The United States of America, Britain, European social-democracy,
social-democracy, etc.,
etc., gave
gave Titoite
Titoite YugoYugoslavia all-round political, economic and military
bourgeoisie was
was not
not
aid and kept it alive. The bourgeoisie
opposed to Yugoslavia formally retaining
retaining its
its sosocialist appearance, indeed it was interested in
this. However, this kind of socialism had to be
completely different from the socialism
socialism envisaged
envisaged
and built by Lenin and Stalin, which
which the
the Yugoslav
Yugoslav
revisionists began to attack, to call a low form of
socialism, state socialism, bureaucratic and
anti-democratic.
anti-democratic. Yugoslav socialism had to
to
be a hybrid capitalist-revisionist society, but
essentially bourgeois-capitalist. It had to be a
Trojan horse which would get into the other
other
socialist countries, in order to divert them from
the road of socialism and link them with imperi alism.
alism .
And in
in fact Titoism became the inspirer of
And
revisionist and opportunist
Opportunist elements
elements in
in the former
revisionist
socialist countries.
countries. The Yugoslav revisionists
socialist
carried
carried out
out extensive
extensive undermining and sabotage
work
in
these
countries. Suffice
Suffice it to mention the
work in these countries.
EUROCOMMUNISM
IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS
49
49
events ininHungary
1956,
in in
which
thethe
Yugoevents
Hungaryinin
1956,
which
Yugoslav Titoites
very
active
rolerole
to open
the the
slav
Titoitesplayed
playeda a
very
active
to open
way to the
and
take
Hungary
way
thecounter-revolution
counter-revolution
and
take
Hungary
into the
the camp
into
campofofimperialism.
imperialism.
In his
well-knownspeech
speech
Pula
in 1956,
his well-known
at at
Pula
in 1956,
Tito himself
himself has
and
openly
explained
Tito
hasclearly
clearly
and
openly
explained
the place
occupies
in the
overall
the
placewhich
whichTitoism
Titoism
occupies
in the
overall
strategy of
thethe
socialstrategy
ofimperialism
imperialismininundermining
undermining
socialtime
hehe
declared
ist countries
countriesfrom
fromwithin.
within.At
Atthat
that
time
declared
that the
of of
socialism
waswas
validvalid
that
theYugoslav
Yugoslavmodel
model
socialism
also
forfor
other
socialnot only
only for
for Yugoslavia,
Yugoslavia,but
but
also
other
socialto to
follow
and
apply
it. it.
ist countries,
countries,which
whichought
ought
follow
and
apply
The Titoite
and
theories
about
world
The
Titoite concepts
concepts
and
theories
about
world
development and
international
relations
alsoalso
development
and
international
relations
conformed
strategy
of American
impeconformedtotothe
the
strategy
of American
imperialism. In
delivered
in Oslo
in October
rialism.
In his
hisspeech
speech
delivered
in Oslo
in October
1954.
theoretician
of Yugoslav
revision1954,the
themain
main
theoretician
of Yugoslav
revisionism,
out
openly
against
the theory
ism, Kardelj,
Kardelj,came
came
out
openly
against
the theory
of the
thethe
new
the revolution,
revolution,while
whileadvertising
advertising
new
solutions
had
allegedly
found.
solutionswhich
whichcapitalism
capitalism
had
allegedly
found.
Distorting
of state
monopoly
capitalDistortingthe
theessence
essence
of state
monopoly
capitalism,
wide
proportions
in many
ism, which
whichassumed
assumed
wide
proportions
in many
capitalist
after
thethe
Second
World
War,War,
capitalistcountries
countries
after
Second
World
he
element
of socialism,
while
he proclaimed
proclaimedit itanan
element
of socialism,
while
he
bourgeois
democracy
a re-a rehe called
calledclassical
classical
bourgeois
democracy
gulator
in the
direction
gulatorof
ofsocial
socialcontradictions
contradictions
in the
direction
of the
strengthening
of socialist
ele- elethegradual
gradual
strengthening
of socialist
ments.
thatthat
today
a gradual
evo- evoments.He
Hedeclared
declared
today
a gradual
lution
is taking
place.
and and
this this
lution towards
towardssocialismsocialism
is taking
place,
historical
fact
in ainseries
of capitalhz
1 called
he
calledan
an
historical
fact
a series
of capital4
38
4 -- 38
50
50
F.NVER
ENVERHOXIIA
HOXIIA
ist
These
revisionist
concepts,
which
in
ist states.
states.
These
revisionist
concepts,
which
in
essence
are
identical
with
those
of Browder,
werewere
essence
are
identical
with
those
of Browder,
included
includedininthe
theprogram
program
of of
thethe
League
League
of Comof CommunistsofofYugoslavia
Yugoslavia
and
became
a means
of
munists
and
became
a means
of
ideological
ideologicaland
and
political
political
diversion
diversion
against
against
the the
revolutionaryand
andliberation
liberation
movements
of the
revolutionary
movements
of the
proletariatand
andpeoples.
peoples.
proletariat
On
the
Yugoslav
revisionists
ela- elaOn this
thisbasis
basis
the
Yugoslav
revisionists
borated
and
practices
of non-alignboratedtheir
theirtheories
theories
and
practices
of -non-alignment,
to to
thethe
aidaid
of the
strategy
of of
ment,which
whichcame
came
of the
strategy
American
restrain
thethe
impulse
of of
Americanimperialism
imperialismtoto
restrain
impulse
the
of of
thethe
peoples
of the
the anti-imperialist
anti-imperialiststruggle
struggle
peoples
of the
so-called
to to
undermine
their
ef- efso-calledthird
thirdworld
worldand
and
undermine
their
forts to
todefend
defendtheir
theifreedom,
forts
andand
freedom,independence
independence
sovereignty.
advised
these
peoples
sovereignty.The
TheTitoites
Titoites
advised
these
peoples
that
could
be be
fulfilled
by by
that their
theiraspirations
aspirations
could
fulfilled
applying the
thatthat
applying
thepolicy
policyofofnon-alignment,
non-alignment,
is, of
imperialism.
According
is,
ofnot
notopposing
opposing
imperialism.
According
to the
road
to to
thethe
development
of of
theTitoites,
Titoites,the
the
road
development
these
countries
had
to
be
sought
in
active
cothese countries had to be sought in active cooperation, ininever
more
extensive
co-operation
operation,
ever
more
extensive
co-operation
big
world
capital,
in in
with the
the imperialists
imperialistsand
and
big
world
capital,
the aid
which
they
should
taketake
fromfrom
the
aidand
andcredits
credits
which
they
should
the developed
countries.
the
developedcapitalist
capitalist
countries.
As
to
where
the
course
which
thethe
revisionists
As
where the course
which
revisionists
of Belgrade
Belgrade advocate
leads,
the the
present-day
of
advocate
leads,
present-da
realreality of
of Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia makes
very
clear.
TheThe
col-colity
makesthis
this
very
clear.
laboration with
with
laboration
withAmerican
Americanimperialism,
imperialism.
with
Soviet social-imperialism
thethe
other
big big
capiSoviet
social-imperialismand
and
other
capitalist
states,
the
large
amount
of
aid
and
credits
talist states, the large amount of aid and credits
EUROCOMMUNISM
M ISISANTI-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNIS
51
51
which they
they have
from
them
have
turned
which
havereceived
received
from
them
have
turned
Yugoslavia into
is is
dependent
on on
Yugoslavia
into aacountry
countrywhich
which
dependent
world
foreverything,
everything,into
into
country
world capitalism
capitalism for
aa
country
with
with its
its independence
independence and
and
sovereignty
sovereignty
crippled.
crippled.
The
The strategy
strategyofofAmerican
American
imperialism
imperialism
andand
the
the whole
whole struggle
struggleofofthe
the
international
international
bourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
socialism
received
against
therevolution
revolution
and
socialism
received
against the
and
further,
extremelygreat
great
and
much
desired
further, extremely
and
much
desired
aid aid
Khrushchevite
with the
the emergence
onon
thethe
scene
of Khrushchevite
with
emergence
scene
of
Khrushchevitebetrayal
betrayal
was
revisionisrn. The
The Khrushchevite
was
the the
revisionism.
dangerous
blow
which
heaviest and
and most
most dangerous
blow
which
hashas
heaviest
ever been
at at
socialism
andand
the peoples'
rev- revever
beenstruck
struck
socialism
the peoples'
olutionary
olutionary liberation
liberationmovement.
movement.
It transformed
It transformed
the first
the
great
centre
of the
the
first socialist
socialistcountry,
country,
the
great
centre
of the
imperialist
country
andand
world revolution,
revolution,into
intoan
an
imperialist
country
a hotbed
TheThe
repercussions
a
hotbedofofcounter-revolution.
counter-revolution.
repercussions
of this
national
andand
international
this betrayal
betrayalon
onthe
the
national
international
scalehave
havebeen
been
truly
tragic.
only
have
scale
truly
tragic.
NotNot
only
have
the the
peoples'
liberation
movements
suf- sufpeoples'revolutionary
revolutionary
liberation
movements
fered
and and
they they
are still
feredfrom
fromits
itsconsequences,
conseq'uences,
are still
suffering
but
international
peace
and and
sufferingfrom
fromthem,
them,
but
international
peace
security
been
placed
in great
danger.
securityhave
have
been
placed
in great
danger.
As
As an
anideological
ideological
and
and
political
political
current,
current,
Khrushchevismhas
has
great
difference
Khrushchevism
nono
great
difference
fromfrom
the the
other
ofof
modern
revisionism.
It is Itthe
othercurrents
currents
modern
revisionism.
is the
result
external
andand
internal
pressure
resultof
ofthe
thesame
same
external
internal
pressure
of
of of
thethe
same
deviation
fromfrom
the the
of the
thebourgeoisie.
bourgeoisie,
same
deviation
principles
andand
of the
same
principlesofofMarxism-Leninism,
Marxism-Leninism,
of the
same
aim
the
revolution
andand
socialism
and and
aimof
ofopposing
opposing
the
revolution
socialism
52
ENVERHOXHA
HOXHA
ENVER
preserving
preservingand
and
strengthening
strengthening
the capitalist
the capitalist
system.
system.
The
which
does
exist
has has
to doto do
Thedifferente
difference
which
does
exist
only
danger
which
it repreonly with
withthe
thelevel
levelofofthe
the
danger
which
it represents.Khrushchevite
Khrushchevite
revisionism
always
remains
sents.
revisionism
always
remains
themost
mostdangerous,
dangerous,
most
fiendish,
the most
the
the the
most
fiendish,
the most
threateningrevisionism.
revisionism.
This
is for
reasons:
threatening
This
is for
twotwo
reasons:
first,because
first,
it is
a disguised
revisionism.
It It
because
it is
a disguised
revisionism.
retains
socialist
appearance
and in
retainsits
itsexternal
external
socialist
appearance
and in
order
orderto
todeceive
deceive
people
people
andand
Jurelure
them
them
into its
into its
traps,
traps,makes
makes
extensive
extensive
useuse
of Marxist
of Marxist
terminoterminology,
logy, and
andaccording
according
to to
thethe
need
need
and and
the occasion,
the occasion,
even
slogans.
By By
means
of this
evenof
ofrevolutionary
revolutionary
slogans.
means
of this
demagogyititseeks
seeks
spread
a thick
fog
so that
demagogy
to to
spread
a thick
fog so
that
the present-day
present-day
capitalist
reality
of the
Soviet
the
capitalist
reality
of the
Soviet
Union will
will not
not be
beseen,
seen,
and
above
its expanUnion
and
above
all, all,
its expansionist
sionistaims
aimswill
willbe
behidden
hidden
in in
order
order
to mislead
to mislead
the the
revolutionary
revolutionary liberation
liberationmovements,
movements,
andand
turnturn
them
intoinstruments
instruments
,, of its
them into
its policy.
policy.Second, and
and
this
this is
is more
moreimportant,
important,
Khrushchevite
Khrushchevite
revisionism
revisionism
has become
the
ruling
ideology
in ainstate
which
has
become
the
ruling
ideology
a state
which
represents
great
imperialist
power,
a thing
which
represents a a
great
imperialist
power,
a thing
which
gives itit many
and
possibilities
to manogives
manymeans
means
and
possibilities
to manoeuvre
euvre in broad
inin
large
proportions.
broadfields
fieldsand
and
large
proportions.
Khrushchevism and
the
other
revisionist
Khrushchevism
and
the
other
revisionist
currents have
thethe
liquidation
of the
currents
haveinincommon
common
liquidation
of the
communist party
itsits
transformation
intointo
a a
communist
partyand
and
transformation
political force
force which
the
bourgeoisie.
In In
political
which serves
serves
the
bourgeoisie.
the
SovietUnion
Uniontoo,
too,the
the
Communist
Party
the Soviet
Communist
Party
of of
Lenin
and
Stalin
has
been
liquidated.
It
is
true
Lenin and Stalin has been liquidated. It is true
that the
did
not
change
its name,
as as
that
the party
partythere
there
did
not
change
its name,
EUROCOMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM1S
IS ANT1-COMIVIUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
53
53
occurred
Yugoslavia,
but
it was
stripped
of its
occurred ininYugoslavia,
but
it was
stripped
of its
revolutionary
essence
spirit.
of the
revolutionary essence
andand
Spirit.
TheThe
rolerole
of the
Communist Party
Soviet
Union
altered,
Communist
Partyofofthe
the
Soviet
Union
altered,
and its
of the
Marxistand
its work
workfor
forthe
thestrengthening
strengthening
of the
Marxistwith
thethe
distortion
Leninist ideology
ideologywas
wasreplaced
replaced
with
distortion
of
of the
the Marxist-Leninist
Marxist-Leninisttheory,
theory,
under
under
different
different
disguises,
disguises, through
through
empty
empty
phraseology
phraseology
and and
demademagogy.
Thepolitical
politicalorganization
organization
party,
gogy. The
ofof
thethe
party,
likelike
the army,
and
thethe
other
organs
of theof the
the
army,the
thepolice
police
and
other
organs
dictatorship of
bourgeoisie,
waswas
transdictatorship
ofthe
thenew
new
bourgeoisie,
transformed
intoan
anorganization
organization
to oppress
the masses,
formed into
to oppress
the masses,
not
not to
to mention
mentionthe
the
fact
fact
that
that
it also
it also
became
became
the the
bearer
bearer ofofthe
theideology
ideology
and
and
policy
policy
of their
of their
oppresoppression
The
Communist
Party
of of
sion and
andexploitation.
exploitation.
The
Communist
Party
the Soviet
waswas
weakened,
and and
the
SovietUnion
Uniondegraded,
degraded,
weakened,
became
of the
entire
people,
that is,
becameaaparty
<<party
of the
entire
people,
that is,
no longer
party
of of
thethe
working
dass,
longerthe
thevanguard
vanguard
party
working
class,
which carries
forward
the
revolution
and
builds
carries f orward the revolution and builds
socialism,
ofof
thethe
new
revisionist
boursocialism,but
buta aparty
party
new
revisionist
bourgeoisie,
thethe
degeneration
of socialgeoisie,which
whichcauses
causes
degeneration
of socialism
ism and
andcarries
carries
forward
forward
thethe
restoration
restoration
of capitalof capitalism.
ism.
Like Browder,
who
preached
Browder,Tito,
Tito,Togliatti,
Togliatti,etc.,
etc.,
who
preached
the
into
assothe transformation
transformationofoftheir
theirparties
parties
into
<<associations,
mass
parties,
allegedciations,leagues,
leagues,
mass
parties,
allegedly to
toto
thethe
new
social
changes
whichwhich
to adapt
adaptthem
them
new
social
changes
had
asas
a result
of the
development
of of
hadoccurred
occurred
a result
of the
development
capitalism,
ofof
thethe
working
dass
and and
capitalism.the
thegrowth
growth
working
class
its
influence,
etc.,etc.,
Khrushits political
politicaland
andideological
ideological
influence,
Khrushchev
chevtoo
toojustified
justifiedthe
the
change
change
in the
in the
character
character
51
54
ENVER
ENVERHOXHA
HOXHA
of
of the
the party
party as
as an
an alleged
alleged adaptation
adaptationto
tothe
thesituasituation
tion created
created in
in the
the Soviet
Soviet Union,
Union, where
where allegedly
allegedly
the construction
construction of
of socialism
socialism had
had been
been completed
completed
the
and the
the construction
construction of
of communism
communism had begun.
and
According to
to Khrushchev,
Khrushchev, the
the composition
composition of
of the
the
According
party,
party, its structure, role and place in society and
the state had to alter in conformity with this
new epoch.
When Khrushchev began to advocate these
theses, the construction of communism in the
Soviet Union not
not only
only had
had not
not begun,
begun, but
but moremoreover, the construction of socialism was not yet
yet
completed. True, the exploiting classes had been
eliminated as classes, but there were many remnants of them still existing physically, let alone
ideologically. The Second World War had hindered
the broad emancipation of relations of production,
while the productive forces, which constitute
constitute the
the
necessary and indispensable basis for this, had
been gravely impaired. The Marxist-Leninist ideoldoes not
not mean
mean that
that
ogy was predominant, but this does
the old ideologies had been completely eradicated
from the consciousness of the masses. The Soviet
had won
von the
Union had
the war against fascism, but another war, with other means, and no less dangerous,
had commenced against it. Imperialism, headed by
American imperialism, had proclaimed the cold
war against communism and all the poisoned
arrows of world capitalism were aimed at the Soviet Union
Union first
first of
of all.
all. Great
Great pressure
pressure was
was exerted
exerted on
an
iet
ANTI-COMMUNLSM
EUROCOMMUNISNI
ANTI-COMMUNISM
SM 1SIS
EUROCOMMUNI
55
55
the
the Soviet
Sovietstate
stateand
andthe
theSoviet
Sovietpeoples,
peoples,with
withthe
the
aim of
of instilling
instilling the
the fear
fear of
of war
war amongst
amongst them,
them,
aim
diminishing their
their revolutionary
revolutionary enthusiasm,
enthusiasm, and
and
diminishing
restraining their
their internationalist
internationalist spirit and Oprestraining
opposition to
to imperialism.
imperialism.
position
In
the
face of
of these
these internal
internal and
and external
external
In the face
pressures, Khrushchev
Khrushchev surrendered and capitulapressures,
ted. He
He began
began to present the situation in rosy
ted.
colours, in
in order
order to
to conceal
conceal his
his own
own pacifist
pacifist illuillucolours,
theses about
about the
the construction
construction of
of comcomsions. His theses
munism. the
the end
end of
of the
the class
dass struggle, and the
niunism,
victory of socialism looked like something
final victory
new, but in fact they were reactionary. They were
were
the expression of the concealment of aa new
new reality
reality
created, of the birth and devewhich was
was beint'
being
_
lopment of the new bourgeois stratum and its
pretensions to establish
establish its
its own
own power
power in
in the
the
Soviet Union.
The line and program
program which
which Khrushchev
Khrushchev
presented at the 20th Congress of the CPSU
constituted
constituted not
not only
only the
the line
line of
of the
the restoration
restoration
of
capitalism
in
the
Soviet
Union,
but
of capitalism in the Soviet Union, but also
also the
the
line
line of
of undermining
undermining the
the revolution,
revolution, and
and of the subjection
jection of
of the
the peoples
peoples to
to imperialism
imperialism and
and the
the
working
working dass
classto
tothe
thebourgeoisie.
bourgeoisie. The
The KhrushcheKhrushchevites
vites preached
preached that
that at
at the
the present
present staue,
stage, the
the main
road
of
transition
to
socialism
was
the
peaceful
road of transition to socialism was the peaceful
road.
road. They
They advised
advised the
the communist
communistparties
partiesto
tofolfollow
low the
the policy
Dolicvof
ofdass
classconciliation
conciliationand
andcollaboracollaboration
tion with
with social-democraey
social-democracyand
andother
otherpolitical
political
5656
EN
ENVER
VERI40XHA
HOXHA
forces
bourgeoisie.
ThisThis
line line
assisted
the the
forcesofofthe
the
bourgeoisie.
assisted
attainment
objectives
for for
which
imperialttainmentofofthose
those
objectives
which
imperialism
ismand
andcapital
capital
had
had
lang
long
been
been
fighting
fighting
withwith
every
every
means,
including
arms
andand
ideological
diversion.
means,
including
arms
ideological
diversion.
openedbroad
broad
roads
to bourgeois
reformism
ItIt opened
roads
to bourgeois
reformism
and and
gave
the
possibility
to manoeuvre
in thein the
gavecapital
capital
the
possibility
to manoeuvre
difficult
and
military
situation
difficult economic,
economic,political
political
and
military
situation
created
thethe
Second
World
War.War.
This This
is is
createdfor
forit itafter
after
Second
World
the
forfor
allall
that
great
publicity
which
theexplanation
explanation
that
great
publicity
which
the
gave
thethe
20th
Congress
of theof the
thebourgeoisie
bourgeoisie
gave
20th
Congress
CPSU
the
world
andand
which
called
CPSUall
allaround
around
the
world
which
called
Khrushchev
man
of of
peace
whowho
understands
Khrushcheva
a
man
peace
understands
the
unlike
Stalin
who
waswas
for comthesituation,
situation,
unlike
Stalin
who
for communistorthodoxy,
orthodoxy,
incompatibilitywith
munist
incompatibility
the
with thecacapitalist world,
world,etc.
etc.
pitalist
With their
ofof
thethe
peaceful
roadroad
their preachings
preachings
peaceful
to socialism,
Khrushchevites
sought
to impede
socialism,the
the
Khrushchevites
sought
to impede
the communists
and
thethe
revolutionaries
of the
the
communists
and
revolutionaries
of the
carrying
outout
the the
rev-revworld from
from preparing
preparingfor
forand
and
carrying
olution, and
them
to to
reduce
all their
workwork
olution,
andwanted
wanted
them
reduce
all their
to propaganda,
propaganda, totodebates
andand
electoral
manoeuto
debates
electoral
manoeuvres, to
andand
day-tovres,
to trade-union
trade-uniondemonstrations
demonstrations
day-today
demands.
day demands.
This was
lineline
This
wasthe
thetypical
typicalsocial-democratic
social-democratic
which Lenin had
fiercely
and
thethe
Octowhich
hadfought
foughtsoso
fiercely
and
October
Revolution
had
overthrown.
The
Khrushcheber Revolution had overthrown. The Khrushchevite views.
views, which
from
thethe
arsenal
vite
which were
wereborrowed
borrowed
from
arsenal
of the
the chiefs
chiefs of
International,
aroused
of
ofthe
theSecond
Second
International,
aroused
dangerous illusions
discredited
the the
veryvery
idea idea
dangerous
illusionsand
and
discredited
ofthe
the revolution.
revolution. They
thethe
workof
Theydid
didnot
notprepare
prepare
work-
EUROCOMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
57
57
ing class
dass and
the
working
masses
to betovigilant
ing
and
the
working
masses
be vigilant
and to
the
bourgeois
violence,
but urged
and
to oppose
oppose
the
bourgeois
violence,
but urged
them to
at the
mercy
of the
them
to remain
remainsubmissively
submissively
at the
mercy
of the
bourgeoisie. This
was
also
proved
in the
beurgeoisie.
This
was
also
proved
in events
the events
in Indonesia
Indonesia and
etc.,
with
thethe
communists
in
andChile,
Chile,
etc.,
with
communists
and peoples
countries
paying
veryvery
dearly
and
peoplesofofthose
those
countries
paying
dearly
for the
the revisionist
thethe
peaceful
roadroad
for
revisionistillusions
illusionsabout
about
peaceful
to socialism.
socialism.
Equally in
and
thethe
Equally
in favour
favourof
ofimperialism
imperialism
and
bourgeoisie and
harmful
to to
thethe
revolution
waswas
the the
bourgeoisie
and
harmful
revolution
other thesis
20th
Congress
of the
other
thesisofofthe
the
20th
Congress
of CPSU
the CPSU
about peaceful
coexistence,
which
the Khrushabout
peaceful
coexistence,
which
the Khrushchevites tried
anon
thethe
whole
comchevites
triedtotoimpose
impose
whole
communist movement,
extending
it even
to relations
munist
movement,
extending
it even
to relations
between classes,
andand
between
the peoples
and their
between
classes,
between
the peoples
and their
imperialist oppressors.
According
to the
Khrushimperialist
oppressors.
According
to the
Khrushchevites,
thethe
problem
as either
chevites,who
whopresented
presented
problem
as either
peaceful
coexistence
or
devastating
war,
therethere
peaceful coexistence or devastating war,
was
solution
forfor
thethe
peoples
and and
the the
wasno
noother
other
solution
peoples
world
bend
their
backs,
to give
world proletariat
proletariatbut
buttoto
bend
their
backs,
to give
up
struggle,
the revolution
and any
up the
thedass
class
struggle,
the revolution
and any
other
anger
imperialism
otheraction
actionwhich
whichmight
might
anger
imperialism
and
outbreak
of war.
andprovoke
provokethe
the
outbreak
of war.
In fact
views
about
peacefact the
theKhrushchevite
Khrushchevite
views
about
peaceful coexistence,
which
were
elosely
linked
withwith
coexistence,
which
were
closely
linked
those
thethe
changed
nature
of imperialism,
thoseabout
about
changed
nature
of imperialism,
were
with
thethe
preachings
of - of
werepractically
practicallyidentical
identical
with
preachings
Browder
capitalism
andand
imperialBrowderthat
thatAmerican
American
capitalism
imperialism
had
allegedly
become
a
factor
of
progress
ism had allegedly become a factor of progress
in
TheThe
prettifying
in post-war
post-warworld
worlddevelopment.
development.
prettifying
58
58
ENVERHOKHA
HOXHA
ENVER
of American
Americanimperialism
imperialism
and
false
image
of
and
thethe
false
image
created
it slackened
peoples'
vigilance
to- tocreatedabout
about
it slackened
peoples'
vigilance
wards
hegemonic
andand
expansionist
policy
of of
wardsthe
the
hegemonic
expansionist
policy
the
of of
America
andand
sabotaged
the the
theUnited
UnitedStates
States
America
sabotaged
peoples'
anti-imperialist
liberation
struggle.
BothBoth
peoples'
anti-imperialist
liberation
struggle.
as
and
a practical
political
line,line,
asan
anideology
ideology
and
a practical
political
Khrushchevite
peacefulcoexistence
Khrushchevite
peaceful
urged
the the
coexistence
urged
peoples,
in the
newnew
states
of Asia,
peoples,especially
especially
in the
states
of Asia,
Africa
etc.,
to extinguish
the the
Africa and
andLatin
LatinAmerica,
America,
etc.,
to extinguish
hotbeds
from
which
the
flames
of
war
might
hotbeds from which the flames of war might
burstout.
out,totoseek
seek
rapprochement
conciliaburst
rapprochement
and and
conciliation
advantage
of intion with
with imperialism,
imperialism,tototake
take
advantage
of internationalco-operationco-operation
peaceful
ternational
forfor
thethe
peaceful
de- development
economy,
etc.etc.
In its
velopmentofoftheir
their
economy.
In expresits expressions.
terms
and
other
formulas,
this
line
was
the the
sions. terms and other formulas, this line was
same as
preached
by Browder,
that in
thein the
same
asthat
that
preached
by Browder,
that
conditions of
coexistence
between
conditions
ofthe
thepeaceful
peaceful
coexistence
between
the
the United
UnitedStates
States
ofof
America
America
andand
the the
Soviet
Soviet
Union. wealthv
assist
restoration
Union.
wealthyAmerica
Americacould
could
assist
restoration
and advance
the
whole
world.
It was
the the
same
and
advanceofof
the
whole
world.
It was
same
line which
and
applied
in Yugoline
which Tito
Tito advocated
advocated
and
applied
in Yugoslavia, which
thethe
doors
of that
country
slavia,
whichhad
hadopened
opened
doors
of that
country
to American
American aid.
capital.
It was
the the
tc
aid.credit
creditand
and
capital.
It was
same desire,
Mao
Zedong
andand
other
Maoist
same
desire,which
which
Mao
Zedong
other
Maoist
leaders had.
upup
China
with
American
aid.aid.
leaders
had.totobuild
build
China
with
American
but
which ndifferent
but which
circumstances
andand
events
,he different
circumstances
events
had
hinderedup
uptotothat
that
stage.
had hindered
stage.
And the
the Soviet
escape
AmerAnd
SovietUnion
Unioncannot
cannot
escape
American aid
from
thethe
other
Western
counican
aid and
andthe
theaid
aid
from
other
Western
countries
any
more
than
the
Titoites,
or
today
the
tries any more than the Titoites, or today the
EUROCOMMUNISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS
IS ANT1-COMMUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISIg
59
59
Maoists can
them.
TheThe
integration
of the
Maoists
canescape
escape
them.
integration
of the
Soviet
Union and
andother
otherrevisionist
revisionist
countries
linked
Soviet Union
countries
linked
with
with it
it into
into the
the world
world capitalist
capitalisteconomy
economy
has
has
assumed large
proportions.
These
countries
havehave
assumed
large
proportions.
These
countries
become some
the
biggest
importers
of Westbecome
someofof
the
biggest
importers
of Western
ern capital.
capital.Their
Theirdebts,
debts,
at at
least
least
those
those
which
which
are are
made
public,amount
amount
tens
of billions
of dollars.
made public,
toto
tens
of billions
of dollars.
Sometimes because
of changing
circumstances,
Sometimes
because
of changing
circumstances,
such as
caused
by the
events
in Afghanistan
such
asthose
those
caused
by the
events
in Afghanistan
is slowed
down,
but itbut
never
at present.
present,this
thisprocess
process
is slowed
down,
it never
stops.
stops. The
Thecapitalist
capitalist
interests
interests
of the
of the
two two
sidessides
are are
so great
situations
theythey
override
all all
so
greatthat
thatininspecial
special
situations
override
their frictions,
frictions, rivalries
rivalriesand
andclashes.
clashes.
The
Sovietrevisionists
revisionists
used
thesis
The Soviet
used
the the
thesis
aboutabout
peaceful
notnot
only
to justify
theirtheir
peacefulcoexistence
coexistence
only
to justify
policy of
concessions
to
and
compromises
withwith
of concessions to and compromises
American imperialism.
line
also
served
and and
American
imperialism.This
This
line
also
served
is still
a mask
to hide
the expanstill serving
servingthem
themasas
a mask
to hide
the expansionist
social-imperialism,
in in
sionistpolicy
policyof
ofSoviet
Soviet
social-imperialism,
order
and
resistance
of the
orderto
tolower
lowerthe
thevigilante
vigilance
and
resistance
of the
peoples
imperialist
plans
of the
Soviet
revi- revipeoplestotothe
the
imperialist
plans
of the
Soviet
sionist
forfor
hegemony.
TheThe
thesis
aboutabout
sionistleaders
leaders
hegemony.
thesis
peaceful
waswas
a call
of the
peacefulcoexistence
coexistence
a call
of Soviet
the Soviet
revisionists
American
imperialists
to divide
revisioniststotothe
the
American
imperialists
to divide
up
rule
it jointly.
up the
theworld
worldand
and
rule
it jointly.
TheKhrushchevite
Khrushchevite
revisionist
assisted
The
revisionist
lineline
assisted
im
perialism and
to to
take
advantage
of theof the
imperialism
andreaction
reaction
take
advantage
situation
toto
launch
an an
all-round
attack
situationininorder
order
launch
all-round
attack
on
OfOf
particular
assistance
to this
oncommunism.
communism.
particular
assistance
to this
new
newattack
attackonon
thethe
revolution
revolution
andand
socialism
socialism
werewere
60
60
ENVER
HOXHA
EN
VER HO
XHA
theattacks
attacksand
andthe
theslanders
slandersof
ofthe
theKhrushchevite
Khrushchevite
the
revisionists an
on Stalin
Stalin and
and his
his work.
work.
revisionists
The
The Khrushchevite
Khrushcheviterevisionists
revisionistsstarted
startedtheir
their
campaign against
against Stalin
Stalin in
in order
order to
to justify
justify the
the
campaign
anti-Marxist course
course which
which they
they had
had begun
begun to
to
anti-Marxist
follow inside
inside and
and outside
outside the
the country.
country. They
They could
could
follow
not negate
negate the
the dictatorship
dictatorship of
of the
the proletariat
proletariat and
and
not
transform
transform the
the Soviet
Soviet Union
Union into
into aa bourgeois-cabourgeois-capitalist
pitalist state,
state, could
could not
not strike
strike bargains
bargains with
with imimperialism,
perialism, without
without negating
negating the
the work
work of
of Stalin.
Stalin.
This is also the reason why the campaign against
him was conducted with the accusations borrowed
from the arsenal
arsenal of
of imperialist
imperialist and
and Trotskyite
Trotskyite
propaganda which presented
presented the
the past
past of
of the
the Soviet
Soviet
Union as a period of mass reprisals, and the
socialist
system as
assuppression
suppression of
socialist system
of democracy
democracy
and a dictatorship
dictatorship like that of Ivan the Terrible
etc.
But for
for a11
all the
But
theslanders
slanders and
and attacks
attacks of
of imrevisionists and
and other
other enemies
enemies of
of the
the
perialists, revisionists
revolution, the name and work of Stalin remain
immortal. Stalin was a great revolutionary, an
immortal.
outstanding theoretician,
theoretician, who ranks with Marx,
outstanding
Engels
Engels and
and Lenin.
Lenin.
Life has
has proved
proved the
the correctness
correctness of
of the
the analyanalyLife
ses of
of the
the Party
Party of
of Labour
Labour of
of Albania
Albania and
and its
its
ses
stands towards
towards Khrushchevite
Khrushchevite revisionism
revisionism and
and is
stands
confirming them
them every
every day.
day. In
In the
the Soviet
Soviet Union
Union
confirming
socialism has
has been
been destroyed
destroyed and
and capitalism
capitalism has
has
socialism
been restored.
restored. Meanwhile,
Meanwhile, in
in the
the international
international
been
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COP/IMUNISM
EUROCOMNIUNISM
ANTI-COMMUNISM
61
61
arena,
thestands
stands
actions
of Soviet
the Soviet
arena, the
andand
actions
of the
lead- leadership have
ership
havemore
more
and
and
more
more
revealed
revealed
the socialthe socialimperialist character
imperialist
character
ofof
the
the
Soviet
Soviet
Union
Union
andand
its its
reactionarygreat
great
power
ideology.
Thus,
Khrushreactionary
power
ideology.
Thus,
Khrushcheviterevisionism
revisionism
has
become
the ideochevite
has
become
not not
onlyonly
the ideoof the
therestoration
restoration
capitalism
sabotage
logy of
ofof
capitalism
andand
sabotage
peoples'
liberation
strugof the
the revolution
revolutionand
andthe
the
peoples'
liberation
struggle,
gle, but
butalso
alsothe
theideology
ideology
of of
socialimperialist
socialimperia.list
ag- aggression.
gression.
EUROCOMMUNIS1VI - AN IDEOLOGY OF
SUBMISSIO N TO THE BOURGEOISIE AND
IMPERIALISM
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
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61
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EUROCOMMUNISM 1S ANTI-COMMUNISM
65
wanted. After the war, governments of the bourgeois type came to power there. The participation
of the communists in them did not alter their
character. Even the French Communist Party,
which up to the end of the Second World War had
a correct line in general, was unable to overcome
and correct its mistakes, weaknesses and deviations
on certain problems, which stemmed among other
things from lack of realistic analyses of the internal and external situations.
The French Communist Party played a primary role in the creation of the Popular Front
in France. It launched the slogan of the Popular
Front at its Congress of Nantes in 1935, a slogan
which quickly found an echo among the broad
masses of the French people. The Comintern made
a high valuation of the efforts and work of the
French Communist Party for the creation of the
Popular Front. However, it must be said that the
party did not know how or was unable to take
advantage of the situation and utilize it in favour
of the working class.
The Communist Party spoke openly about
the danger threatening France from internal and
external fascism, denounced this danger and came
out in the streets in demonstrations, but it expected the measures against fascism and everything
else from the legal governments, from the
bourgeois governments, formed by combinations
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74
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The resistance movement of the Italian people against fascism assumed great development
especially after the capitulation of Italy. In Northern Italy, which was still occupied by the Germans, on the initiative of the party, the liberation
war, which included the broad masses of antifascist workers, peasants, intellectuals and others,
was organized. Big regular partisan formations
were created, the overwhelming majority of them
under the leadership of the party.
Likewise on the initiative of the Communist
Party, national liberation committees were formed
in Northern Italy, along with the partisan
units and detachments. The party struggled to
make these committees new organs of the democratic power, but in fact they remained coalitions
of diff erent parties. This did not permit them to
be transformed into genuine organs of the people's power.
Whereas in Northern Italy the struggle of
the party in general was developed on the right
road, and could have led not only to the liberation
of the country but also to the establishment of
the people's power, in the South and on a national
scale the party did not raise the question of the
seizure of power. It sought only the formation of
a strong government with authority, and did not
fight for the overthrow of the monarchy and
Badoglio. At a time when favourable conditions
existed in the country to carry forward the rev-
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77
the fascist troops raged for a month and this province remained in the hands of the people. The
fascists could not pass there. The same thing occurred in the Basque region and many parts of
Spain.
In the first days of August it seemed that the
fascist generals were on the way out and their
defeat would have been complete had the troops
of fascist Italy and nazi Germany not gone to
their assistance immediately, together with the
troops recruited in Spanish Morocco and those
sent by fascist Portugal.
In a country where the army was led by an
old caste of reactionary royalist and fascist of f
cers the fate of the country could not be left to
the army, of which a part followed the fascist
generals while the rest began to fall apart.
Therefore, the Communist Party called for the
creation of a new army, an army of the people.
The communists set to work to create this army
and within a short time managed to set up the
Fifth Regiment. On the basis of this regiment,
which achieved great fame during the Spanish
War, the people's army of the Spanish Republic
was built up.
The resolute stand of the Communist Party
against the fascist attack, the bold example it set
by placing itself at the head of the masses to prevent the advance of fascism, the example which
its members set, 60 per cent of whom went to the
78
ENVER HOXHA
diff erent fighting fronts of the war, greatly increased the authority and prestige of the party
among the masses of the people.
A party grows, wins authority and becomes
the leadership of the masses when it has a clear
line and hurls itself boldly into struggle to implement it. During the Civil War the Communist
Party of Spain became such a party. Between the
beginning of the fascist insurrection in July 1936
and the end of that year, the Communist Party increased the number of its members three fold.
And despite the fact that in those days people
turned to the party, not to cast votes in elections
but to give their lives, at no time has any other
party, whether the so-called communist party of
Carrillo or the other revisionist parties which
have opened all their doors to anyone, with religious beliefs or otherwise, workers or bourgeois,
who want to join them, been able to show such a
growth of its authority and influence as that which
the Communist Party of Spain achieved during the
time of the Civil War.
The Spanish War came to an end at the beginning of 1939, with the extension of Franco's
rule over the whole country. In that war the Communist Party of Spain did not spare its eff orts
or forces to defeat f ascism. If f ascism triumphed,
this is due, apart from various internal factors,
first of all to the intervention of Italian and German fascism, as well as to the capitulationist policy
79
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EITROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNTSM
si
tensive scale of bourgeois democracy, by completely legalizing all political parties except the fascist
parties; permitting their unhindered participation
in the political and ideological life of the country; giving these parties possibilities for active
participation in the electoral campaigns, which
were now held on the basis of less restrictive laws, for the approval of which the communists and other progressive forces had waged a
long struggle, created many reformist illusions
among the leaderships of the communist parties.
The view began to establish itself among them
that fascism was now finished once and for all,
that the bourgeoisie was no longer able to restrict the democratic rights of the workers, but on
the contrary would be obliged to allow their further
development. They began to think that the communists, emerging from the war as the most influential and powerful political, organizing and mobilizing force of the nation, would compel the bourgeoisie to proceed on the course of extending democracy and permitting the ever greater participation of working people in running the country,
that through elections and parliament they would
have possibilities to take power peacefully and
then go on to the socialist transformation of society. These leaderships considered the participation of two or three communist ministers in the
post-war governments of France and Italy not as
the maximum formal concessions which the bour6
38
82
ENVER HOXHA
geoisie would make, but as the beginning of a process which would develop gradually up to the creation of a cabinet consisting entirely of communists.
The development of the economy in the West
after the war also exerted a great influence on
the spread of opportunist and revisionist ideas in
the communist parties. True, Western Europe was
devastated by the war but its recovery was
carried out relatively quickly. The American capital which poured into Europe through the
Marshall Plan made it possible to reconstruct
the factories, plants, transport and agriculture so
that their production extended rapidly. This
development opened up many jobs and for a long
period, not only absorbed all the free labour force
but even created a certain shortage of labour.
This situation, which brought the bourgeoisie
great superprofits, allowed it to loosen its pursestrings a little and soften the labour conflicts to
some degree. In the social field, in such matters as
social insurance, health, education, labour legislation etc., it took some measures for which the
working class had fought hard. The obvious irnprovement of the standard of living of the working people in comparison with that of the time
of the war and even before the war. the rapid
growth of production, which came as a result of
the reconstruction of industry and agriculture
and the beginning of the technical and scientific
revolution, and the full employment of the work
83
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81
F,UROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COIVLMUNISM
85
86
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88
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89
of international communism. They preached poly centrism, the aim of which was the creation of
a new revisionist bloe, headed by the Italian Communist Party, which by opposing the Soviet revisi onist bloc, would raise the authority of the Italian
Communist Party in the eyes of the Italian and
world bourgeoisie. Togliatti thought that he
would win the trust of the Italian monopoly capital in this way and be invited to join in its dance.
Khrushchev saw the danger of the revisionist parties, both those of the countries which were members of the Warsaw Treaty and those which were
outside it, breaking away from the tutelage of
Moscow, therefore he tried to preserve unity.
H owever, 'Fogliatti's p
olycentrism and Khrushchev's
unity were opposing and unreal things.
Revisionism splits and does not unite.
The revisionist party of Togliatti today, under
Longo and Berlinguer, has steered an obscure
and by no means clear course. I ntellectualist and
socia l-democratic views have made
deep impressions on its line and stands. The leader of the Italian Co
mmunist Party, Palmiro Togliatti, manifested these views with increasing stridency, up to
his famous
testament, which he wrote a short
time before he died in Yalta. This
testament represents the code of Italian revisionism on which
the views of Euro
communism in general are based
today.
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90
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
91
92
ENVER HOXHA
in which he said that the development of democratic forces throughout the world and the weakening of the capitalist bourgeoisie after the Second
World War induced him to envisage for France
. .. the transition to socialism on roads other than
those which the Russian communists followed
thirty years ago. . . In any case, the road can be
different for each country.*
Perhaps this road to socialism, about which
Thorez spoke at that time, was not exactly the
Khrushchevite road, the contours of which were
laid out later. But in any case the different road,
which Thorez sought then, was not that of the
revolution.
The French bourgeoisie and American imperialism did not allow Thorez and the leadership of
the French Communist Party to live long with
their dreams of the parliamentary road to socialism. Not much later, through a simple decree of the
socialist premier of that time, Ramadier, the communists were thrown out of the government.
At its meeting in October 1947, the Central
Committee of the French Communist Party was
obliged to make self-criticism about its mistaken
stands and actions at that period, about its incorrect evaluation of the situation, the ratio of forces,
the policy of the Socialist Party etc.
Thus, beginning from the end of 1947, the
M. Thorez, Fils du peuple, Paris 1960, p. 234.
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93
94
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96
ZNIVER HOXHA
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98
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100
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102
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104
ENVES HOXHA
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and never allow them to drop a word without publishing it in the biggest headlines on the front.
pages of newspapers.
All this advertisment, all this clamour, is evidence of the great joy of the bourgeoisie, which
has found zealous lackeys who are fighting communism from the left, as they say, at a time when
its open anti-communist weapons had become
rusty and broken. Capital could not find anything
better or more effective in the difficult situations.
it is experiencing than the service which the revisionists offer. Therefore, the praise which the
bourgeoisie is heaping on the demagogy and deception, the theoretical speculations and practical
activity with which the revisionists are manoeuvring to deceive and disorganize the workers, is.
completely understandable and justifiable.
The Bourgeois Conception of Bourgeois Society
The Eurocommunists try to paint a distorted
picture of the present-day capitalist society and its
contradictions, to present it as a society which has
evolved so greatly since the time of Marx, Engels,
Lenin and Stalin that their fundamental analyses
and teachings about it are out-of-date and na
longer valid.
They see present-day capitalist society as unified and no longer distinguish its polarization into
proletarians and bourgeois, no longer see the con-
113
EN VER HOXHA
tradiction between these two classes as the f undamental contradiction, and consequently do not see
the class struggle as the main motive force of this
society. For the Eurocommunists, of course, there
are certain contradictions, which they call contraclictions of development, of progress, of wellbeing, of democracy etc., which have allegedly replaced the old contradictions, especially the
contradiction between labour and capital, on
w hich the whole Marxist-Leninist theory about
the role and the historic mission of the proletariat, the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism is based.
Today, they say, the proletariat of the time
of Marx and Lenin no longer exists, the classes
have changed and they are no longer those which
Marx and Lenin knew and about which they
spoke. Nowadays, say the Eurocommunists, even
the bourgeois class has dissolved as a class, has
been transformed into workers and all the
wealth has been gathered in the hands of a small
clique of capitalists who preserve and defend this
property. Marchais, for example, has discovered
that in France today the bourgeoisie that counts
has been reduced to only 25 financial and industrial groups, while the others are workers. Consequently, stress the revisionist renegades, the present-day bourgeois capitalist state has changed,
because society itself has changed and the classes
have changed. Therefore, they reason, Marx and
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
113
Lenin, who did not know the present-day capitalist state, which is entirely different from that of
their time, foresaw another role for the proletariat,
which dif fers from that of the present day, another method for the seizure of power by the proletariat, another method of struggle to go over to
socialism.
For the Eurocommunist revisionists, all the
classes and strata of capitalist society today, and
especially the intelligentsia, have been identified
with the proletariat. With the exception of a small
handful of capitalists, in their eyes all the others,
without distinction, want to change society from
a bourgeois society into a socialist society. And in
order to carry out this change, according to the
Eurocommunists, the old society has to be reformed and not overthrown.
Hence, they imagine that state power must
be taken gradually, through reforms, through the
development of culture, and through the close
collaboration of all classes without exception, both
those who hold and those who do not hold this
power.
All the revisionists follow the course of Marcuse, who when he speaks about the American
proletariat, tries to prove that in the -highly
industrialized American society, a proletariat in
the Marxist sense does not exist, because, according to him, this proletariat now allegedly belongs
to history.
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It has revealed their reactionary counterrevolutionary aim. It proves that the working class is
impoverished the more the capitalists are enriched,
that it properly understands what Marx said, that
the more wealth each worker produces the poorer
he becomes, that the more commodities the worker makes the more he reduces his own value as
a commodity, that the proletariat cannot escape
from exploitation without taking over the means
of production and without destroying the state
power of the bourgeoisie.
Today, the modern revisionists such as Marchais, Berlinguer, Carrillo and company, reject
this scientific view of Marx. Today, they say, the
process of the relative and absolute impoverishment of the proletariat no longer exists because
of the development of the technical-scientific revolution and the gains which the workers have
achieved through reforms. They want to tell the
proletarians that all their demands and needs are
being fulfilled from the hand-outs which capitalism gives them, therefore they have no reason to
rise in revolution.
Some other revisionist theoreticians, faced
with the undeniable facts of life, declare that it
is true that Marx spoke about the exploitation of
the working class, but what he said is equally
valid for both the capitalist and the socialist countries. Consequently, the working class has no reason to rise against capitalist exploitation because
120
ENVISR HOXHA
allegedly it can never escape it! This is a distortion of the reality and a slander. The position of
the working class in capitalism and its position in
socialism are diametrically opposite.
In the capitalist and revisionist countries the
worker is not free, either in work or in life. He
is a slave to the machine, to the capitalist and
the technocrat, who squeeze out the last drop of
his labour power and from this create surplus
value for capital. Only in the genuine socialist
order, in which the working class is in power, do
the teachings of Marx, properly applied, provide
the possibility for the proletariat to become conscious and completely the master of the means of
production and, through its dictatorship, to gain
all its political, economic and democratic freedoms
and rights.
The binding of the working class with
economic chains, with which capitalism shackles
it. is the main thing in bourgeois society. The
whole capitalist system has been built on this bondage. However, the bourgeois and revisionist theoreticians, being quite unable to deny this great
truth, try to obscure the question of economic
exploitation about which Marx speaks and which
is primary, and to interpret it through a series of
concocted theses and false views. Being unable
to refute the binding of the worker to capital,
these theoreticians preach that allegedly there
is no longer any need to point out how much the
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
121
owncr in the capitalist order squeezes and enslaves men, but what should be pointed out is that
his link with capital is allegedly in favour of
the worker because it keeps him alive. Their aim
is to divert the proletariat from the class struggle
against capitalism by trying to focus its attention
on the blessings of the consumer society.
The modern revisionists have invented many
deceptive theses to divert attention from economic oppression and exploitation. They give great
publicity to their thesis that in the consumer society the worker enjoys so many things that he
regards the economic problems as coming at the
bottom of the list. According to them, almost
his only worries are the problems of religion, the
family, his wife, his TV-set, his car etc. And as
a result the problem of economic exploitation is
allegedly no longer the basic problem of the class
struggle and revolution. However, they do all
these things in order to water down the wine and
divert the working masses from the struggle to
overthrow the bourgeois order.
In breaking with Marxism-Leninism and
wanting to create a new theory which is distinct from the doctrine of Marx and Lenin on all
fundamental questions, the Eurocommunists have
got themselves into a great mess and confusion,
into profound incoherence and great contradictions. They are practically unable to explaln any
122
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EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
123
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has won, while with the theories that the revisionists preach, it remains oppressed by the bourgeoisie.
The Leninist theory about the undivided hegemony of the working class has found a brilliant
confirmation and application in the carrying out
of the revolution and the triumph of socialism in
Albania, too. To the Albanian communists it was
clear from the start that only one party, the Communist Party, could lead the National Liberation
War through to complete victory, that only one
class, the working class, could be the leader in this
struggle, that the main ally of this class would be
the poor and middle peasantry, that the youth
and the students would be the main support of
the Party and, together with the Albanian women,
would comprise the fighting strata of the people's
revolution.
The small number of the working class in
Albania did not hinder it in the least from playing
its hegemonic role because it had at the head its
Communist Party, which was guided by the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. The correct
line of our Party, which responded to the situation
and the interests of the broad working masses,
made it possible to achieve the great unity of the
people around the working class in a single front
under the sole and undivided leadership of the
Communist Party.
The correct line and leadership of our Party
126
ENVER HONHA
led to the extension of the struggle, which gradually built up until it assumed the form of a
general uprising, a broad people's armed struggle,
up to the liberation of Albania and the establishment of the people's power.
In negating the hegemonic and leading role
of the working class in the revolution and the
construction of socialism, the Eurocommunists
could not but abandon also the role and mission
of the communist party, as it is defined by Marxism-Leninism and as it has been confirmed by the
long history of the world revolutionary and communist movement.
The theses of the 15th Congress of the Italian
Communist Party say that now a new party has
been built. What is this new party? The Italian
Communist Party, says its Constitution, organizes the workers, the working people, the intellectuals and the citizens who fight within the
framework of the Republican Constitution for the
consolidation and development of the anti-fascist
democratic regime, for the socialist rejuvenation
of society, for the independence of the peoples, for
the reduction of tension and for peace, for cooperation among all nations... The Constitution
continues, the Italian Communist Party is open
to all citizens of 18 years of age, who irrespective
of race, philosophical views and religious belief,
accept the political program and untertake to act
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1$5
the use of the revolutionary violence for the seizure of power were accepted, for example, then
there would be no place left for the Eurocommunists' model of socialism. Lenin's theory on the
revolution and the construction of socialism, which
is a further development of Mar-x's teachings, is
so much a whole, so coherent, so scientific and
logical that it must be accepted as it is or not accepted at all. It cannot be chopped into pieces
without falling into irreconcilable contradictions
and absurdities of logic.
Thus the Eurocommunists are now no longer opposed only to Stalin, but have abandoned Leninism too, thinking that with this they have escaped
and found the way to preach Eurocommunist
socialism. But if they have abandoned Leninism,
the proletariat has not done so. Leninism is a living
science, the militant ideology of the proletariat,
the banner of the revolution and the construction
of socialism. Leninism is that powerful weapon
with which all genuine revolutionaries, all those
who want communism and are striving for socialism, fight against all enemies, against the bourgeoisie and its collaborators. Leninism is the mirror which brings to light the true features of the
Eurocommunists and all other revisionists, which
reveals the falsity of their opportunist theories,
which shows up their reactionary activity against
the proletariat, socialism and the peoples' cause.
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laws to understand that the tableau of the socalled socialist society which the Eurocommunists
present is nothing other than the precise and most
typical tableau of present-day bourgeois society.
The basic element which determines a social system is the ownership of the means of production.
If the ownership of the means of production is
private, then we have to do with a system in
which man exploits man, in which wealth is accumulated in the hands of the minority at one pole,
while the overwhelming majority of the people live
in poverty and want at the other pole. It has already been proved that socialism cannot exist
without the elimination of capitalist property and
the smashing of the bourgeois state. There can
never be socialism without the establishment of
social ownership of the means of production in
all sectors without exception, without the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
The proletariat has fought with courage, sacrifice and abnegation to overthrow the relations of
capitalist ownership of the means of production.
To this end, it has elaborated its own ideology,
Marxism-Leninism, which must guide it in the
revolution and the establishment of social ownership of the means of production, in the elimination of the exploitation which arises from private
ownership of these means, and in the elimination
of poverty. The proletariat realized this objective
in those countries where the revolution trium-
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phed and socialism was established. This experience, which the construction of socialism in Albania is confirming more and more each day,
shows that the fundamental condition for the
construction of socialist society is precisely the expropriation of the bourgeoisie and the transformation of the whole economy of the country on
a socialist basis, thc establishment of social ownership of the means of production.
Liberation found Albania a backward country from the socio-economic and cultural viewpoint, mainly an agricultural country, almost
without industry, with a very low level of development of the productive forces. Did this constitute an obstacle to the construction of socialist
relations of production? Of course it did, indeed
a major obstacle, but not an insurmountable one.
Our Party could not wait for the productive forces
to be developed to a high level, and then commence the establishment of socialist relations.
Among the first and most important measures
which our people's state power took were the liquidation of foreign capital and the transformation of
its enterprises into socialist state property, the implementation of an extensive and radical land
reform, which not only liquidated the large-scale
property of the feudal lords and the estate-owners,
but also greatly restricted the property of the rich
peasants. These measures of a profoundly revolutionary character created important premises
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cultural country into a country with developed industry and agriculture, with advanced education
and culture, a country in which the people live
in true freedom and happiness.
The Eurocommunists do not accept our experience, or that of the Soviet Union or other countries when they were socialist. They want to invent a new socialism. However, you need a crippled logic in order to accept the existence of
private ownership of the means of production in
society and at the same time think you can avoid
the exploitation of man by man, and to speak
about socialist transformations, equality,
justice, etc., such as the Eurocommunists preach.
The preservation of private ownership of the
means of production, of private initiative, that
is, the possibility of capitalist accumulation in the
society which the Eurocommunists propose, means
in fact that the capitalist system will be retained
completely intact and inviolate.
In all their philosophical fantasies, as well as
in the programs which their parties proclaim, the
Eurocommunist revisionists do not touch at all
on the question of what will be done with the
multinational companies and foreign capital. Since
they do not mention it, this means that they will
remain integral parts of the socialist society
which they advocate, this means that big American, West-German, British. French and other
capital will no longer think of super-profits, but
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the bourgeois state, as the culmination of democracy, as a situation which creates the possibility
to solve all social problems. Their aim is to distort
the very concept of socialist society and to present
bourgeois democracy and its institutions as capable of realizing socialist aims, with no need for
the revolution, without the need to smash the old
bourgeois state apparatus. In fact, their ideal state
is the current American, or more particularly, the
German political systern, in which two big bourgeois parties, which alternate with one another at
the head of the government, rule. They want two
big parties in Italy, France, or Spain too: one of
them openly bourgeois, democratic or liberal, and
the other a workers' party, whether they call it
socialist, communist, labour, or what you will, as
well as a few other unimportant small parties,
just for the sake of variety. And in this way, Ita , Spanish solian socialism , French socialism
cialism would be created, just as Swedish socialism, Norwegian socialism , and so on, have
been created.
In democratic socialism the state must not
be the state of workers and peasants, that is, it
must not be like the state advocated by Marx
and Lenin, which would bring the workers from
the factories and the peasants who work the land
into leadership. The Eurocommunist s want a state
which will be the state of everybody , and the
government of this state likewise will be of
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everybody. But a state of everybody has never existed and never will exist.
The Eurocommunists' concepts about the
state are very close to those of Proudhon and
Lassalle, refuted by Marx more than a century
ago. Lassalle, for example, preached that through
reforms, in peaceful ways, through general elections, and with the aid of the bourgeois state and
of associations of producers, which would have
to be created, the reactionary Prussian state could
be transformed into a free popular state. He presented this kind of state as a model for the
new socialist state for which the workers ought
to fight.
The Lassallian concept of the popular state
denied the class character of the state as a dictatorship of a given class.
Marx, especially in his outstanding work The
Critique of the Gotha Programme, confronted
the Lassallian concept of the free popular state
with the concept of the state as a class organ,
with his concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
. one does not get a flea-hop nearer to
the problem by a thousandfold combination of the word 'people' with the word
'state', says Marx.
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of the bourgeoisie to protect its power of oppression and exploitation, and to prevent the proletariat from carrying out the revolution, destroying this power and establishing socialism.
In their propaganda against Marxism-Leninism, the Eurocommunists insist that in the conditions of modern society, as they call the presentclay capitalist society, the theory of Marx about the
overthrow of capitalism by means of violent revolution needs new interpretations. Among the
first who began the frontal attack on, to describe as
invalid and violate, the thesis of Marx and Lenin
about the necessity for the violent revolution, a
thesis which they totally distorted, were the Soviet revisionists, as we mentioned above. In order
to make their theory of peaceful transition to socialism convincing, they went so far as to claim
that the October Revolution was a peaceful revolution, contrary to what history recognizes it as
the first revolution which overthrew the Russian
bourgeoisie with violence and established the dictatorship of the proletariat. At the same time they
began to propound the theory that the dictatorship of the proletariat was a temporary phenomenon which gave way to the so-called state of the
whole people. With these theories, they aimed to
minimize and negate the revolutionary class content of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
This deliberate distortion of Marxism-Leninism by the Soviet revisionists became the basis on
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which the Eurocommunist theories on this question were built up. The Khrushchevite theses that
with the construction of socialism in the Soviet
Union the class struggle no longer existed, that
the triumph of socialism was guaranteed and
there was no danger of any reversal, that there
was no longer any need for the dictatorship of
the proletariat, or for the party of the working
class, became an inspiration and encouragement
for the other revisionists to go even further. Misrepresenting the significance of the changes which
have taken place in the world and misinterpreting
a correct phrase of Lenin's about the special features of the road to socialism, they stress that at the
present time it is possible to go to socialism
through parliamentarianism and reforms.
The Eurocommunists present the course of
transformation of capitalist society into socialist
society as the development of bourgeois political
democracy through to the end, as they say, as a
peaceful course which does not lead to a qualitative change but only to a quantitative change.
The Italian revisionists say. <<Political democracy
presents itself as the highest institutional form of
the organization of the state, even of a socialist
state.*
If we analyse this so-called thesis. it turns
* La politica e l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani. Roma
1979, p. 11.
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with particular historical phases in the development of production; 2) that the class
struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat; 3) that this dictatorship itself only constitutes the transition to
the abolition of all classes and to a classless
society.. .*
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state. He considered the smashing of the old bourgeois state machine with violence an essential
condition for the triumph not only of the proletarian revolution, but of any genuine people's
revolution led by the working class. Lenin called
this conclusion, put forward by Marx in his outstanding work The 18th Brumaire of Luis Bonaparte, a gigantic step forward. It is precisely
this foundation stone of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine that all the old revisionists have attacked and
denied, and which all the new Eurocommunist
revisionists attack.
The stand of the Eurocommunists towards the
question of the revolution, the state and democracy coincides in essence with that of the Soviet
revisionists, who have declared that now the
communist party in the Soviet Union has allegedly been transformed into a party of the entire
people and that the dictatorship of the proletariat has been replaced with the state of the
entire people. On the basis of these statements
of the Soviet revisionists Marchais and Carrillo
have the right to reason: If you can allegedly
transform the party and the state of the proletariat into a party and state of the entire people,
why shouldn't we in the West have the right to
carry out such a thing, but without violent revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat? We are
going to proceed in 'pluralism' and understanding
with the bourgeoisie, by building up opinion for a
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opponents of communism, that is, with the capitalist bourgeoisie, American imperialism, etc. However, to achieve peaceful coexistence, they say,
first we must revise the dogmas in policy, in
ideology, in the economy and in art, because the
dogmas cannot be adapted to present-day society. Since the ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and
Stalin on the dictatorship of the proletariat, the
class struggle, and the seizure of power with violence are allegedly dogmas, then they are not
suitable, either, therefore power must be taken
not through violence, but in the parliamentary
way, through general elections, through the coming to power of the working class and removal of
the bourgeoisie from power in democratic ways.
For the sake of demagogy, and to throw dust
in the eyes of the masses, the Eurocommunists
mutter in an undertone that the third way, or
democratic socialism , is not social-democracy,
because it has not carried society beyond the
logic of capitalism .* Nevertheless, they add immediately, we must unite with social-democracy
and the other political forces, and together with
them must exert influence on the state apparatus
of the capitalist bourgeoisie, through propaganda.
reforms, the church, culture, etc., and not destroy
it, as the classics of Marxism-Leninism say, so
* La politica e l'organizzazic>ne dei comunisti italiani, Roma
1979, p. 7.
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Such an alliance is on the course of the Eurocommunist renegades. The fact is that the Chinese
foreign policy conforms completely with the
policy which the Eurocommunists preach
about the unity of revisionist parties with
the bourgeois-capitalist regimes in power. The
Chinese revisionists and the Communist Party of
China also are for pluralism in socialism. In China the parties of the bourgeoisie not only exist,
but they participate in the state power and the
leadership, together with the Communist Party,
which cannot exist and run things without collaboration with them. On these fundamental
questions the Chinese revisionists are in agreement with the European revisionists.
On the other hand, Chinese private enterprises, Chinese-foreign capital joint private enterprises, purely foreign private enterprises, cooperativist sectors, etc., exist alongside of the state capitalist sector in China. This conforms completely
with the third road, with the socialism which
the Eurocommunists propagate.
Mao Zedong proclaimed his theory about
the blossoming of a hundred flowers and contention of a hundred schools. What does this mean?
This means that all idealist, social-democratic, republican, religious and other ideas. are permitted
and develop in China. Let all the schools contend, this is dialectical, says Mao Zedong. But
since pluralism allegedly becomes dialectical,
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serve the present-day bourgeois consumer society, to preserve the domination of capitalism
and the exploitation of the working people. This
is their ideal and their aim. For this they are
working and struggling. A11 the rest is just propaganda, demagogy, deception, means which the
bourgeoisie uses to fight socialism and the revolution.
The Eurocommunists' Independence Is
Dependence on Capital and the Bourgeoisie
The struggle against imperialism in general,
and its tools in every country is one of the
fundamental questions of the strategy of every
communist party, and one of the decisive conditions for the triumph of any revolution, whether
people's democratic, anti-imperialist or socialist.
At the same time, its attitude to imperialism serves as a touchstone to evaluate the political and
ideological position of every political force which
operates either within the national framework of
each country, or on an international scale. In
other words, the stand towards imperialism has
always been a line of demarcation which divides
the genuine patriotic and democratic revolutionary forces, on the one hand. from the forces of
reaction, counter-revolution and national betrayal, on the other hand.
What is the stand of the Eurocommunists on
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and the need for liberation from it. From the end
of the Second World War down to this day, American imperialism has bound this part of Europe
with all kinds of political, economic, military, cultural and other chains. Without breaking these
chains you cannot have socialism, or even that
bourgeois democracy which the Eurocommunists
praise to the skies. American capital has penetrated so deeply into Europe, is so closely combined
with local capital that where one begins and the
other finishes can no longer be distinguished. The
European armies have been so completely integrated into NATO, in which the Americans dominate, that in practice they no longer exist as independent national forces. An ever greater integration is developing in the financial and monetary
field, in technology, culture, etc.
It is true that between the European NATO
member countries and the United States of America there are various contradictions. These are
normal and inevitable between big capitalist
groups and groupings, but it is a fact that on all
the major world political and economic questions
the NATO countries have always submitted to
Washington. When it comes to choosing between
class interests and national interests, the European
big bourgeoisie, like the bourgeoisie of all
other countries, always tends to sacrifice the
latter. This is why the communists have always fought to defend the national interests, see-
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break out there with fire and steel. These are the
objectives of NATO which the Eurocommunist
revisionists support.
The policy of blocs is an aggressive policy of
the superpowers. It results from their hegemonic
and expansionist strategy, from their ambitions to
establish their complete and undivided rule over
the whole world. The Eurocommunists do not
see or do not want to see this predatory nature
of imperialism, because, according to their theories, big capital, which is its foundation, is being
democratized, is becoming people's capital,
because the big bourgeoisie is being integrated
into socialism.
In regard to their loyalty to NATO, the
French revisionists are no different from their
Italian counterparts. but in order to be in unison
with the Giscardians or the Gaullists, they too
speak about the special position which France
should have in these organizations. For its part,
Carrillo's party is striving with all the means it
possesses to seize the banner of the struggle to
get Spain into NATO. In this way Franco's unrealized dream will be achieved.
For the Eurocommunists, the European Comm on Market and United Europe, this great combine
of capitalist monopolies and multinational companies for the exploitation of the peoples and the
working masses of Europe and the peoples of the
world, are a reality which must be accepted. But
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to accept this reality means to accept the elimination of the sovereignty, the cultural and spiritual
traditions of each individual country of Europe in
favour of the interests of the big monopolies, to
accept the elimination of the individuality of the
European peoples and their transformation into a
mass oppressed by the multinational companies
dominated by American big capital.
The Eurocommunists' slogans alleging that
their participation in the Parliament and other
organs of the European Community will lead to
their democratic transformation , to the creation
of a Europe of working people, are nothing but
demagogy and deception. The speeches of the
Eurocommunists and the propaganda meetings of
the Parliament of United Europe can no more
transform Europe into a socialist society than the
democratic road can transform the capitalist
society of each country into such a society.
Therefore, the stand of the Eurocommunists
towards the European Common Market and United
Europe is a stand of opportunists and scabs,
which results from their line of class conciliation
and submission to the bourgeoisie. It is intended
to bemuse the working masses, to break their
militant drive in defence of their own class interests and the interests of the whole nation.
Their reformist ideology, submission to the
bourgeoisie and capitulation to the imperialist
pressure have transformed the Eurocommunist
EUROCOMMUNISM IS ANTI-COMMUNISM
179
parties into parties which are not only anti-revolutionary but also anti-national. Even amongst
the ranks of the bourgeoisie it is rare to find
people who call themselves politicians and who
accept the concept of <-<limited sovereignty, as
Carrillo does. ...we are conscious that this independence will always be relative. , he writes.
In the democratic and socialist Spain, which he
proposes in his program, -...investments of foreign capital and the functioning of multinationals
will not be prohibited.. .. However, he adds,
for a very long time to come we must pay a
tribute to foreign capital in the form of surplus
value . . . but this wi11 serve the development of
those sectors which correspond to the national
i n terest . *
With their stands in defence of the monopolies
and the interests of imperialist powers, the Eurocommunists have set themselves against the antiimperialist and democratic traditions of the
French, Spanish and Italian workers. They have
a]so set themselves against the patriotic traditions
of the struggle which the workers and progressives of these countries have waged against
NATO, the American bases in Europe and the
interference and pressure of American imperialism. The Eurocommunists have abandoned these
* S. Carrillo, Eurocommunisme et Etat, France 1977,
pp. 157-160.
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PRI
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III
REFORMIST IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL
OPPORTUNISM - FUNDAMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EUROCOMMUNIST
PARTIES
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1979, p. 3.
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example, it envisages a certain restriction of private property. But this has not stopped the FIATs
and Montedisons from becoming more and more
wealthy and their workers becoming ever more
impoverished. The Constitution envisages the right
to work, but this stops neither the capitalist employers, nor their state from throwing about 2
million people out of work. The Constitution guarantees a series of democratic rights but this has
not stopped the Italian state, the carabinieri or
the police, basing themselves on the rights which
the Constitution provides, from acting almost
openly to set up that mechanism which is ready
for the establishment of a fascist regime. The various fascist commandos, from those of the extreme right to those who call themselves the Red
Brigades and the terrorists of the Fontana Square, also find their justification in the Italian Constitution.
To think, as the followers of Togliatti do, that
the Italian bourgeoisie drafted its well-known
Constitution to lead the society towards socialism.
is simply absurd. The Italian Constitution, like
the other fundamental laws of bourgeois countries, sanctions the undivided political, legislative
and executive rule of the bourgeoisie in the country, sanctions the protection of its property and
its power to exploit the working masses. It gives
a legal basis for the organs of violence to restrict
the freedom and democracy of the people. to sup-
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zens, a line of struggles for individual and collective freedoms, for observance and the application of the Constitution. The ICP has implemented
this policy through continually seeking unity with
the ISP 1 , with the other democratic forces, secular
and Catholic, and seeking every possible convergence even with Christian Democracy itself, even
from the opposition, with the aim of avoiding the
damage to the democratic constitutional framework.* It couldn't be stated more openly. A more
servile testimony of loyalty to thc bourgeoisie
could not be given. Avoiding the damage to the
democratic constitutional framework means to
avoid the overthrow of the existing bourgeois order, to avoid the revolution, to avoid socialism.
What more could the bourgeoisie ask of the revisionists ?
For 35 years on end the Italian bourgeoisie, revisionists, the Church, and so on, have
been deceiving the Italian people by telling them
that the hard life which they lead, the poverty
in which they live, the savage exploitation, corruption, terror, and all the other social evils that
characterize Italy are the result of failure to
implement the Constitution consistently. But the
situation in Italy has been and still is deplorable,
1 Italian Socialist Party.
* La politica e l'organizzazione dei comunisti italiani, Roma
1979, p. 11.
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the Vatican, as well as by the Anglo-Americans, to operate against the new Albania. In the
first years after Liberation, our people had to
wage a stern fight against wreckers who landed
in our country from Italy. What end they met,
is known. However, the end of the others was
no better. Some of the fugitive Albanian traitors
remained in Italy, the others dispersed to the United States of America, Belgium, Britain, Federal
Germany and many other countries where the
imperialist espionage services sent them.
Seeing that they could achieve nothing
against the new Albania with acts of diversion, the
Italian governments began to maintain an indifferent political stand towards our country. True,
diplomatic relations between the two countries
were established, but other relations always remained at a low level. The Italian governments
never showed any desire to develop them. No
government has ever publicly condemned Mussolini's barbarous acts against Albania. However,
these governments did interest themselves in taking the bones of the Italian soldiers killed by our
partisans during the National Liberation War
from their graves and sent them to Italy to
consecrate them as heroes who had fought for the
greatness of Italy, and every yelr they pay
homage to them.
Most of the Italian press rarely publishes any
positive article about Albania. It has distinguished
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reforms , the revisionist, opportunist road adopted to suit the needs and the situation of Italian
monopoly capital.
According to the theory of structural reforms the transition to socialism will be made
through gradual reforms which will be forced
from monopoly capital in a peaceful way. These
gradual reforms will be made only by means of
parliamentarianism, through power of the vote, regardless of the fact that the capitalist monopolies
have in their hands the wealth of the country, the
weapons, and the running of parliament and the
a.dministration. According to the Italian revisionists, the reforms of socio-economic structures,
which it is allegedly possible to carry out within
the framework of the bourgeois state, will wipe
out exploitation and class inequalities and will
make it possible. .. to gradually overcome the gap
between those who rule and those who are ruled,
and move towards the complete liberation of man
and society.*
The Italian revisionists have slipped completely into the positions of trade-unionism and social-democracy. They restrict the workers' struggle merely to economic and democratic demands,
and think that the consequences of the capitalist order can be avoided while leaving
* La politica
1979, p. 11.
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gant*.
Berlinguer's historic compromise was an
effort and a hope born under the influence of
events in Chile. When the Italian revisionists saw
that the socialist Allende was unable to remain
in office without the co-operation of the Christian Democratic Party of Frey, they thought that
* like a glove (French in the original).
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were not and are not yet ready to enter this compromise, regardless of the losses they have suffered in elections.
In the present crisis situation, the Christian
Democrats have found some ways and forms of
co-ordinating activities with the communists
on certain questions, at the trade-union level and
the party level, but still they are afraid of even
an Italian Communist Party et l'eau de rose.*
Will Italian monopoly capital accept the hand
which the Italian Communist Party is offering
it? It wants the revisionists to support the government in parliament. to vote for its program
and laws, to come into the parliamentary majority, into the government majority., but not
into the government, not into power, not into
the centres where political decisions for running the country are taken. The United States of
America has expressed its opposition to the
presence of the European revisionists in the
governments of the NATO member countries. The
Italian bourgeoisie is carrying out this order of
its patrons.
Whenever parliamentary elections are held,
the Italian Communist Party is faced with a great
dilemma. It does not know how to act in case it
wins a greater number of votes than the Christian
Democrats. Berlinguer, frightened, adheres to the
* with rose water (French in the original).
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enterprises to be autonomous in their administration. .. we want the working people the workers, the clerks, the engineers and the cadres
to take part more and more actively in this administration. We also want the communes, districts and egions to become real centres for
decision making and democratic administration.* These views of revisionists in the
French Communist Party are totally in accord
with the line of Yugoslav self-administration
and the federalism of Proudhon who said, there
should be only an industrial democracy, a positive
anarchy. Whoever speaks of freedom speaks of
federalism, or says nothing, whoever speaks of
republic, speaks of federalism, or says nothing,
whoever speaks of socialism, speaks of federalism,
or says nothing. Hence for Proudhon, the federal
principle is applied in the economy and in politics.
Perhaps Georges Marchais does not describe these
questions in the terms which Proudhon used, but
when he speaks of his democratic socialism he
says, We want a fine society, with justice, freedom, etc., and asks whether it is reasonable that
the workers should be suppressed for these simple
aspirations and that these aspirations should remain only a dream.
Proudhon demanded democracy and freedom,
and according to him, these could be won very
* Le socialisme pour la France, Paris 1976, pp. 84-85.
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easily, could be taken from the hands of the capitalists without any trouble. Marchais does not
restrict himself merely to this, but stresses that the
workers in bourgeois democracy had greater freedom two hundred years ago, they took part in the
affairs of the state and the factories, and finally, he
is indignant that they do not have these freedoms today. However, he goes no further than indignation. And Marchais goes no further, because
he does not want to do battle with the capitalists
but wants to co-exist with them in peace. All this
is like a fairy tale for the gogos*.
Marchais preaches that even in the conditions
of the existence of the capitalist order, by means
of reforms it can be brought about that the proletariat takes part in the management of the economy. He dreams and says that within this order
there can be a social democracy in which all the
workers, without exception, can benefit from
wealth, that there can be a political democracy in
which every citizen can control, manage, and truly
be in the leadership, in other words self-administration. Is this not completely the theory of
Proudhon?
In connection with the democratic socialism
he advocates, Marchais also deals with the question
of property and the planned running of the economy. He divides property in this society into sta* the innocent (French in the original).
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On the one hand, they want to create the impression that there is no Marxist opinion about art and
that allegedly the revisionists are elaborating this,
and, on the other hand, they are trying to deny
the class character of art and to start discussion
about whether art is part of the superstructure
or the structure, whether or not it is an ideology,
whether or not it is linked with the class and the
revolution, to what degree and to what point, etc.
A series of theoreticians of the French
Communist Party have had different opinions
about literature and art at different periods, and
this has brought about confusion and chaos in the
ranks of the party and its militants and vacillations in the creative literary and artistic work of
communist writers and artists. At one period, the
French Communist Party fought for that creative
work which was based on the people's art, on revolutionary art, and later, on socialist realism. At a
later stage anti-Marxist trends penetrated the
creative work of communist artists.
With its decadent art, the bourgeoisie exerted an influence not only on the rank-and-file
members of the communist party, but also on the
cadres engaged in agitation and propaganda.. Influenced by this art, these elements propounded
theories, gave distorted and incorrect interpretations of Lenin, who pointed out that the revolution creates its own art and that the communists
do not reject the progressive heritage of the people
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ics, for the development of decadent art, psychoanalist, sexual, crime and pornographic novels, so
that the markets, book-shops, show-cases, theatres
and cinemas would be filled with such works.
Let us take Picasso. He was a member of the
French Communist Party till he died, but he never
became a Marxist. This is reflected in his works,
while the French Cornmunist Party boasted of him
and the only criticism which they made of him
w as for a scrawl which was called Portrait of
Stalin, and which his friend and comrade Aragon
published in the newspaper Les lettres franaises, of which he was director.
Socialist realism was not supported by the
French Communist Party strongly and with conviction. Some of the writers, philosophers and
critics who were party members, such as Marguerite D-.i.:ras and Claude Roys, deserted. After
Khrushchev's slanders against Stalin, the French
Communist Party was shaken and such intellectuals were the first to capitulate. It launched
the slogan of complete freedom in art and culture, and such former defenders of socialist realism as Aragon, Andre Stil, and Andre Wurmser
not only changed their coats but even sold their
souls and their hides to revisionism. Thus the
French pseudo-communist literary figures began
to fall in love with the Lukacses, the Kafkas and
the Sartres. Critical discussions began throughout
the whole party on the platform which the bour-
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geoisie desired, such as, what is the relation between literature and ideology?, what form should
be accepted in art, 'sectarianism in interpretation'
or 'opportunist eclecticism'?. Speaking as an authority, Roland Leroys pronounced the conclusion that there cannot be a specific form of
proletarian art or art which is completely revolutionary.
Wallowing in opportunism and revisionism,
the French Communist Party allowed these antirevolutionary theses to ooze like stagnant waters
and become predominant amongst its creative
artists.
As a conclusion, we can say that the line of
the French Communist Party in literature and
art has had its ups and downs. But it has always
been wobbly. Its vacillation has been caused by
its orthodoxy in the preservation of principles,
on the one hand, and by the direct and indirect
influence of bourgeois ideology in literature and
art amongst its intellectuals, on the other hand.
In general, the intellectuals who worked in
the field of artistic creativeness have played a role
more negative than positive for the French Comrnunist Party. Irrespective of their class origin,
they completed their schooling and sought fame.
The party never influenced and guided them with
the proletarian ideology and culture. To these
intellectuals of the party it was their free, subjective, individual, creative work, and never the true
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On the other hand, to Carrillo violent revolution is a closed road because allegedly American
imperialism will not permit such a thing. Carrillo
wants to raise his own petty-bourgeois fear to the
level of theory and to transform his capitulation
to imperialism and the bourgeoisie into a norm.
The threat of intervention to suppress any revolution on the part of imperialism, and not only
American imperialism, but the whole of world
reaction, has existed for a long time and this is
part of the aggressive strategy of the American
and other imperialists. However, history has proved that the peoples have risen into revolution,
have clashed with the American intervention, and
have triumphed. Let us take the Iranian revolution as a recent example. American imperialism
used all its threats, but does not dare to intervene
directly with arms, because it senses that, faced
with the determination of the Iranian people, it
will suffer a bigger defeat than that it and the
gendarme Shah, whom it had armed to the teeth
with the most modern means, suffered.
What is new in Carrillo's sermons is that he
has become the spokesman for and champion of
the imperialist policy, a spreader of panic and a
tool of reaction to sow the seed of demoralization
and capitulation among the masses. And whom
does he warn that they should fear foreigners? He
is addressing the heroic Spanish people, who
fought so boldly and valiantly not only against
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IV
' .ONLY THE MARXIST-LENINISTS HOLD HIGH THE
BANNER OF THE REVOLUTION AND CARRY
IT FORWARD
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allow the party to be infiltrated by various elements which divide and liquidate it.
The Marxist-Leninist parties in the capitalist
countries are working and fighting in difficult
conditions and encounter many dangers which
come from various directions. These dangers are
not imaginary. They are real, are encountered
every day, in every step and in every action. They
cannot be withstood if the communists do not
understand that the program of action and struggle of the party is founded on the need for sacrifice for the great ideals of the cause of the proletariat and communism, if these sacrifices are
not consciously accepted and made unhesitatingly
a 4-, any moment, in any situation or circumstances
which the major interests of the proletariat and
the people require.
In the capitalist countries, the existence of
many parties causes great confusion in people's
minds. These parties are parties for votes; they
are in the service of local and world capital. This
united capital rules with the aid of state power
and money, with the organized force of the army,
the police and other organs of violence. The parties, which are linked with capital, with the
various multinational concerns and companies,
play the game of -clemocracy with the aim of
diverting the masses from the main objective of
their struggle throwing off the yoke of capital
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is to expose the activity of revisionists, to disintegrate their positions in the trade-union movement and to create revolutionary trade-unions.
Obviously, these new trade-unions cannot but have
the objective of achieving the unity of the working class against the power of capital, against its
demagogy and that of the bourgeois and revisionist parties.
To fight against the so-called traditional
trade-unions does not mean that you are opposed
in principle to the existence of unions as organizations of the masses with a broad character, as centres of the organization and resistance of the working class, historically inevitable and essential in the
conditions of capitalism for uniting the working
class and throwing it into the class struggle against
the bourgeoisie.
While putting forward the task of creating
revolutionary unions, the Marxist-Leninists in no
way abandoned their work in the existing unions
in which there are large masses of workers,
because otherwise they would have left the tradeunion bosses a .free hand to manipulate the working class and to use it in their own interests
and the interests of capital. Participation of communists in the existing unions is not determined
by contingency and is not a tactic, as the Trotskyites try to present it, but a stand of principle
which stems from the Leninist teachings on the
need for unity of the working class, which cannot
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tical demonstrations and clashes with the bourgeoisie and its lackeys.
Inactivity, apathy and fruitless discussions
are lethal to a Marxist-Leninist party. If a Marxist-Leninist party is not continually active, in movement with agitation and propaganda, if it does
not take part in the different manifestations of
the working class and the other working masses,
irrespective that they may be under the influence
of reformist parties, it will not be possible to alter
the direction which the ref ormist parties give
the movement of the masses.
The correct line of the Marxist-Leninist party
cannot be carried among the masses by means of
its press alone, which is usually very restricted.
The communists, sympathizers, and members of
the mass organizations carry the line of the party
among the masses precisely during the activities
and actions of the working class and the other
working masses when they are in movement, in
struggle and battle for their economic rights, and
even more for their political rights.
Such vigorous revolutionary action ensures
two important objectives: on the one hand, it
tempers the party itself in action together with
the masses and raises its authority and influence, and on the other hand, it creates possibilities
for the party to see the most politically and ideologically sound and advanced elements of the
working class in action, those who will be the
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vement of the masses, in other words, the dialectics of the class struggle. On this basis the communists choose the right road to achieve various alliances. The maturity of the Marxist-Leninist party
is expressed in its sound analysis and assessment
of the situation which exists in the ranks of the
masses and amongst different political groupings
for the creation of necessary alliances. Only with
a correct policy and an accurate foresight of how
events will develop will the party of the working
class be able to maintain its individuality in these
alliances and increase its influence among the masses which it wants to rally and throw into revolution.
The creation of different alliances and, on
this basis, the creation of broad popular fronts
becomes an imperative duty, especially in the
conditions when in many countries the danger of
fascism is great and immediate, and the pressure
and interference of the superpowers against all
countries have increased. The fact that the national issue is assuming a special and steadily increasing importance in the revolutionary process
today favours the achievement of this unity and
these
This is linked with the intensification of the
expansionist, hegemonic and aggressive policy of
the imperialist powers. But the occupation of a
country is not always done through military aggression. This enslavement, colonization, oppres--
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273
are bound to the new modern occupiers, the neocolonialists and their capital, with a thousand
threads.
Very important for the preparation and carrying out of the revolution is the revolutionary
work in the ranks of the bourgeois armies, which
Lenin called
...the chief instruments of state power.*
Lenin has provided the answer to many theoretical and practical problems linked with the necessity of revolutionary work in the ranks of the
bourgeois armies and has defined the ways to
ttack, demoralize and disintegrate them. This
question assumes special importance in the present conditions when the revolutionary situations
in many countries are maturing rapidly. In general, the bourgeois army is the bourgeoisie armed
to the teeth which confronts the proletariat and
the popular masses.
The large armies of the capitalist countries
create the impression that in such circumstances
the revolution and the smashing of the state of
oppression and exploitation become impossible.
These views are spread and propagated especially
by the Eurocommunists who do not attack the
bourgeois army even with feathers. In regard to
* V. 1. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 25, p. 459 (Alb. ed.).
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the very wealthy stratum which the regime created, on the reactionary army and its officer
caste, and on SAVAK which, as the Shah himself
described it, was a state within the state. The
Pahlavis who ruled through terror were partners
with and sold out to the American and British
imperialists, the most heavily armed gendarmes
of the Persian Gulf under the orders of the American CIA.
Nevertheless, the great terror, the army,
SAVAK and all the rest were unable to quell the
revolt of the Iranian people, which in different
forms and intensities continued until it was raised
to quality and overcame the stage of fearing violence. In this process the army and SAVAK, the
shields of the blood-thirsty regime of the Shah,
disintegrated, part of the army went over to the
side of the people who seized the weapons and
are holding on to them. This is an experience which
proves that the army and the police, however
numerous and well armed, cannot stop the revolution when the people rise in a united bloc,
when careful work is done for the demoralization
and disintegration of the bourgeois army and police.
It has now become fashionable in the capitalist countries for all sorts of people to speak
about the revolution and to carry out allegedly
revolutionary activities. The so-called leftists
scream for revolutionary measures but then im-
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281
The purpose of the work of the MarxistLeninists in the ranks of the- bourgeois and revisionist armies is to draw the militarymen into
conscious revolutionary activity, and not simply
to organize coups d'tat. Marxist-Leninists have
never regarded the overthrow of the capitalist
* V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 11, p. 183 (Alb. ed.).
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geoisie and to make it a tool and a hotbed of fascism, to put pressure on the working class and keep
it bound with the chains of capitalism under the
threat that it will lose those few crumbs which
the bourgeoisie has given it.
A11 these currents and groups are disguised
behind alluring names, such as proletarian,
communist , red brigades , and other labels
which sow total confusion. The activities of these
groups have no links with Marxism-Leninism,
with communism.
In its propaganda, the bourgeoisie accuses the
communists, those who are genuinely for revolution and socialism, for the overthrow of the rule of
the bourgeoisie, of being terrorists, anarchists and
gangsters, and tries to build up opinion against
the genuine revolutionary organizations of the
proletariat and its vanguard. This is one of the
main purposes for which it incites terrorism and
gangsterism, which in such countries as Italy is
assuming major proportions.
The Marxist-Leninist s always take account
of these manoeuvres and tricks of the bourgeoisie
and struggle to expose and defeat them. They
reject the attacks, accusations and slanders of the
bourgeoisie and its lackeys who call the illegal
activity of the Marxist-Leninist parties terrorism
and gangsterism.
Whether the Marxist-Leninist party is illegal,
either partly or completely, depends on the con-
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crete conditions of a particular country. Irrespective of these conditions, however, the organization of illegal work is the greatest guarantee that
the victory will be secured. Without this organization the great striking force of the bourgeois
dictatorship wreaks havoc and gravely damages
the proletariat and its vanguard at the moments
the dictatorship finds it suitable to do so.
A party of the working class, which does not
foresee moments of fierce attacks and clashes
with the forces of the capitalist bourgeoisie, is
not a genuine revolutionary party. For such a
party, the theoretical principle that power cannot
be seized from the bourgeoisie except by violence,
by fighting and making sacrifices, remains an
empty phrase, a mere slogan. Moments of fierce
struggle are inevitable and in these moments of
fierce struggle legal propaganda bases alone are
not sufficient. At these moments, the communist
party must have its fighting bases, must have
created its striking forces, must have its rear secure and equip them with the necessary political, ideological and material means. The coming
action will require sacrifices, there will be
people who are hurt, who are killed or imprisoned.
Therefore, work must be done to build up around
the party a great mass of dedicated people, resolute r evolutionaries who listen to the party and
will hurl themselves into revolutionary action together with it.
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287
is oppression and exploitation, as long as capitalism exists, the thinking and struggle of the masses
will always be directed towards the revolution
and socialism.
The Eurocommunists have rejected the banner of Marxism-Leninis m , the revolution and the
dictatorship of the proletariat. They preach class
peace and sing hymns to bourgeois democracy.
However, the ills of bourgeois society are not cured
and its contradictions are not resolved with sermons and hymns. History has already proved this and
its lessons cannot be set aside. The proletariat, the
oppressed and the exploited are moving naturally
towards the revolution, towards the dictatorship
of the proletariat and socialism. Just as naturally
they are seeking the road which leads to the fulfilment of these historical aspirations, the road
which the immortal theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin
and Stalin shows them. It is the duty of the new
Marxist-Leninis t communist parties to take over
the leadership of class battles which the Eurocommunists have abandoned, to provide the proletariat and the masses with that militant fighting
vanguard which they are seeking and accept as
their leadership.
The situation is not easy, but let us recall
the optimistic words of Stalin, that there is no
fortress which the communists cannot take. This
revolutionar y optimism stems from the objective
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CONTENTS
I
THE NEW IMPERIALIST STRATEGY AND
THE BIRTH OF MODERN REVISIONISM 13-61
OPPORTUNISM - A PERMANENT ALLY
OF THE BOURGEOISIE
THE V1CTORY OVER FASCISM AND THE
COUNTER-OFFENSIVE OF IMPERIALISM
MODERN REVISIONISM IN POWER - A
NEW WEAPON OF THE BOURGEOISIE
AGAINST THE REVOLUTION AND
SOCIALISM
13
18
24
II
EUROCOMMUNISM - AN IDEOLOGY OF
SUBMISSION TO THE BOURGEOISIE AND
IMPERIALISM
THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN REVISIONISM IN THE COMMUNIST PARTIES
OF WESTERN EUROPE
19 - 38
62-190
63
290
CON'rENT
80
105
111
130
152
168
III
REFORMIST IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL
OPPORTUNISM - FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EUROCOMMUNIST PARTIES
THE CONSTITUTIO N OF THE BOURGEOIS STATE - THE BASIS OF
TOGLIATTI'S <SOCIALISMTHE SUCCESSORS OF PROUDHON IN
FRANCE
REVISIONISM WITH THE GLOVES OFF
191-249
192
210
233
CONTENTS
zsi
IV
ONLY THE MARXIST-LENINISTS HOLD
HIGH THE BANNER OF THE REVOLU250-288
TION AND CARRY IT FORWARD