THERMODYNAMICS

1 2 3 4 5 6 Psychrometrics and Air conditioning (Ch 14) Psychrometrics and Air conditioning (Ch 14) Psychrometrics and Air conditioning (Ch 14) Thermodynamic Property Relations (Ch. 12) Thermodynamic Property Relations (Ch. 12) Thermodynamic Property Relations (Ch. 12)

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach 7th edition, Cengel and Boles

1

Objectives
Why air conditioning? What are physical systems that enable air conditioning Differentiate between dry air and atmospheric air. Air as a mixture of dry air and water vapor.

WHY AIR CONDITIONING A body feels comfortable when it can freely dissipate its waste heat, and no more. Today, modern air-conditioning systems can condition the air to peoples desires. The rate of heat generation by human body (average adult male): ~ 87 W when sleeping ~115 W when resting or doing office work, and ~ 440 W when doing heavy physical work. Body heat is too quickly dissipated we feel cold Body heat is too slowly dissipated we feel warm

HUMAN COMFORT AND AIRCONDITIONING

We cannot change the weather, but we can change the climate in a confined space by air-conditioning.

The relative humidity affects the amount of heat a body can dissipate through evaporation. Most people prefer a relative humidity of 40 to 60%. Air motion removes the warm, moist air that builds up around the body and replaces it with fresh air. Air motion should be strong enough to remove heat and moisture from the vicinity of the body, but gentle enough to be unnoticed. An important factor that affects human comfort is heat transfer by radiation between the body and the surrounding surfaces such as walls and windows.

A comfortable environment.

Temperature Humidity Air Motion (wind-chill factor)

Other factors that affect comfort are air cleanliness, odor, and noise.

AIR CONDITIONERS

1 compressor 2 condenser 3 expansion valve 4 - evaporator

EVAPORATIVE COOLERS AND HUMIDIFIERS

Dry warm air in Liquid water

Cool moist air out

Spray

Dry warm air in Liquid water

Cool moist air out

Internal mass and energy transfers result in cool, moist air exiting the duct

MIXTURES OF GASSES AND VAPOUR/LIQUID

DRY AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR

Atmospheric air: Air in the atmosphere containing some water vapor (or moisture). Dry air: Air that contains no water vapor.
Atmospheric air = Dry Air + Water Vapor The cp of air can be assumed to be constant at 1.005 kJ/kg C in the temperature range -10 to 50C with an error under 0.2%.

MIXTURES OF GASSES AND VAPOUR/LIQUID

Air conditioning applications: Between the temperature range of -10 to 50 oC In this region, water vapor in air behaves as if it existed alone and obeys the idealgas relation Pv = RT. Then the atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal-gas mixture: Pa Partial pressure of dry air Pv Partial pressure of vapor (vapor pressure)

Daltons law of additive pressures for a mixture of two ideal gases. Daltons law of additive pressures: The pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures each gas would exert if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and volume.

MIXTURES OF GASSES AND VAPOUR/LIQUID

Air conditioning applications: Between the temperature range of -10 to 50 oC

In this region the cp , h, and u can be evaluated from table or using:

For water vapor hg = 2500.9 kJ/kg at 0C cp,avg = 1.82 kJ/kg C at -10 to 50C range

Additional Info: Subcooling a Liquid = To cool the liquid below its saturation temperature at a given P Superheating a vapour = To increase the temperature of the vapour at constant P Degree of Superheat = (T-Tsat) for a given pressure

MIXTURES OF GASSES AND VAPOUR/LIQUID

Water is a common component in mixtures, and therefore requires special treatment. E.g.: In a mixture of ideal gasses, the increase of pressure or reduction of temperature will cause one component of the mixture to a state of saturation and then condensation. This can be seen for a gas mixture containing a vapour as shown below:
P

T = Constant vapour
2 3

P = Constant vapour
1

3 1

Mixture Mixture

Mixture

Mixture at constant T but P is increased 2 = saturated vapour 3 = saturated liquid

Mixture at constant P but T is decreased 2 = saturated vapour 3 = saturated liquid

PHYCHROMETRY
Study of air and water vapour mixtures relevant to air conditioning plant, and water cooling tower analysis.
Some special terms that will be used to analyse these system are defined as follows: Specific Humidity (w) This is the ratio of masses of water vapour to air in a given volume V: Ra= 0.287 kJ/kg.K Rv= 8.314/(16+2) kJ/kg.K

PHYCHROMETRY
Relative Humidity Saturated air: The air saturated with moisture. Relative humidity: The ratio of the amount of moisture the air holds (mv) to the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the same temperature (mg).

Relationship between absolute and relative humidity

In most practical applications, the amount of dry air in the airwatervapor mixture remains constant, but the amount of water vapor changes. Therefore, the enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed per unit mass of dry air.

Dry-bulb temperature: The ordinary temperature of atmospheric air.

The enthalpy of moist (atmospheric) air is expressed per unit mass of dry air, not per unit mass of moist air.
Lecture 4,5&6/ MEC 3454

EXAMPLE Atmospheric air at 30oC, 100 kPa, has a dew point of 21.3oC. Find the relative humidity?

Pv 2.548 kPa 0.6 or 60% Pg 4.247 kPa

Lecture 4,5&6/ MEC 3454

Additional Info: Self Learning

For saturated air, the vapor pressure is equal to the saturation pressure of water.
Relative humidity ranges from 0 to 1 Relative humidity changes with temperature, although specific humidity may remain constant
Lecture 4,5&6/ MEC 3454

Additional Info: Self Learning

The difference between specific and relative humidity.

Lecture 4,5&6/ MEC 3454