HOMEOTHERAPY Definitions and Therapeutic Schools

HOMEOTHERAPY

DEFINITIONS AND THERAPEUTIC SCHOOLS

PREAMBLE Also in 2004, world-wide demand and popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is increasing. This sector of medicine comprises a significant number of therapies and schools employing homeopathic medicinal products. Market research conducted within the European Union countries indicates that a significant part of the population uses these medicines or has an agreeable attitude to treatment with such methods [Lewith, Aldridge 1991, European Commission 971]. In this time, when patients are increasingly aware and concerned of medicinal risks and side-effects, the use of homeopathic medicines has gained ever-increasing significance. The pharmaceutical quality is governed by (official) homeopathic pharmacopoeias such as the European Pharmacopoeia, BHP2, HAB3, HPUS4, and the PhF5. The legal frame work governing homeopathy has been set out in European Directives 2001/83/EC and 2004/27. This classifies homeopathic medicinal products as medicines. Consequently, they are subject to the relevant quality and safety requirements like the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) which apply to all pharmaceutical products. This brochure aims at providing general definitions and gives a birds eye view on the individual schools of therapy covered under the heading of homeotherapy.

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Commission Report to the European Parliament and Council on the Application of Dir. 92/73 and 92/74 BHP: BRITISH HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA HAB: Amtliches Deutsches Homopathisches Arzneibuch HPUS: Homeopathic Pharmacopia of the United States PhF: PHARMACOPE FRANAISE

1.

DEFINITION OF HOMEOPATHY

In the early 19th century, the physician and pharmacist Dr. Samuel Hahnemann discovered an extraordinary form of medicinal therapy: homeopathy. Homeopathy is a system of medical practice aiming at methodologically improving the level of health of an organism by the administration of potentised medicines, which are selected in accordance with the Law of Similars6. This therapy activates the bodys intrinsic self-healing powers in a unique manner by giving it a treatment of stimulation and regulation. Since Hahnemanns time, the use of homeopathic preparations has continued to develop in a variety of directions. Various schools are known today under the umbrella of "homeotherapy" varying from classical, unicist and pluralistic schools of homeopathy, to other schools of therapy, encompassing clinical homeopathy, combination product homeopathy, antihomotoxic therapy, anthroposophic medicine, biochemistry according to Dr. Schssler, spagyric therapy, etc. These therapeutic schools differ from one another primarily in their conceptual framework of illness, and the criteria employed in the selection of the appropriate medication.

"Similia Similibus Curentur" (like cures like)

2.

HOMEOPATHIC MEDICATION

The European Directive defines a homeopathic medicinal product as: "Any medicinal product prepared from products, substances or compositions called homeopathic stocks in accordance with a homeopathic manufacturing procedure described by the European Pharmacopoeia or, in absence thereof, by the pharmacopoeias currently used officially in the Member States" "A homeopathic medicinal product may also contain a number of principles" A characteristic which all homeopathic medications have in common is their production from one or several source materials to mother tinctures (abbreviated as MT, TM or ) or stocks (= active constituent), generally followed by a process of potentising: serial dilution and succussion (shaking in a vessel). The following examples of attenuation-ratios are frequently cited within the various pharmacopoeias: Attenuation-Ratio 1:10 (Decimal) 1:100(Centesimal) 1:50.000 (LM) Labeling D, DH or X C, CH Q, LM

Potentising is carried out by means of either the single-glass (for the execution of one production process one bottle is used7) or multiple-glass method (for every potentising step a new vessel is used). The process may be performed either manually or by machine. In addition to the medicinal forms of dilutions, globuli, and triturations introduced by Hahnemann, homeopathic preparations are now available in the pharmaceutical forms of today.

2.1

SOURCE MATERIALS IN HOMEOPATHIC MEDICATION The active constituents of homeopathic medications may consist of substances, materials, or concentrated preparations of either synthetic or natural (organic/inorganic) origin [Pharm. Eur. "Homopathische Zubereitungen" ("Homeopathic Preparations"), 1995]

The general requirements for the various classifications of raw materials are stipulated within the homeopathic pharmacopoeias. Brief descriptions of the most important sourcematerial categories are given below.

2.1.1. PLANT PRODUCTS Depending upon the substance, mother tinctures are prepared either from the whole plant or specific parts of the plant. The plants utilised must be free of any visibly diseased, rotten, withered, or decomposed portions. Requirements as to species and time of harvest must be fulfilled.
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The potencies derived from this process are also called Korsakov potencies or K-potencies, named after the physician of the Czar. Korsakov received permission from Hahnemann to make his medicines according to the proposed one flask method, so that during his travels with the Czar he was not compelled to carry in his luggage a freight of bottles to prepare the required medicines.

2.1.2. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Prior to potentising, substances such as minerals, elements, salts, acids, and synthetic materials are either dissolved in a solution of alcohol and water, or triturated with lactose. The choice depends on the characteristics of the individual substance. Specifications in each monograph as to origin (natural or synthetic) and degree of purity are strictly observed. Minerals and salts from natural sources frequently contain traces of additional substances which are considered to contribute to their homeopathic activity spectrum.

2.1.3. ANIMALS AND ANIMAL SUBSTANCES Entire animals - primarily lower animals such as insects - or parts of animals, or secretions are used. The animals must be healthy and processing must meet satisfactory hygienic conditions. All applicable laws in the area of animal protection are observed.

2.1.4. ORGAN PREPARATIONS (SARCODES) Healthy organs, tissues and metabolic factors of animals (as a rule, bovine cattle, sheep, or swine) collected under veterinary controlled hygienic conditions are used in the manufacture of sarcodes. The collected material is processed either immediately after slaughter, or from a freeze-dried state.

2.1.5. NOSODES A nosode is a homeopathic preparation of organic material derived from inactivated disease products or cultures of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, fungi and viruses) or parasites or infected or pathologically changed material or decomposition products from animals or humans, rendered safe during the homeopathic manufacturing process. The pharmacopoeias require sterilisation of either the source material or the first attenuation, and meeting sterility requirements prior to further processing.

2.2.

COMMERCIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACEUTICALS

Homeopathic preparations are evaluated by the following criteria: Quality Safety Effectiveness

2.2.1. QUALITY Factors which influence the quality of a homeopathic medicinal product are: Identification and precise definition of source material Execution of each production-step as stipulated in the official or authorised homeopathic pharmacopoeia In-process controls

 Testing of the final product Verification of the stability of the end product and the selection of appropriate packaging In order to meet all requirements, every manufacturer of homeopathic pharmaceuticals is obliged to comply with the requirements of the GMP8. In contrast to conventional pharmaceuticals, it is frequently impossible to perform a qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of the active constituents present in the final pharmaceutical product of a homeopathic preparation. Therefore the homeopathic manufacturer is required to validate each manufacturing procedure in addition to providing exact documentation of the results of examinations such as in-process controls and stability control.

2.2.2. SAFETY Due to their degree of dilution, most homeopathic preparations pose no toxicological risk.

Good Manufacturing Practices

2.2.3. EFFECTIVENESS Homeopathic drug provings, gained over almost 200 years, constitute a wealth of experience and provide a comprehensive knowledge of the clinical effectiveness of homeopathic medicinal products. Homeopathic medicines are selected in accordance with the concepts, insights, and experience gained in each individual therapeutic school (internal acknowledgment) [Zuck 1991]. The procedures commonly used today in clinical research, for example randomised clinical studies, are applicable to homeopathic medication only to a limited degree. Proof of the efficacy of homeopathic single remedy and/or combination preparations can be documented through methods such as single case studies, observational studies, etc. [Hornung 1994, Kienle 1996, Kiene 1993]

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3.

THERAPEUTIC SCHOOLS OF HOMEOTHERAPY

3.1.

CLASSICAL HOMEOPATHY

In classical homeopathy, medications are chosen in strict accordance with the Law of Similars, formulated as the basis of homeopathy by Hahnemann in 1796. The Law of Similars is applied by comparing the symptom complex of each medication with the symptom complex of the diseased individual. Selection of the correct homeopathic remedy, i.e. that which achieves the greatest possible similarity between the symptom picture of the medication and the symptoms of the patient, is essential for therapeutic success [Hahnemann (Publisher: Hochstetter, 1989)]. The therapeutic profile of each homeopathic medication is based on the homeopathic drug-proving, which is conducted on healthy subjects and constitutes the first fundamental rule of classical homeopathy. During a homeopathic drug proving, the medicinally-active substance is administered to healthy subjects for a predetermined period of time. The symptoms which occur in all subjects are recorded and systematically compiled. These data form the basis of the so-called "proving" (drug picture). The second fundamental rule of classical homeopathy calls for a precise determination of the unique constellation of symptoms presented by each individual patient. A detailed case history

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must take into consideration all physical, mental, and emotional symptoms. For this purpose, the physician lists meticulously the patients individual, peculiar and unusual symptoms and develops a constitutional picture of the patient. The objective of this procedure which focuses on the human person as a whole is to reach not only a precise clinical diagnosis, but also the selection of the correct medication in compliance with the Law of Similars (the third fundamental rule of classical homeopathy). In classical homeopathy, therefore, only single constituent homeopathic remedies are employed, which have been selected in accordance with the Law of Similars [Wnstel 1987, Khler 1994].

3.2.

CLINICAL HOMEOPATHY

In clinical homeopathy, the selection of the medication is based on the chief clinical symptoms of the illness to be treated. This so-called "abridged method" of selecting the medicine is primarily employed in cases of acute illness9. Here, the 'Similar' concept relates above all to the local and/or acute syndromes displayed by the patient. In clinical homeopathy, constitutional characteristics play only a minor role in the choice of the remedy. Over many years, the consolidated experiences of numerous homeopathic physicians have made prescribing on the basis of "reliable indications" an established practice in treatment of certain clinical pictures [Dorcsi 1970, Eichelberger 1987, Khler 1994].

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Hahnemann dealt with the treatment of the wounded after the battle of Leipzig in 1813. When typhus broke out he achieved remarkable results by using homeopathy (Trevor M.Cook, M.Sc, PhD., in Samuel Hahnemann; the Founder of Homoeopathic Medicine).

3.3.

COMBINATION PRODUCT HOMEOPATHY

Homeopathic combination preparations are mixtures of two or more reliable, active, homeopathic agents (single remedies). The formulae for the combined preparations are based on the clinical experiences of therapists actively practicing homeopathy. Each combination is composed so as to induce the individual active agents to target the corresponding illness with cumulative or synergistic force. Homeopathic combinationpreparations have an extensive range of action and are consequently appropriate for treatment of numerous common illnesses. Use is generally carried out according to clinical indications [Ersfeld et al. 1991].

3.4.

ANTIHOMOTOXIC THERAPY AND HOMOTOXICOLOGY

In his dissertation of 1955, "The Problems of Treating Homotoxicosis", Dr. Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg provided the scientific fundamentals for a therapy by means of antihomotoxic pharmaceuticals concluding with their consolidation under the term "homotoxicology". As all expressions of life - physiological or pathological - are determined by the transformation of chemically identifiable agents, it follows that all life processes fall subject to the laws of chemistry and biochemistry [Reckeweg 1955, John 1991]. According to Bertalanffy [1932], the human organism may be considered a flow system. During illness, the state of balance

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within this system, or homeostasis, is disturbed and defensive reactions within the body are triggered. All pathological processes - expressing themselves as disease (named by Reckeweg "homotoxicosis") and hindering homeostasis - are caused by toxins. Reckeweg termed these "homotoxins" or "human poisons". The various diseases constituting homotoxicosis are divided into groups according to severity. A clear overview of these fundamental mechanisms of the organisms toxic-defense was presented in the form of his 6-Phase Table of Homotoxicosis [Schmid et al. 1996, John 1991, Schmid 1990, Reckeweg 1981]. The objective of antihomotoxic therapy is the detoxification, elimination, or the deposition of homotoxins, in order to preserve the organisms capability to live as extensively as possible (Principle of Biological Expediency) [Reckeweg 1981]. In addition to the active substances from animal, vegetable, and mineral origin employed in classical homeopathy, antihomotoxic medicines also contain nosodes, tissues or organ preparations, homeopathic preparations of synthetic materials, vitamins, trace elements, etc. [Schmid et al. 1996]. Other ingredients frequently employed in antihomotoxic medications are the so-called potency accords. These are mixtures of various potencies of the same active agent, conjoined within one single galenic form. The objective of such potency accords is to intensify therapeutic effects as well as to improve tolerance [Reckeweg 1981].

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3.5.

ISOPATHY

Isopathy is a therapeutic school of homeopathy which became established during the course of development and propagation of homeopathy. While classical homeopathy concerns itself with the tenet similia similibus curentur (like cures like), isopathy operates on the theory that equals are cured by equals - aequalia aequalibus curentur. The ison [Ghrum 1904] is employed not only for the purpose of curing diseases, but also for defending respectively strengthening the organism (compare with vaccination). Isopathic medicine may be divided into three categories [Ghrum 1904, Brutzer 1852]: Isopathic medicine in a strict sense Isopathic medicine in a broader sense Organ preparations Isopathic medicine in a strict sense involves direct employment of the pathogenic substance to treat the illness it has caused. An excellent example is amalgam expulsion therapy which administers potentised amalgam (D12 and higher).

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3.6.

ANTHROPOSOPHIC MEDICINE

Founded by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), Anthroposophy (Greek: anthropos = human, and sophia = wisdom) is a spiritual science based on the comprehensive view of the human being. Steiner described in great detail a method by which the scientific exploration of the transcendental, spiritual side of man and nature can be directly incorporated into everyday life. Anthroposophic medicine is an extension of scientific medicine and as such also includes anthroposophic methods of research. The objective of anthroposophic medicine is to look at a human being as a whole entity within the art of healing [Glckler et al. 1991, Glckler et al. 1993]. In evaluating health, illness and healing, the anthroposophic physician bases his/her considerations not only on the physical laws of natural scientific medicine but also takes into consideration those aspects that cannot be encompassed by natural science. Anthroposophy perceives the human being as consisting of four essential elements: the physical body, the organisation of vital forces, the organisation of feelings within the soul, and the spiritual organisation of the ego. The interaction of these four elements, in turn, results in a three-fold division of the physical as well as spiritual being. Furthermore, a three-fold order manifests itself throughout the entire organism, both morphologically as well as functionally. Polar processes taking place within the sensory/nervous system (catabolism / percepts / stillness) and the metabolic/locomotive system (anabolism / elimination / motion) are brought into harmonious relationship with one another by means of the rhythmic system (circulatory/respiratory system). Health is

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understood as a state of equilibrium - requiring continual reinstatement - among the influences exerted by these various processes of the human being. A disturbance in the interrelation of these forces initiates illness. Every patient receives comprehensive information, enabling him or her to actively participate in the healing process. In addition to the therapy with homeopathically produced anthroposophic preparations, anthroposophic treatment also incorporates other modes of therapy, and medication. These measures help to activate the self-healing powers within the patient. Selection of the appropriate medication is based on the consideration of two factors: the relationship between the human organs and certain processes on one hand; and the relationship between these organs and nature (the animal, vegetable, and mineral - particularly metals - realms) on the other [Glckler et al. 1993, Schmid 1993]. Anthroposophical medicine applies a holistic approach. It consequently includes the use of advanced pharmacological medications in individual cases based on the specific need and indication.

3.7.

BIOCHEMISTRY ACCORDING TO DR. SCHSSLER

Schssler practiced as a homeopathic physician for many years. He developed a method of biochemical therapy which has been utilised since 1872. This technique employs a limited number of mineral compounds, which analysis reveals to be present within the human body in elementary form. Based on his experience in the field of homeopathy and encouraged by

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Virchows findings in the realm of "cellular pathology" as well as further discoveries of his contemporaries, Schssler developed the theory that interprets illness as the result of a disturbed mineral balance within individual cells of the body. From the great wealth of homeopathic preparations, Schssler selected a limited number of specific medications for use in his mineral-salt (or cell-salt) therapy. As in homeopathy, these are used in a potentised form attuned to the constitution of each patient. Like Hahnemann, Schssler viewed his form of treatment as a stimulation therapy assisting the body to regain its regulatory capabilities, thereby restoring it to a state of good health [Schssler 1933]. Based on Schsslers concept, Schpfwinkel expanded on biochemical medication therapy [Schpfwinkel 1929, 1932]. On the grounds of his theories, biochemical therapy today encompasses not only the 12 biochemical medications designated by Dr. Schssler, but includes 12 additional, so-called adjunctive agents as well.

3.8.

SPAGYRIC THERAPY

Dating from the times of Paracelsus, the terms spagyric and spagyrism are derived from the Greek verbs "span" (to separate) and "ageirein" (to unify). They designate the art of creating medications of enhanced efficacy by performing the two fundamental alchemical operations. The valuable portions are first separated from those which are impure, processed and subsequently reunited to yield an improved medicinal form [Helmstdter 1990]. The source materials of spagyric medicines

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are exclusively from botanical origin. Depending upon the manufacturing process, differentiation is made among spagyrism according to Krauss, Zimpel, Pekana, and Strathmeyer.

3.8.1. SPAGYRIC THERAPY ACCORDING TO KRAUSS Two central pillars exist in spagyrism according to Krauss: phytotherapy, and homeotherapy. Within the present context, phytotherapy is to be understood as the traditional art of healing with plants. Factors common to both homeopathy and Krauss spagyric therapy are the potentising process and observance of the Law of Similars. The spagyric medications are administered in either their 4th or 10th decimal potency. The clinical properties of the active medicinal substances within each preparation help determine the selection of the appropriate medication. In the Krauss school of spagyric therapy, pathological processes are not viewed simply as isolated instances of dysfunction in individual organs or within the mind. Therefore, the objective is to detect and treat the course of disease in the interactions with all body processes. In order to adequately cover the multi-level interconnections of an illness, this type of therapy employs complex medications consisting of a combination of numerous single-ingredient spagyric remedies. Selection of the appropriate spagyric agents to be included within a complex is based on the physiological and anatomical relationships existing among individual body functions, organs, and organ groups. The single-ingredient agents are combined in such a manner to influence a group of organs closely

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associated with one another in either a physiological or anatomic-histological manner. Contained within one spagyric medication are single-ingredient agents with similar fields of action as well as those that influence the pathological condition from a variety of aspects. The constituents are combined to target the illness synergistically while mutually supplementing their effects. Thus they selectively direct their effects within the diseased organism at multiple levels, each in correspondence with its individual range of action, thereby collectively creating stimulation of the bodys intrinsic defensive and regenerative powers [Bruch 1939, Krauss 1989].

3.9.

OTHER HOMEOPATHIC SCHOOLS

3.9.1. GEMMOTHERAPY Gemmotherapy was established by Dr. Henry from Brussels. The homeopathic medications employed in this therapeutic method are produced utilising glycerin macerates made from fresh, embryonic plant-tissue, such as young shoots, rootlets, and the inner bark of roots and stems. These possess drainage stimulating properties. As the selected plant tissues are in a phase of cellular multiplication at the time of processing, they are correspondingly rich in growth-factors such as hormones, auxins, and gibberellins. Therapeutic use of such glycerin macerates is exclusively at a potency of D1. The stimulative action exerted by these products on the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) has been demonstrated by means of the Halpern test. This test is primarily employed in allergology. Application of drainage-stimulating preparations in weak concentration (D1) activates the eliminatory organs, thus facilitating detoxification

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of the organism. Each embryonic plant tissue possesses an affinity to a certain organ. Based on this fact, it is possible to allocate a series of clinical indications to each medication. Gemmotherapy may either be employed as a stand alone therapy, or in combination with other homeopathic medications. In certain cases, classical homeopathy prescribes prophylactic administration of such medications; e.g. for the purpose of dampening initial homeopathic aggravation [Tetau 1978].

3.9.2. LITHOTHERAPY Lithotherapy, also called "dechelating lithotherapy", involves the therapeutic application of naturally-occurring rocks and minerals in homeopathically attenuated form. The homeopathic form of these substances is generally employed as D8 ampoules for oral consumption, aiming at normalising specific metabolic disturbances.

3.9.3. RESONANCE HOMEOPATHY In 1992, Schimmel conducted a study on the resonant behavior of selected homeopathic medications in reference to healthy human organs and organ structures. In early 1993, the first organ-specific, homeopathic complex preparations were created under the auspices of the International Society for Research on Functional Medicine and Resonance Homeopathy.

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Shortly thereafter, resonance relationships were discovered to exist between single ingredient homeopathic preparations and microorganisms. This led to the development of fungus-specific and virus-specific homeopathic complex remedies, by means of which systemic viral and fungal infections may be successfully treated.

4.

OTC HOMEOPATHY

Over the years in many EU Member States homeopathic combination remedies but also single remedies are on the market with a marketing authorisation. This means that the medicinal products have permission to mention a therapeutic indication on the package. It is a tendency that patients and consumers take increasing responsibility for their own health. They inform themselves thoroughly and dont hesitate to ask an expert advice from a pharmacist or a practitioner. The internet has become an important source of information. Also literature on health issues is readily available nowadays. Consumers suffering from minor self limiting ailments buy their self medication remedies themselves instead of paying a visit to a physician. Since homeopathy has acquired a high degree of social acceptance it is no problem for the consumer to choose between a conventional drug and a homeopathic alternative. Homeopathic OTC* remedies have a long track record of safety and effectiveness. In a number of Member States homeopathic self medication remedies rank among the top ten

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Over-The-Counter medicaments are defined to be non-prescription medicinal products generally distributed by pharmacies.

of most purchased OTC remedies. The indications for which homeopathic OTC medicines enjoy great confidence of the consumer and patient are cold and flu, muscular pains, skin injuries and teething with little children. Self care and self medication means empowerment of the citizen. In times with an ageing population and increasing pressure on the national healthcare budgets the availability of OTC medicines tends to reduce that pressure. At the same time the practitioners can concentrate on the cases that really matter. A study executed in The Netherlands demonstrated that a policy shift encouraging self medication saved the social security tens of millions of Euros. In this respect more examples are known.

5.

SUMMARY

In a regulatory or legal context, classification of a pharmaceutical as a homeopathic medicinal product is not the manner of use, but solely the aspect of manufacture which is decisive. Homeopathic medicinal products are manufactured in accordance with todays pharmaceutical-galenical criteria, as outlined in the official homeopathic pharmacopoeias and incorporated in the legislation of the European Union. Homeopathic medications are employed by various therapeutic schools, applying techniques which can be united under the term homeotherapy. The selection of medication to be used is done in accordance with the specific criteria of each therapeutic system.

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LITERATURE

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v. Bertalanffy, I. Theoretische Biologie. Berlin: 1932 and 1942 (II). Bruch, O. M. Die ISO-Komplex-Heilweise. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Arzneimittellehre. Regensburg: Johannes Sonntag, 1939. Brutzer Isopathie. 1852: All. Hom. Z. 44; 13, 193-201. Cook, Trevor M. Samuel Hahnemann; the Founder of Homoeopathic Medicine, Wellingborough: Thorsons Publishers 1981 Dorcsi, M. Personotrope Medizin und Homopathie. Praktikum der homopathischen Medizin. Heidelberg: Haug Publishers, 1970. Eichelberger, O. Klassische Homopathie. Praxis und Forschung. Heidelberg: Haug Publishers, 1987; Vol. 2, 2. Edition. Ersfeld, A., Hahn, G. Komplexmittelhomopathie. In: Zentrum zur Dokumentation fr Naturheilverfahren, Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (Hrsg.): Dokumentation der besonderen Therapierichtungen und natrlichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen: VGM, 1991; Vol. 1, 495-522. Glckler, M., Schrholz, J., Treichler, M. Anthroposophische Medizin. In: Zentrum zur Dokumentation fr Naturheilverfahren, Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (Hrsg.): Dokumentation der besonderen Therapierichtungen und natrlichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen: VGM, 1991; Vol. 1, 215-336. Glckler, M., Schrholz J., Walker M. Anthroposophische Medizin - Ein Weg zum Patienten. Stuttgart: Verlag Freies Geistesleben, 1993. Ghrum, H. Ueber Isopathie. Allg. Hom. Z. 1904: 149; 21/22, 161-170. Hahnemann, S. Organon der Heilkunst. Version 6B (new treatment issued by K. Hochstetter). Heidelberg: Haug Publishers, 1989; 7. Edition. Helmstdter, A. Spagyrische Arzneimittel, Pharmazie und Alchemie der Neuzeit. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1990.

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Hornung, J. Was ist ein Placebo? Die Bedeutung einer korrekten Definition fr die klinische Forschung. Forsch. Komplementrmedizin, 1994: 1; 160-165. John, J. Antihomotoxische Therapie. In: Zentrum zur Dokumentation fr Naturheilverfahren, Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (Hrsg.): Dokumentation der besonderen Therapierichtungen und natrlichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen: VGM, 1991; Vol.1, 547-589. Kiene, H. Kritik der klinischen Doppelblindstudie. Mnchen: MMW Medizin Publishers, 1993. Kienle, G. S. Forschungsmethoden in der Komplementrmedizin. Der Placeboeffekt. Realitt oder Illusion? In: Hornung, J. (Hrsg.). Schattauer Publishers, 1996; (in press). Khler, D. Lehrbuch der Homopathie. Grundlagen und Anwendung. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Publishers, 1994; 6. Edition, Vol.1. Krauss, T. Die Grundgesetze der JSO-Komplexheilweise. Regensburg: Johannes Sonntag, 1989. Lewith, G., Aldridge, D. COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Essex: C. W. Daniel Company Ltd., 1991; 125-133. Preis, S. Die verschiedenen Konzepte der Homopathie - der homopathische Krankheitsbegriff. In: Zentrum zur Dokumentation fr Naturheilverfahren, Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (Hrsg.): Dokumentation der besonderen Therapierichtungen und natrlichen Heilweisen in Europa. Essen: VGM, 1991; Vol.1, 399-422. Reckeweg, H.-H. Homotoxine und Homotoxikosen. Baden-Baden: Aurelia Publishers, 1955; 1. Edition. Reckeweg, H.-H. Homotoxikologie - Ganzheitsschau einer Synthese der Medizin. Baden-Baden: Aurelia Publishers, 1981; 6. unaltered Edition, 56. Schimmel, H. W. et al. Ausgewhlte Kasuistiken aus der Resonanzhomopathie und Funktionellen Medizin. Baden-Baden: Verlag des Internationalen Forschungsvereins fr Funktionelle Medizin und Resonanzhomopathie e.V. (IFFMR), 1992.

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Schmid, F. Antihomotoxic Therapy. In: Biological Medicine. Baden-Baden: Aurelia Publishers, 1990; 1. Edition, 43-47. Schmid, F. (Hrsg.) Biologische Medizin. Baden-Baden: Aurelia Publishers, 1993; 4. Edition, 53 ff. Schmid, F. (Hrsg.) Biologische Medizin. Baden-Baden: Aurelia Publishers, 1993; 4. Edition, 165-166. Schmid, F. (Hrsg.) Biologische Medizin. Baden-Baden: Aurelia Publishers, 1993; 4. Edition, 166 ff. Schmid F., Rimpler M., Wemmer, U. "Antihomotoxische Medizin - Grundlagen, Klinik, Praxis". Baden-Baden: Aurelia Publishers, 1996; 1. Edition, Vol. 1, Chapter 2. Schpfwinkel, D. Polar-Biochemische Welterkenntnis. Verordnungs-Hinweis-Tabelle der polarbiochemischen Heil-Wissenschaft. Dsseldorf: Verlag fr "Polar-Biochemische Welterkenntnis", 1929; Vol. 3. Schpfwinkel, D. Die Dr.med. Schssler-Schpfwinkel'sche Polar-Biochemie. Dsseldorf: Verlag fr "Polar-Biochemische Welterkenntnis", 1932; 6. Edition. Schssler, W. H. Eine abgekrzte Therapie. Anleitung zur biochemischen Behandlung der Krankheiten. Oldenburg: Schulzesche Publishers Bookstore, 1933; 57. Edition. Tetau, M. Klinische Gemmotherapie, Dolisos, 1978. Klinische Lithotherapie, Dolisos, 1978. Wnstel, G. Homopathie nach Hahnemann. In: Schimmel, K.-C.: Lehrbuch der Naturheilverfahren. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Publishers, 1987; Vol. 2, 157-174. Zimpel, C. Dr. Zimpel's Heilsystem. Verlag der Chemisch-Pharmazeutischen Fabrik Gppingen, 1928. Zuck, R. Der Standort der besonderen Therapierichtungen im deutschen Gesundheitswesen. Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW),1991; 46, 2929-2937.

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ECHAMP
European Coalition on Homeopathic and Anthroposophic Medicinal Products E.E.I.G. Avenue Livingstone 33 1000 Brussels Belgium Phone +32-2-235 09 81 Fax +32-2-235 09 82 Email office@echamp.be http www.echamp.org

ECHAMP gratefully acknowledges the achievements of the Editing Committee of EACH (European American Coalition on Homeopathy) which in depth put on paper a clear survey of homeopathic definitions and descriptions of the various therapeutic schools. Their material constitutes the basic contents of this publication. 1st edition, December 2004 Illustrations: Our sincere thanks to Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH, The Dr. Edward Bach Centre, Dr. Peithner KG nunmehr GmbH & Co, VSM Geneesmiddelen BV and Weleda AG for the pictures used in this brochure. Layout: International Graphics & Productions Copyright 2004 by ECHAMP E.E.I.G., Brussels, Belgium. All rights reserved. Except for the explicitely by law mentioned exceptions, nothing from this brochure may be duplicated, saved or published on any way, without the explicitely preceding and written confirmation from ECHAMP E.E.I.G.