yx

y x2

y x

y x3

Putting a negative in front of the equation reverses or flips the equation. Equations graphed in red are the original parent function, and equations graphed in blue are the reverse or flipped function.

y x

yx

y x2

y x2
y x

y x3

y x

y x3

Putting a number less than one in front of the equation makes the graph wider or less steep. Equations graphed in red are the original parent function, and equations graphed in blue are the widened (or flattened) version of the function.

yx

1 x 2

y x

1 2 x 2

y x

1 x 2

y x3

1 3 x 2

Putting a number greater than one in front of the equation makes the graph more steep, thinner, or skinnier. Equations graphed in red are the original parent function, and equations graphed in blue are the steeper, thinner (or skinnier) version of the function.

yx

y 3x

y x2

y 3x 2

y x

y 3x

y x3

y 3x 3

Adding a positive number to the end of the equation makes the graph shift up. Equations graphed in red are the original parent function, and equations graphed in blue are new function that has been shifted up.

yx

y x5

y x2

y x2 5

y x

y x 5

y x3

y x3 5

Subtracting a positive number from the end of the equation makes the graph shift down. Equations graphed in red are the original parent function, and equations graphed in blue are new function that has been shifted down.

yx

y x5

y x2

y x2 5

y x

y x 5

y x3

y x3 5

Adding a positive number in parenthesis with the parent function of the equation makes the graph shift left. Equations graphed in red are the original parent function, and equations graphed in blue are new function that has been shifted left.

yx

y ( x 5)

y x2

y ( x 5) 2

y x

y x5

y x3

y ( x 5) 3

Subtracting a positive number in parenthesis with the parent function of the equation makes the graph shift right. Equations graphed in red are the original parent function, and equations graphed in blue are new function that has been shifted right.

yx

y ( x 5)

y x2

y ( x 5) 2

y x

y x5

y x3

y ( x 5) 3

Several modifications to the original result in a shape that has been shifted up or down, shifted left or right, reversed (or flipped), widened (flatter/fatter) or thinner (skinnier/steeper).

yx

1 ( x 5) 5 2

y x2

y 2( x 5) 2 5

The new graph is different from the original because it has been flipped, flattened, shifted to the left, and shifted down.

The new graph is different from the original because it has been flipped, skinnier, shifted to the right, and shifted up.

y x

y 4x 3 6 y x

1 y ( x 4) 3 2 8

The new graph is different from the original because it has been made skinnier, shifted to the right, and shifted down.

The new graph is different from the original because it has been made wider, shifted to the left, and shifted down.