EXERCISES:

1. A tank contains 100 ft

3
of fresh water; 2 ft
3
of brine, having a concentration of 1
pcf (1 lb/ft
3
) of salt, is run into the tank per minute, and the mixture, kept uniform by
mixing, runs out at the rate of 1 ft
3
/min. What will be the exit brine concentration
when the tank contains 150 ft
3
of brine.

2. Three tanks of 25 m
3
capacity are each arranged so that when water is fed into the
first an equal quantity of solution overflows from the first to the second tank,
likewise from the second to the third, and from the third to some point out of the
system. Agitators keep the contents of each tank uniform in concentration. To start,
let each of the tank be full of a salt solution of concentration 100 kg/m
3
. Run water
into the first tank at 0.2 m
3
/min , and let the overflows functions as described above.
Calculate the time required to reduce the salt concentration in the first tank to 10
kg/m
3
. Calculate the concentrations in the other two tanks at this time.

3. The consecutive, second order, irreversible reaction are carried out in a batch reactor:
X S A
k
+
1

Y S X
k
+
2

One mole of A and two moles of S are initially added. Find the mole-fraction of X
remaining in solution after half the A is consumed. Take k
2
/k
1
=2.

4. A tank 30 m
3
in volume contains CO
2
at pressure of 1000 kPa and temperature of
310 K. Suddenly, there is a small hole (leakage) in the tank. Gas flow rate through the hole at
that time is 0.2 kgmole/hr. Then, the gas flow rate through the hole can be obtained by the
following equation,
atm
P P k F = kgmoles/hr. Find the pressure in the tank 15
minutes after the leakage occurs.

5. Hemispherical tank of 1-meter diameter is initially full of volatile liquid.
Vaporization rate of the liquid is proportional to liquid surface area. From the
observation, it is known that the time required to decrease the liquid surface level
height of 5 cm is 30 minutes. Derive an equation relating liquid volume in the tank
and time.

6. The reversible set of reactions represented by
C B A
3
k
4
k
1
k
2
k





is carried out in a batch reactor under conditions of constant volume and
temperature. Only one mole of A is present initially, and any time t the moles are
N
A
,N
B
,N
C
. The net rate of disappearance of A is given by

B 2 A 1
A
N k N k
dt
dN
+ =
and for B, it is

C 4 A 1 B 3 2
B
N k N k N ) k k (
dt
dN
+ + + =
and for all times, the stoichiometry must be obeyed
N
A
+N
B
+N
C
=1
a) Show that the behavior of N
A
(t) is described by the second order ODE

4 2 A 4 1 4 2 3 1
A
4 3 2 1
2
A
2
k k N ) k k k k k k (
dt
dN
) k k k k (
dt
N d
= + + + + + + +
b) One initial condition for the second order equation in part (a) is N
A
(0)=1;what
is the second necessary initial condition?
c) Find the complete solution for N
A
(t), using the condition in part (b) to evaluate
the arbitrary constants of integration.

7. Solid, stubby, cylindrical metal rods (length-to-diameter ratio =3) are used as heat
promoters on the exterior of a hot surface with surface temperature of 700
o
C. The
ambient air flowing around the rod-promoters has a temperature of 30
o
C. The metal
conductivity(k) takes a value of 0.247 cal/(sec.cm.K). The heat transfer
coefficient(h) around the surface of the promoter is constant at 3.6 Kcal/(m
2
.hr.
o
C).
a) Anayze a single rod of 4-mm diameter and show that the steady-state differential
balace yields the following differential equation
( ) diameter R T T
Rk
h
dx
T d
A
= = |
.
|

\
|
2 ; 0
2
2
2

for the case when metal temperature change mainly in the x direction( x is
directed outword from the hot surface, and rod radius is R).
b) Find the characteristic roots for the ODE in part (a). What are the physical units of
these roots?
c) Find the solution of part (a) using the boundary conditions:
) ( 0 , surface hot x T T
H
= =
( ) L x T T h
dx
dT
k
A
= = , (exposed flat tip)
and show that the temperature profile is represented by

(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

i
i i
i i
i
A H
A
B
D
L
L
x
B
D
L
B
B B
D
L
B
D
L
L
x
T T
T T
2 sinh
2 tanh 2
2 tanh 2
2 cosh

where B
i
=hD/k (Biot number, dimensionless; the ratio of film to metal transfer
rate).
d) Use the definition of total heat flow and find the effectiveness factor for the
present promoter

max
Q
Q
= q
where Q is the actual heat flow from the promoter to the surrounding air and
Q
max
is the heat flow assuming uniform promoter temperature of 700
o
C, and
Show that the general expression for qis

(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
i i
i i
i
B
D
L
B
B B
D
L
D
L
B 2 tanh
2
1
1
2
1
2 tanh
4
1
1
2
1
q

e) For small arguments,
i
B D L ) / ( 2 << 1, show that the effectiveness factor
becomes approximately

i
B
D
L
. 1
1
+
= q
f) Compute qfor the present promoter.

8. In an experimental study of the saponification of methyl acetate by sodium
hydroxide, it is found that 25% of the ester is converted to alcohol in 12 min when
the initial concentration of both ester and caustic are 0.01 m. What coversion of
ester would be obtained in 1 hour if the initial ester concentration were 0.025 m and
the initial caustic concentration 0.015 m?

9*. The dried gas from an ammonia oxidation catalyst chamber contains 9 % NO, 9 %
oxygen, and 82% nitrogen (by volume). This gas is passed at 25
o
C and 1 atm into a vertical
wetted-wall absorption column, the wallof which are wet with a dilute solution of sodium
hydroxyde. The tower is 200 cm tall, 5 cm ID, and the inlet gas velocity is 97.1 cm/sec. What
is the percentage recovery of nitrogen oxides in the column?.
For purpose of calculation, the following assumtions may be made:
i)The concentrations at any point will be based on total moles taken as constant and
equal to the arithmatic mean of initial value and the final value corresponding to
complete absorption.
ii)The NO
2
concentration will be so low that N
2
O
4
formation may be neglected.
iii)The NO is not absorbed.
iv)The NO
2
is absorbed as such, with gas film controlling and no partial pressure of
NO
2
over the solution.
The gas-side mass transfer coefficient k
G
is 3.1
.
10
-7
g moles/(sec.cm
2
.mmHg).
The NO oxidation reaction is homogeneous and third order. The rate equation is
| | | |
2
2
2
O NO k r
NO
= and the value of the reaction rate constant at 25
o
C is k=
1.77
.
10
12
cm
6
(g mole)
2
/min.

10*. A simple adiabatic converter for the oxidation of SO
2
to SO
3
is to operate upon raw
gas entering at 400
o
C and 1.7 fps and containing 0.6% SO
3
, 10.1% SO
2
, 10.0% O
2
, and
79.3% N
2
. Using the following data, estimate the thickness of catalyst mass necessary to
convert 57% of the entering SO
2
to SO
3
. Pressure = 1 atm.
The net rate of SO
2
oxidation may be calculated from the equation

r
r
y
x
k r
e
SO
ln
2 . 0
2
2
=
where,
=
2
SO
r moles SO
2
reacted per second per 100 moles entering gas.
x = moles SO
2
at time t per 100 moles entering gas
y = moles SO
3
at time t per 100 moles entering gas
t = time of contact,second ( based on catalyst bulk volume and superficial
gas velocity
T = temperature of gas after time of cntact t

e
r = molal ratio of SO
3
to SO
2
at equilibrium at temperature T
r = molal ratio of SO
3
to SO
2
at time t
k = reaction rate constant at temperature T
K = equilibrium constant =
2 2 3
/
O SO SO
p p p ( p in atm)
T(
o
C) 400 425 450 475 500
K 6.6 13.6 5.2 2.7 2.0

RT ln K=22,600-21.36 T T in K
gmole / gcal 500 , 22 H SO O
2
1
SO
3 2 2
= A +
MCp for N
2
= 6.8 gcal/(gmole.
o
C)
Mcp for O
2
= 6.8 gcal/(gmole.
o
C)
MCp for SO
2
= 11.0 gcal/(gmole.
o
C)
MCp for SO
3
= 14.4 gcal/(gmole.
o
C)

11*. Your task as a design engineer in a chemical company is to model a fixed bed
reactor packed with the company proprietary catalyst of spherical shape. The catalyst is
specific for the removal of a toxic gas at very low concentration in air, and the information
provided from the catalytic division is that the reaction is first order with respect to the toxic
gas concentration. The reaction rate has units of moles of toxic gas removed per mass of
catalyst per time. The other informations you get are :the catalyst density
p
= 2300 kg/m3,
bed porosity c =0.4, bed length L=2 m, supervisial gas velocity u
0
=15 m/sec, and entrance
toxic gas concentration, C
0
=0.0001 kgmole/m
3
. Your first attempt is to model the reactor so
that you can develop some intuition about the system.
a)Develop a differential equation to model the reactor by assuming the steady state
condition, isotermal condition, and neglecting diffusion inside the catalyst. Write
down the appropriate boundary equations and solve the equation using the k value
of 0.5 m
3
/(kg.sec) and estimate the exit concentration of the toxic gas.
b)Estimate the exit concentration of the toxic gas by assumung steady state and
isotherma condition and neglecting axial diffusion. Use the same value of k as a)

12* When gas is injected into a column of water, a liquid circulation pattern develops.
Thus, upflow at a rate Q
u
(m
3
/s) rises in the central core and down flow occurs at a
rate Q
d
in the annulus. If liquid of composition C
0
is also injected at the column
base at a rate Q
0
with out flow at the same rate, then Q
u
=Q
d
+Q
0
(if density is
constant).
a) The injected gas contains a soluble component (with solubility C
*
moles/m
3
) so
that mass transfer occurs by way of a constant volumetric mass transfer
coefficient denoted as k
c
a. There is also an exchange of solute between
upflowing and downflowing liquidat a rate per unit height equal to K
E
(C
u
-C
d
). If
the flow areas for upflow and downflow are equal (A), perform a material
balance and show that
) C C ( K ) C C ( aA k
dz
dC
Q
d u E u
*
c
u
u
=
) C C ( K ) C C ( aA k
dz
dC
Q
d u E d
*
c
d
d
+ =
where z is distance from column base.
b) Define new variables to simplify matters,

*
d d
*
u u
C C , C C = u = u



0 d d 0 u u 0 E c
Q / Q q , Q / Q q , Q / ) K aA k ( z = = + = ,
and show that the coupled relations are

d u
u
u
d
d
q ou u
,
u
= +

u d
d
d
d
d
q ou u
,
u
= +
where ) /( aA k K K
c E E
+ = o
(c) Obtain the general solution of Coupled ODE in (b)
(d) Apply the saturation condition
, u u as
u d
0 ,
and a material balance at the entrance
) 0 ( ) 0 (
0 0 u u d d
C Q C Q C Q = +
to evaluate the constants of integration and thereby obtain relations to predict
composition profiles along the axis.
(e) Deduce asymptotic solutions for the case when 0
d
Q and when
); 1 ( o
E
K this corresponds to the plug-flow,nonrecirculating result.

Note: Problem with superscript * is assigned to a group of students