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MECH-237 Lab 1 SPIRNG 2014

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Tension Test of Metals

Name: Andreas Christoforou Date: 03/06/2014

New Jersey Institute of e!hno"o#y 141 $ummit $t% Newar&% NJ 0'103

Contents
A(stra!t )**)******************************)))*3 Introdu!tion + ,ro!edure***************************))))4 heory *****************************)*****)))'-10 -esu"ts and Ana"ysis *****************************))11 Dis!ussion + Con!"usion****************************12 -eferen!es**********************************14 A..endi/**********************************))10 List of Figures 1i#ure 1: $tee" Aisi &o2o under "oadin# 1i#ure 2: 1ree !ut of stee" Aisi &o2o 1i#ure 3: $tress-strain re"ationshi. under tensi"e "oadin# 1i#ure 4: 3odu"us of -esi"ien!e 1i#ure 0: 3odu"us of tou#hness 1i#ure 6: $tress-$train dia#ram of hot ro""ed stee" 1i#ure ': modu"us of e"asti!ity of Aisi stee" 1i#ure 4: stress 5 strain re"ation of Cast Iron 1i#ure 6: Cast Iron after ne!&in# List of Tables a("e 1: Ca"!u"ations and estimation of im.ortant 7a"ues

Abstract
In order for en#ineerin# students to (e su!!essfu" in their fie"d it is si#nifi!ant for them to a!8uire a #ood understandin# for materia" ana"ysis in the !ourse of their studies) he unia/ia" tension test is one of the most fundamenta" tests in !i7i" en#ineerin# s.e!ifi!a""y de7ised for determinin# me!hani!a" materia" .ro.erties that are re"ated to for!es a!tin# on (odies in a uniform dire!tion9 .ro.erties su!h as the :oun#;s 3odu"us% the :ie"d stress% the ensi"e $train to 1ai"ure% and the <"timate ensi"e $tren#th are e/.e!ted to (e understood (y the students) In the !ourse of this "a(oratory e/.eriment% two materia" s.e!imens were tested and ana"y2ed on their stress-strain re"ationshi.s: $tee" Aisi &o2o and Cast iron CI 20) his "a(oratory e/.eriment is meant to !on7ey a (asi! understandin# for materia" testin# su!h as the (eha7ior of the two materia"s (y !om.arin# the stress-strain !ur7es o(tained from the resu"ts) =owe7er% this "a. is meant to tri##er further interest in the study of materia" en#ineerin#)

Introduction

he tensi"e test is a method to measure the me!hani!a" .ro.erties of materia"s) It re"ates the effe!t of a unia/ia" tensi"e "oad >for!e? on the e"on#ation >!han#e in "en#th? of a standard s.e!imen) he .rimary o(@e!ti7e of this "a( was to ana"y2e how the two different s.e!imens stee" Aisi &o2o and !ast iron CI 20 rea!ted under in!reasin# "oad) he test s.e!imens wi"" (e "oaded durin# the .ro!edure) Ae are e/.e!ted to (e a("e to e/."ain "oad-e/tension and stress-strain re"ationshi.s and (e a("e to e7a"uate the 7a"ues of u"timate tensi"e stren#th% yie"d stren#th% B e"on#ation% fra!ture strain% du!ti"ity and :oun#Cs 3odu"us of the two meta"s when su(@e!ted to tension 3odu"us of -esi"ien!e and ou#hness) A"so% to e/."ain the (eha7ior when the (ars were "oaded and !om.are the modu"us of e"asti!ity for ea!h of them) At the end we to des!ri(e the (eha7ior of the two materia"s studied) he two sam."es were su(@e!ted to in!reasin# a/ia" "oads usin# a me!hani!a" testin# ma!hine) he !om.utation of e8uations and ana"ysis of the resu"ts are e/.e!ted for this "a.) Dy re7iewin# the res.e!ti7e stress 7s) strain #ra.hs% we !an easi"y !a"!u"ate the :oun#;s 3odu"us% the :ie"d stress% the ensi"e $train to 1ai"ure% and the <"timate ensi"e $tren#th and stren#th of the materia")

Procedure
1irst in the stee" Aisi &o2o a/ia" tensi"e test% a s.e!imen of stee" was fastened to the testin# #ri.s of the estin# ma!hine) Its to. and (ottom se!tions were !onsidera("y wider in diameter than that of the narrow midd"e se!tion% whi!h the e/tensometer was atta!hed to) Durin# the tensi"e test% the (ottom se!tion of the s.e!imen was stati!a""y atta!hed to the testin# ma!hine;s frame whereas the to. se!tion was ti#ht"y #ri..ed and .u""ed on (y the ma!hine;s !rosshead) he test was desi#ned to simu"ate 7aryin# sta#es of "oadin# and un"oadin#) he ma!hine;s !rosshead mo7ed at a 7ery s"ow% !onstant u.ward motion for "oadin# and then to a !onstant downward motion for un"oadin#) As the ma!hine re.orted information on "oadin# for!e% an e"e!tri!a" e/tensometer a!!urate"y measured and re.orted the sam."e;s o7era"" e"on#ation o7er then its #au#e "en#th and automati!a""y !a"!u"ated its strain) he Aisi stee" was "oaded and (efore yie"d .oint9 then "oaded a#ain .assin# the yie"d .oint9 fina""y it "oaded a#ain unti" to ru.ture) he data for the Aisi stee" was re!orded in time inter7a"s of "ess than a se!ond durin# the !ourse of the test unti" fai"ure o!!urred in the narrow mid-se!tion of the s.e!imen) he same .ro!edure was fo""owed for the Cast iron) Ahen the two meta"s are su(@e!ted to a tensi"e "oadin#% the meta" wi"" under#o e"asti! and ."asti! deformation) Initia""y% the meta" wi"" e"asti!a""y deform #i7in# a "inear re"ationshi. of "oad and e/tension)

1i#ure 1: $tee" Aisi &o2o under "oadin#

1i#ure 2: 1ree !ut of stee" Aisi &o2o

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Analysis of test Results:

he fi#ure (e"ow shows the stress-strain re"ationshi. of meta"s under unia/ia" tensi"e "oadin#)

1i#ure 3: $tress-strain re"ationshi. under unia/ia" tensi"e "oadin# 1o""owin# the stress-strain re"ationshi. from fi#)1 we !an use the fo""owin# e8uations to o(tain our resu"ts and ma&e the !om.arison of the two meta"s) he a/ia" stress E in the test s.e!imens is !a"!u"ated (y di7idin# the "oad , (y the initia" !ross-se!tiona" area A0 and the e8uation for stress fo""ows as% >e8) 1? he strain !an (e !a"!u"ated with the fo""owin# e8uation%

>e8)2? Ahere% is the en#ineerin# stress

4 is the en#ineerin# strain P is the e/terna" tensi"e "oad is the e"on#ation Ao is the ori#ina" !ross-se!tiona" area of the s.e!imen Lo is the ori#ina" "en#th of the s.e!imen Lf is the fina" "en#th of the s.e!imen Comment: Ahen the initia" area of the s.e!imen is used in these !a"!u"ations% the resu"tin# stress is !a""ed en#ineerin# stress) A more e/a!t 7a"ue of the a/ia" stress% &nown as the true stress% !an (e !a"!u"ated (y usin# the a!tua" area of (ar whi!h !an (e!ome si#nifi!ant"y "ess than the initia" area) Fo#i!a""y% if we use the a!tua" area of (ar when it is in!reasin# due to tension the true stress wi"" (e hi#her as it !an (e !on!"uded from e8uation 1) A"so the same !on!e.ts a!!ounts for the strain) If the initia" #a#e "en#th is used then the en#ineerin# strain is o(tained) Fo#i!a""y% the distan!e (etween the #a#e mar&s in!reases due to the tension and the a!tua" distan!e is used to !a"!u"ate strain whi!h is !a""ed the true strain) he true strain wou"d (e hi#her than the en#ineerin# strain as e8uation 2 shows that strain is di7ided (y "en#th) In this re.ort I wi"" (e usin# the en#ineerin# stress and strain to ana"y2e my resu"ts)

Durin# e"asti! deformation% the en#ineerin# stress-strain re"ationshi. fo""ows the =oo&Cs Faw and the s"o.e of the !ur7e indi!ates the :oun#Cs modu"us >G?)

>e8) 3?

Ahere

E is the modu"us of e"asti!ity >:oun#;s modu"us?

6 Ahen the yie"din# o!!urs at the (e#innin# of ."asti! deformation the yie"d stress% Ey% !an (e o(tained (y di7idin# the "oad at yie"din# >,y? (y the ori#ina" !ross-se!tiona" area of the s.e!imen >Ao? (y the e8uation%

>e8) 4 ?

Ahere

y is the yie"din# stress Py is the yie"din# "oad

he du!ti"ity of the two meta"s in tension !an (e !hara!teri2ed (y e"on#ation and (y the redu!tion in area at the !ross-se!tion where fra!ture o!!urs) he .er!ent e"on#ation is defined as fo""ows: > e8) 0?

he redu!tion in diameter !an (e !a"!u"ated (y su(tra!t initia" #a#e diameter from the fina"% di7ide it (y the initia" and then mu"ti."y (y 100) he .er!ent e"on#ation for the hot ro""ed stee" was &ind of hi#h as it was a(out 30)0B% !om.are it with the !ast iron there wasn;t any e"on#ation at a"" and its fina" diameter remain the same)

Dy simi"ar way we !a"!u"ated the .er!ent redu!tion of the !ross se!tiona" area) Ae a"so ha7e to find the 3odu"us of -esi"ien!e whi!h is the ma/imum e"asti! ener#y a(sor(ed (y a materia" when a "oad is a.."ied) Ahi!h is defined as fo""ows:

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(eq.6)

Ahere y is the yie"d stren#th

1i#ure 4: 3odu"us of -esi"ien!e Hn the other hand 3odu"us of tou#hness re.resents the ener#y .er unit 7o"ume re8uired to !ause the materia" to ru.ture) It is !"ear that the tou#hness of a materia" is re"ated to its du!ti"ity as we"" as to its u"timate stren#th% and that the !a.a!ity of a stru!ture to withstand an im.a!t "oad de.ends u.on the tou#hness of the materia" used)

1i#ure 0: 3odu"us of tou#hness

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Detai"s Aisi &o2o stee" Diameter >in? ')3'0 Iau#e "en#th >in? 2)00 Cross se!tiona" area >inJ? 0)164' ,ro.ortiona" "imit >&si? K 04 :oun# 3odu"us >&si? K 26600 Foad at yie"d .oint >&i.s? 10)6 :ie"d stren#th >&si? 1)6 :ie"d $train 0)000064 3a/imum "oad >&i.? 10)0 <"timate tensi"e stress >&si? '6)0 $train at <"timum 0)0 BG"on#ation in 2L 06)20 B redu!tion of area 04)46 3odu"us of resi"ien!e >.si? 0)061 3odu"us of tou#hness >&si? 20' a("e 1: Ca"!u"ations and estimation of im.ortant 7a"ues

Cast iron CI 20 )002 2 0)16'4 1)4 13'10 0)3'0 1)6 0)000103 0)'2' 3)6 0)00023 0 0 0)126 0)33

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he fo""owin# fi#ures whi!h I wi"" (e showin# were o(tained usin# 3i!rosoft G/!e" and from the !o""e!ted data of the two materia"s)

1i#ure 6 (e"ow shows the $tress-$train dia#ram of stee" durin# the e"asti! (eha7ior and the yie"din# re#ion)

H(ser7in# the (eha7ior of the stee" in fi#ure 6 I rea"i2ed that the .ro.ortiona" "imit was hard to find sin!e the !ur7e did not (end enou#h to distin#uish the "inear re"ationshi. from the f"atten out .art as shown in the fi#ure) herefore% I assumed that the ,ro.ortiona" "imit was 7ery !"ose to the u..er yie"d .oint) Durin# "oadin# the stress-strain dia#ram fo""owed the "inear re"ationshi. as shown in fi#ure 6) I !a"!u"ated the 3odu"us of

13 e"asti!ity (y usin# a"" the data .oints from the (e#innin# u. to the .ro.ortiona" "imit (y fittin# a "inear "ine (etween the .oints) hen the s"o.e of that "ine is the 3odu"us of e"asti!ity of the stee" as shown in fi#ure ')

1i#ure ': modu"us of e"asti!ity of Aisi stee"

1i#ure 4 (e"ow shows the $tress-$train dia#ram of !ast iron durin# the e"asti! and (e#innin# of the ."asti! (eha7ior) It was a "itt"e easier to find the .ro.ortiona" "imit and yie"d stren#th !om.are it with the Aisi stee" )=owe7er% the materia" sti"" under#oes "ar#e strains after its .ro.ortiona"ity "imit and an ar(itrary yie"d stress may (e determined (y offset method) herefore% I !a"!u"ated the yie"d stren#th (y usin# 0)2B strain as an offset method) I o(tained the e8uation of the "ine usin# the same s"o.e G and (y assumin# that

14 the 7a"ues of strain and stress in the ne#ati7e 8uadrant wi"" (e the same as in the .ositi7e 8uadrant sin!e the re"ationshi. is "inear) )

1i#ure 4: stress 5 strain re"ation of Cast Iron

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1i#ure 6: Cast Iron after ne!&in#

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iscussion =ot-ro""ed% AI$I stee" -esu"ts of the $tress 7s) $train re"ation for the hot ro"" $tee" !an (e seen in fi#ures 2 and 3 (ut a"so from fi#ure A1 from the a..endi/ A) he s.e!imen e"on#ates "inear"y unti" yie"d stress) I o(tained this .oint as the ma/imum .oint (efore the de!rease in "oad !arryin# !a.a!ity to a "ower yie"d .oint as shown in 1i#ure 2) he yie"din# for!e !orres.onds to the 7a"ue of ,y M 10)6>&i.s? whi!h I o(tained from e8) 4) After this .oint% the s.e!imen wi"" no "on#er return to its ori#ina" "en#th if the "oad is ta&en away) A"so% after this .oint the materia" e/.erien!es e"on#ation under !onstant "oadin# !onditions (e!ause it is "o!ated in the ."asti! re#ion) he hot ro"" stee" (e!omes .erfe!t"y ."asti! and it !an deform without an in!rease in the a.."ied "oad)) he :oun#;s 3odu"us >G? was !a"!u"ated to (e around 2600 &si) After the materia" .asses its ."asti!ity the stee" (e#ins to strain harden) he stress that !auses the initiation of strain hardenin# is the same as the yie"din# stress) Durin# the strain hardenin# the s.e!imen !an su..ort more "oad unti" it rea!hes a ma/imum stress) he ma/imum stress was EuM'6)0&si and the) he 7a"ues for modu"us of e"asti!ity% u"timate tension stren#th% yie"d tension stren#th and .er!ent e"on#ation o(tained in this re.ort were 7ery simi"ar to those in the A..endi/ D in the (oo&) CI 20 Cast Iron: As it !an (e seen from fi#ures 4 and 6 the Cast Iron s.e!imen initia""y deformed "inear"y with res.e!t to the a.."ied for!e durin# the first "oadin#) he Cast Iron s.e!imen (e#un to yie"d around EyM1)6&si as it was !a"!u"ated usin# the 0)2B offset method) he yie"din# for!e !orres.onds to the 7a"ue of ,yM 0)3'0 &i.s whi!h I o(tained from e8) 4) he :oun#;s 3odu"us of Drass was !a"!u"ated to (e around '0'2&si) he ma/imum $tren#th of the Cast Iron s.e!imen was !a"!u"ated to (e EuM3)6&si) After this is rea!hed% the materia" is a(out to fai")) he ,uM0)'2'&i.s) he 7a"ues for modu"us of e"asti!ity% u"timate tension stren#th% yie"d tension stren#th and .er!ent e"on#ation o(tained in this re.ort were not mat!hin# to those in the A..endi/ D in the (oo&) =owe7er% there are a "ot of ty.es of !ast iron whi!h !ou"d (e different)) As I mentioned (efore there different (rass meta"s that !ou"d (e used and the s.e!ifi! one we used was not too stron# and that;s why it (ro&e 7ery fast (e!ause its modu"us of e"asti!ity was 7ery sma"")

Drass 7s Car(on $tee":

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Conclusion he $tress-$train #ra.h in fi#ure A3 from the a..endi/ A shows that the Car(on stee" e/.erien!ed more ."asti! deformation than the Drass% and this is ref"e!ted (y the hi#her .er!enta#e e"on#ation) he .er!ent e"on#ation for stee" was 24)3B and that of Drass was 11B) Com.arin# the im.ortant stresses su!h Ey% Eu% Efra!ture of the two s.e!imens the Car(on stee" is stron#er (e!ause it withstands a hi#her stress (efore fai"ure than the Drass) Car(on stee" is more du!ti"e (e!ause the strain under its !ur7e is #reater than that of a"uminum) he ad7anta#e of du!ti"ity is that 7isi("e distortions may o!!ur if the "oads (e!ome too "ar#e% thus .ro7idin# an o..ortunity to ta&e remedia" a!tion (efore an a!tua" fra!ture o!!urs) he Car(on stee" a"so dis."ayed a hi#her tou#hness than the a"uminum stee"% whi!h is re.resented (y the "ar#er area (eneath the stress strain #ra.h) he Car(on stee" had a "ar#er ne!&in# re#ion than the Drass stee"% whi!h e/."ains the #reater redu!tion in !ross se!tiona" area at the .oint of fra!ture) Ne!&in# is a .ro.erty of a du!ti"e materia") In !on!"usion% Car(on stee" !an (e re#arded as a more Du!ti"e materia" than Drass) he materia"s se"e!ted for a desi#n often wi"" determine the fa(ri!ation .ro!esses that !an (e used to manufa!ture the .rodu!t% its .erforman!e !hara!teristi!s% and its re!y!"a(i"ity and en7ironmenta" im.a!t) As a resu"t% en#ineers shou"d a!8uire a ro(ust understandin# of materia" !hara!teristi!s and the !riteria that one shou"d use in ma&in# materia" se"e!tions)L

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A!!endi" A:

References 1erdinand ,) Deer% G) -usse"" Johnston% Jr)% John ) Dewo"f% Da7id 1) 3a2ure&) 3e!hani!s of 3ateria"s) 3!Iraw-=i"" Com.anies% In!)% 2012% 6th Gdition) 1221 A7enue of the Ameri!as% New :or&) Cha.ter 1)