ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1 (MTH 1112)

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COMPLEX NUMBERS

The Real Number System, R

i. Natural Numbers, = {1, 2, 3, 4, }
Also called positive integers
The first used in counting

ii. Negative Integers and Zero = {, -3, -2, -1, 0}
Permit solutions of equations such as x b a + = where and are natural numbers
Lead to the operation of subtraction and we write
The set of positive and negative integers, and zero is called the set of integers

iii. Rational Numbers,
Fractions such as
5 9
7 5
, etc.
Permit solutions of equations such asbx a = , where , , 0
Lead to the operation of division and we write
a
b
x = , a is the numerator andbis
the denominator

iv. Irrational Numbers
Numbers that cannot be expressed as
a
b
where , , 0
Example: 2 =1.41423 and =3.14159

The Complex Number System,

i. Set of complex numbers is introduced to permit solutions of equations of the type
2
1 0 x + = .
Complex number, is written in the form where , R
i is called the imaginary unit, having the property
a is called the real part of , denoted by { } Re z and is called the imaginary part
of z, denoted by { } Im z

ii. If
1
z a bi = + and
2
z c di = + are two complex numbers, then
1 2
, z z a c b d = = =

iii. Conjugate of , indicated by z or z

is z a bi =
z is basically the reflection of z on the real axis

2 1 2 1
z z z z =

2 1 2 1
z z z z = and 0 ;
2
2
1
2
1
=
|
|

\
|
z
z
z
z
z


a b
x a b =
z z a bi = +
2
1 i =
z b
z a bi = +
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1 (MTH 1112)

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iv. Fundamental operations of complex numbers. Consider
1
z a bi = + and
2
z c di = +
addition & subtraction: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
z z a bi c di a c b d i = + = +
multiplication: ( ) ( )
2
1 2
. z z ac adi bci bdi ab bd ad bc i = + + + = + +
division:
( )
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
.
ac bd bc ad i z
a bi c di ab bd bc ad
z c di c di
c d c d c d
i
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
= = = +

v. Absolute Value or Modulus of
is defined as
2 2
z a bi a b = + = +


1 2 1 2
z z z z =

1 1
2
2 2
, 0
z z
z
z z
=

1 2 1 2
z z z z + +

1 2 1 2
z z z z
z z = and z z =

2
z z z =

vi. Operational Principles

1 2 2 1
z z z z + = +
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
z z z z z z + + = + +

1 2 2 1
z z z z =
( )
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
z z z z z z z + = +
Example:

2 3 ;

6 2

vii. Graphical Representation
Complex Plane or Argand Diagram or z plane
x -axis as the real axis and y -axis as the imaginary axis
A nonzero complex number iy x z + = can be associated by a directed line segment
or complex vector from the origin to the point ( ) y x z , . Thus the modulus
2 2
y x z + = is geometrically the distance between the point ( ) y x z , and the origin
or the length of the vector representing z .

viii. Polar Form
IfWis a point in the complex plane corresponding to( ) , x y or x yi + , then
cos , sin x r y r = = where
2 2
r x yi x y = + = + . Thus the polar form of
z x yi = + is ( ) cos sin z r i rcis = + = where
|

\
|
=

x
y
1
tan
is called amplitude or argument of z(denoted arg z), measured counter
clockwise from the positive real axis ( x -axis)
z a bi = +
ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1 (MTH 1112)

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< is called the principal range and the valueis called principal value
of z arg denoted by z Arg
K , 2 , 1 , 0 ; 2 arg = + = n n z Arg z

ix. De Moivres Theorem
If ( )
1 1 1 1
cos sin z r i = + and ( )
2 2 2 2
cos sin z r i = + , it can be shown that
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
cos sin z z r r i = + + + (


( ) ( )
1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
cos sin
z r
i
z r
= + (


Thus ( ) cos sin
n n
z r n i n = + De Moivres Theorem

x. Eulers Formula or Exponential Form
The polar form ( ) sin cos i r z + = can be written more compactly in exponential
form as
i
re z = where
i
e or ( ) i exp is defined by means of Eulers Formula as

sin cos i e
i
+ =
For ( ) y i y e e e e e
x iy x iy x z
sin cos + = = =
+


xi. Binomial formula remains valid with complex numbers,
( ) ( )

=
|
|

\
|
= +
n
k
k k n n
n z z
k
n
z z
0
2 1 2 1
, 2 , 1 K
where
( )
( ) n k
k n k
n
k
n
, , 2 , 1 , 0
! !
!
K =

=
|
|

\
|



References:

1. Spiegel, M. R., Theory and Problems of Complex Numbers (1981), Schaum
Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Book Company
2. Brown, J. W. and Churchill, R. V., Complex Variables and Applications, 7
th
Ed.
(2003), McGraw-Hill Book Company


ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1 (MTH 1112)

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Review Exercises:
1. Let

a. Convert into
i. rectangular form
ii. exponential form
b. Sketch onto Argands diagram
2. For 1 , determine

and

3. Convert 1

into polar form

4. Determine , and

of

5. Find the real and imaginary parts of exp

ln1
6. Convert | | 2 into Cartesian (rectangular) form and sketch
7. Write

in polar form and sketch on complex plane

8. Interpret the geometric effect of multiplying a complex number by the complex
number .
9. Determine and of