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INTRODUCTION
I. Quotations
Pharmacists are involved in the management of pharmacotherapy in clinical scenes more extensively than they did ever. Changes in medical environments such as collapse of doctors paternalism, the rising role of patients autonomy in the decision making on their own medical therapy, and the increased accountability of medical care givers to patients have obliged pharmacists to participate in pharmacotherapy as patients advocates. To meet these social needs the education of students in pharmaceutical colleges should be reconstructed extensively from a traditional research-oriented system to a patientcentered system. In particular the education of applied pharmacotherapy is to be strengthened and enforced. A drastic reform of pharmacist education should be brought in effect.
INTRODUCTION, Contin.
I. Quotations.
Pharmacists have extended their influence on medication safety from accurate dispensing to prescribing, patient monitoring, and patient education. This broader professional focus benefits us all. The involvement of a pharmacists on rounds in intensive care and general medicine units reduces preventable adverse drug events. Also, pharmacist-managed anticoagulation therapy is safer than traditional care. Clinical pharmacists have certainly become integral members of the health care team and have expanded their influence to include safe, appropriate, and cost-effective medication use. The pharmacy academy is well positioned to prepare graduates to become more proactive in creating a safer health care environment for patients. None of these roles requires major curricular revisions. Morbidity & Mortality Rounds on the Web, 2006
INTRODUCTION, Contin.
II. Rising Professional Criteria The Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education (CAPE) recommendation to Implement Changes in Pharmaceutical Education defined 3 sole educational outcomes, comprising (1) Pharmaceutical Care, (2) Systems Management, and (3) Public Health. Pharmacy education is constantly changing and evolving; as such, updates of the CAPE Educational Outcomes are paramount. It is questionable, however, whether schools of pharmacy are prepared to meet these broad goals in their present curricula.
INTRODUCTION, Contin.
II. Rising Professional Criteria
Lifelong learning for community pharmacists is shifting from continuing education (CE) towards continuing professional development (CPD) in some countries. A literature search and an Internet search on the web sites of professional pharmacy associations and authorities in 8 countries. showed that the concept of CPD has been implemented primarily in countries that have a long tradition in lifelong learning, such as United Kingdom. However, most countries have opted for the CE approach, e.g. France, or for a combination of CE and CPD, e.g. New Zealand. This approach combines the controllability by regulatory organizations that CE requires with the advantage of sustained behavior change seen in successful CPD programs.
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2007; 71 (3) Article 52.
INTRODUCTION, Contin.
II. Rising Professional Criteria
Pharmacists are required to collect a minimum number of credit points in a defined period of time, usually 3 to 5 years. The credit points are reflection of the time spent on an approved activity, e.g. 1hour lecture or 3-hour practice results in 1 credit point. The term accreditation is commonly used for both CE and CPD programming. In Germany and the Netherlands, the term accreditation refers to approved CE activities whereas in the United States accreditation refers to approved CE providers. Systems that are based on CPD tend to have comprehensive competency standards, against which pharmacists have to compare their own level of competence as an integral part of the CPD process.
In China.
Pharmacy in China involves the preparation, standardization and dispensing of drugs; its scope includes cultivation of medicinal plants, synthesis of compounds of medicinal value & analysis of medicinal agents. Pharmacists are responsible for the preparation of different drug dosage forms. There are two streams of pharmacy practice, traditional Chinese medicine and modern pharmacy. Around 50 colleges offer pharmacy education, half of which provide a Western medicine approach and the other half traditional Chinese medicine. Both types of colleges offer a four-year curriculum with options for specialization. Recently, clinical pharmacy services in China have been developed. Curricula with specialization in clinical pharmacy had begun.
Rank College Name 1 University of CaliforniaSan Francisco 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 9 9 University of North CarolinaChapel Hill University of Minnesota University of Texas--Austin Ohio State University University of Kentuky University of MichiganAn Arbor University of Washington--Seattle Purdue University University of Arizona
Score 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0
Purdue University: The College of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Sciences. Ohio State University: The College of Pharmacy. University of California: The School of Pharmacy University of California, San Francisco. University of Cincinnati: College of Pharmacy. University of Kentucky: College of Pharmacy. Ferris State University: College of Pharmacy. University of Minnesota - Twin Cities: The College of Pharmacy. University of North Carolina: Eshelman School of Pharmacy. University of Tennessee: College of Pharmacy. University of Oklahoma: College of Pharmacy.
option of gaining experience in research. Several research fellowships for undergraduate research are available on a competitive basis.
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Prof. M. Ismail