Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.ontologicalargumentisoneinanycategoryofargumentsfortheexistenceofGodin Christiantheology.St.AnselmandAquinasillustratefaithinseekingunderstandingthatGod exists.AnselmdefinesGodasabeingthatwhichnonegreatercanbeconceived.Thefool understandsthisdefinitiontherefore,Godexistsinthefoolsunderstanding.IfGodexistsonlyin theunderstanding,thenwecanconceiveofagreaterbeing.Onemustalsoexistinreality.God mustexistinboththerealityandtheunderstanding.GodMUSTEXISTintherealityifwecannot conceiveofagreaterbeingthanthebeingwhichnothinggreatercanbeconceived.The relationshipbetweenfaithandreason.AquinasprovesGodsexistencethroughproofs.1st proofGodputseverythingintomotion.2ndGodneedstobethefirstcause.4thhighestdegree ofgoodnessisGod,everythingworkstowardsreachingGodslevelofgoodness.5ththe arrangementinwhichGodusesshowshehasaplanforeverything. 2.GauniloRepliestoAnselmsargumentforwhyGodexists.HesaysIcanimagineanunicorn, butthatdoesnotmeanthatanunicorncanexistinrealityjustbecauseIimagineoneandit existsinmyunderstanding.UsestheLostIslandapproach,Icanimaginealostisland,buthow doweknowthatitexistsinrealityifinorderforittoexistwemustnotseeitinreality.Anselm repliesthatalostislandisverydifferentfromGod.AlostislandisnotcomparablewithGod.God existsbecausewecanconceivehimtoexist. 3.CosmologicalArgumentAnapproachthatAquinastakeswhenattemptingtoprovethe existenceofGod.ArguesthattheexistenceoftheworldandtheuniverseareduetoGod.Godis theoriginofeverything.JustificationofGodandwhypeoplelookfordifferentdefinitionsofGod. ThisisadefinitionofwhatGodis. 4.ThomasAquinasReasonsinprooffortheexistenceofGodin1270.Reasonscanhelp informwhatweknowtobetruebyfaith.1stproofGodputseverythingintomotion.The unmovedmoverisGod.2ndproofGodneedstobethecause.Godallowsforachainof reactions.4thdiffdegreesofgoodnessmore/less.ThemostisGodandweallstrivetoachieve Godslevelofgoodness.5thorderandarrangement.Godhasaplanforeverything. 5.Alienation(feuerbach)Peoplealienatethemselvesortheiressentialbeingbyattributingtheir ownattributesorhumanqualitiestoaGodwhomisthenworshippedonaccountofthesehuman qualities.IfpeopleworshipaGodinwhichtheyhaveattributedtheirownqualitiestheyare essentiallybeginningtoworshipthemselves.HumanitymakesGodintheirownimagetohelp themselvescope.Thedevelopmentofreligionhasshowntheprogressivedeviationofhuman culture. 6.OriginofReligionFeuerbachwritesthattheessenceofreligionhastobetheunderstanding,
morallaw,andaslove.Humanshavecreatedreligiontohelpthemcopewiththeworld,andthey giveGodhumanqualitiesbecausethatiswhattheyunderstand.Godcorrespondstotheneeds ofhumannature.Godistheoriginofhumanreligion.HementionsspeciesinhisEssenceof Christianitytoillustratetheideaofworshippingwhatyouunderstand.Godisthelongingofthe humansoulpersonified.GodarisesfromHumanexperience. 7.Wishfulfillment(Feuerbach)Godisonlyaprojectionofpositiveattributesofhumannature becausethatiswhatthehumanwants.Godisnothingbutthefulfillmentofourdeepestand innermostdesires.AllpeoplewantGodtoexistbecauseithelpsthemcopewiththetroublesof theworld. 8.ElizabethSchusslerFiorenzaTwochoicesworkintheexistingstructureofthechurchor leavebecauseofthechurch.Criticizedtraditionaltheologiesforthelackofattentiontowomens experience.Diverseinperspectivewhenshequestionsmaledominance.Earlyidealsin Christianityhavealwaysdepictedfemalesubordinationasifitwerenormalorexpected.A womanissupposedlyonlyallowedtobeaMotheroraVirgin.Theseareunacceptable distortionsofthegospelmessage. 9.Sexism(SchusslerFiorenza)ElisabethSchusslerFiorenzainherpiececalledFeminist Spiritualitydiscussesthetopicsexism.InthisarticlesheusesstrongChristianwomenasthe mainfocusofherarticlesuchasMaryMagdalenetoshowthehatredtowardswomen.In Fiorenzasworkshestatesthat,womenarenotonlydifferentfrommenbutalsoinferiorto them.Elisabethseesthatpeopletreatwomenliketheyareevilandacalamity.Alsowhenshe mentionschildbearingmotherssheclaimsthatinthattypeofChristiantraditionnatureandbody havetobesubordinatedtomindandspirit,sowomanbecauseoftheirnaturehavetobe subordinatetoman.AccordingtotheRomanCatholicChurchwomenarenotallowedtouse birthcontroltointegratetheirreproductivecapabilitiesintoalifeplanofdiscipleship.Iftheydoget pregnanttheyhavetosubjectthemselvestothenaturalreproductiveprocesses. 10.MartinLutherKingJr.bornjanuary15,1929.AttendedMorehousecollegeat15then attendedTheologicalSeminaryinChester,Pennsylvaniain1948.(Duringhislastyearin seminary,MartinLutherKingJr.cameundertheinfluenceoftheologianReinholdNiebbuhrwho wrotethe5modelsofChristandCultureweareallowedtousetoframetheesayquestionpt.1). HemarriedCorettaScott.LeadtheSCLC(SouthernChristianLeadershipConference)andKing waselectedtoleadthebusboycottwhichcameaboutbecauseofRosaParks.Latertakes controlofstudentgroupcontinuestoleadprotestsandiseventuallyarrestedwherehewrites LetterfromaBirminghamJail.Willcontinuetoworktowardracialequalityuntilhismurderin Memphis,TNinthespringof1968thedayafterhisPromisedLandspeech.Hewasshotbya mannamedjamesearlray. 11.Time(King)Theprogressionoftime"wait"hetalksabouttheproblemswiththe professionsthatallanoppressedpeopleneedstodoiswaitforthingstogetbetter.This"Wait" hasalmostalwaysmeant'Never"."justicetoolongdelayedisjusticedenied."MLKalsolooksat
thehistoryofhisraceanddeclaresformorethan340yearsforourconstitutionalandGodgiven rights".Healsocompares"jetlikespeed"ofothernationsinthestruggleforequalitytoAmerica's "horseandbuggypace.Andthebeliefthattimewillcureallthings.ButMLKknowsthattimeis neutralitisjustthereandpeoplemustactonitforgoodorbadthingstohappentoanyoneit mustbeusedeitherconstructivelyordestructively.AndMartinLutherisattemptingtoforcethe whitemoderateandhiscriticiserstosee(p6)"thatthetimeisalwaysripetodoright." 12.AuthorityofConscienceTherearecasesinwhichapersonsconsciencewillpermitor requirethenonacceptanceofsomelawanindividualwhobreaksalawthataconsciencetells himisunjustandwhowillinglyacceptsthepenaltyofimprisonmentinordertoarousethe conscienceofthecommunityoveritsinjusticeisinrealityexpressingthehighestrespectforthe law.Injusticemustbeexposedinorderforittobecured.Conscienceisthemostsubjective formofallhumanaction.InMartinLutherKingJrsletter.Inresponsetobeingcategorizedasan extremist,hedrawsanalogiesbetweenhimselfandimportantreligiousandpoliticalfiguresinthe Westerntradition:Kingmaybeanextremist,butonelike a. Jesusasanextremistforlove b. theprophetAmosasanextremistforjustice c. AbrahamLincolnasanextremistagainstslavery d. MartinLutherasanextremistforindividualfreedomofconscienceoveran institutionalauthority Then,havingdemonstratedthatsegregationlawsareunjust,hejustifiesdisobedienceby saying,...anindividualwhobreaksalawthatconsciencetellshimisunjust,andwho willinglyacceptsthepenaltyofimprisonmentinordertoarousetheconscienceofthe communityoveritsinjustice,isinrealityexpressingthehighestrespectforthelaw. AlsocouldrefertoMartinLuthersworksduringtheReformation:Heshowsinhis discussionsoftheconsciencebeingboundthatthereisalwaysanauthoritybinding theconscience,determininghowitfunctions.Wecanseealsoinhisdiscussionof themindandtheconsciencethattheconscienceisnotatoolofdictation(oneof authority)butoftranslation(onewhorespondstoauthority).Theconscienceisinneedof someauthorityandthereforeanunboundconscienceisalwaysseekinganauthorityto whichitcanbebound.
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a:allegiancetodutyoraperson:loyalty b(1):fidelitytoone'spromises(2):sincerityofintentions a(1):beliefandtrustinandloyaltytoGod(2):beliefinthetraditionaldoctrinesofa religion b(1):firmbeliefinsomethingforwhichthereisnoproof(2):completetrust :somethingthatisbelievedespeciallywithstrongconvictionespecially:asystemof religiousbeliefs<theProtestantfaith> onfaith:withoutquestion<tookeverythinghesaidonfaith> FaithisalsotrustinGodsgraces MartinLutherbelievesthatfaithiskeytosalvationnotgoodworks.Althoughgoodworks areimportantfaithismostimportant.
15.MarsilioFicino(14331499)SetupthePlatonicAcademyatFlorencein1462withthehelp ofCosimoMedici.FinishedthefirstcompletetranslationofPlatoswritingintoLatin.Hismajor workwasTheologiaPlatonica(1482).InTheologiaPlatonicaFicinodescribedauniversethatis presidedoverbyagraciousandlovingGodwhosoughttobringhumankindtohimthrough beauty,oneofhisattributes. 16.RenaissancehumanismCharacterizes16CEuropeasanageofindividualismandself creativity.ThiswastheresultofasecularizationofEuropeanSociety.Thistimewasalso markedbyincreasedlearningandrevivalinthestudyofancientlanguagesandliterature opposedauthoritariantradition.Somesawthisperiodofsecularizationasnegativelyaffecting thechurch. 17.Reason(dePizan)OneofthethreeapparitionsofwomenthatdePizansupposedlyseesin TheBookoftheCityofLadies.(theothertwoarerectitudeandjustice).Theyaresenttohernot onlytocomfortherbuttohelpherunearththesemisogynistviewsandreplacethemwiththe truthaboutwomenandwomensplace.Reasonspurposeistosetmenandwomenwhohave goneastrayonthecorrectpath. 18.Antiphrasis(dePizan)whichmeans,asyouknow,thatifyoucallsomethingbad,infact,it isgood,andalsoviceversa.dePizannotesthatmanypoetsandphilosopherswritethings,and theymeanthecontraryofwhattheysay.dePizanadvisesherreaderstointerpretthese philosophersstatementsinthemannerinwhichtheywereintendedinpassageswherethey attackwomen.Inotherwords,shedoesntwantpeopletotakewhatthepoetsandphilosophers aresayingaboutwomen(whichareevilandsinfulthingsaboutwomen)literallywhenthose poetsandarenotmeaningforpeopletotakethemliterally. 19.ReformationtheProtestantReformationwasamovementagainsttheCatholicChurchled byMartinLutheralongwithJohnCalvinandotherearlyprotestantleaders.In1517Martin Luthers95ThesescalledforreformintheCatholicchurchandspokeoutagainstthecurrent doctrinesandritual.Also,therewascorruptionintheleadershipoftheCatholicChurchatthat time.Outoftheprotestantreformationcamethedevelopmentofseveralchurchesincludingthe
Lutherandenomination.Ledby1stgenerationreformers:PeterWaldo(diedin1217.ledpuritan sectinFrance),JohnWiclif/wycliffe(diedin1384.reformerinEngland,translatedBiblefromlatin toenglish),MartinLuther(14831546.inGermany),andUlrichZwingli(14841531.in Switzerland)2ndgenerationreformersledthecatholiccounterreformation:calvin(150964) andAnabaptists(1527confessionofschleitheim). a. MartinLuther:Parentswantedhimtobecomealawyer.Onedayhewascaught inastormandprayedhewillbecomeamonkifhislifewasspared.Hewasvery piousandfearedthathewouldnotreachsalvation>concludedthatsalvation cannotbeachievedbyanyhumaneffort.Believedthatchristiansremainedsinful evenaftersalvation.Createdtreatiseonchristianliberty:gavedefinitionoffaith. saidthatagoodpersondoesgoodworksBUTdoinggoodworksdoesnotmake youagoodperson.arguesagainsttheabilityyourworkstosaveyou.
20.Faith/Works(AccordingtoMartinLuther)Essentially,workswerenottobeviewed,inany way,shape,orform,asthemeanstojustificationandgrace.Theonlywayonecanachieve righteousness,accordingtoLuther,isthroughfaith.Goodworks,however,arenottotally discountedinvaluebyMartinLuther.Quitethecontrary,theyhaveapositiveandimportantrole toplayinboththerevelationofanindividual'ssinfulnature,andintheproperChristianresponse toGod'sgrace.Agoodpersondoesgoodworks,butgoodworksdonotmeanthatyoureagood person(extension:love).WithintheCatholicdoctrine,thebeliefisthatonedoesgoodworksin ordertohelponeselfbecomeagoodperson.Whensinisrenouncedintheactoffaith in/acceptanceofGodapersonsstrivingtodogoodworksatalltimeswas/istheattemptto renouncesinandtoliveonlyinamannerpleasingtoGodtheHolyFather 21.Inward/OutwardmanThe'innerman'thehumanbeing'sheartorspiritisonlymotivated andjustifiedbyfaith,andneverbyworks.The'outerman",ontheotherhand,isthatpartofthe humaninwhichworkscan,indeed,bemanifest.Theseworks,however,havenobearingon salvation.Theirnatureasgoodorbadisentirelylinkedtothenatureoftheinner'man'aseither justorunjust.Sincethecharacterofthe'innerman'isbased,notonworks,butonfaith,the 'innerman'requires"neitherlawsnorgoodworksbut,onthecontrary,isinjuredbythemifhe believesthatheisjustifiedbythem.'Inotherwords,whilenoouterworkcanjustifythe'inner man,'noouterworkcanmakethe'innerman'unjust.Quitethecontrary,itisthenatureofthe "innerman'whichdeterminesthenatureoftheouterwork.ThisisbasedonMartinLuthersA TreatiseonChristianLiberty. 22.AlphonsedeValdesWasachancellortoCharlesV.HeaccompaniedCharlesVtotheDiet ofWorms.WrotetoaSpanishhistorian(Pietro).Wroteabouttheseriesofeventsthatledto Luthersexcommunication.HewrotetheletterTheLutheranRevolt. 23.IndulgenceMartinLutherhadahugeproblemwiththesaleofindulgencesintheRoman CatholicChurch.Anindulgenceisafullorpartialremissionoftemporalpunishmentthatresults fromsins.InMartinLutherstime,peoplewerebuyingindulgenceswiththepromisefromthe
CatholicChurchthattheirtimeinpurgatoryortheirrelativestimeinpurgatorywouldbe shortenedortakenawaycompletelyiftheypurchasedtheindulgences.Theseindulgenceswere usedtocollectalmsforspecificprojects. 24.SolaScripturaLatinmeaning:OnlyScripture.Anemphasisonword.MartinLutherdrewan emphasisonword.SolascripturaisthedoctrinethattheBiblecontainsallknowledgenecessary forsalvationandholiness.Consequently,solascripturademandsonlythosedoctrinesaretobe admittedorconfessedthatarefounddirectlywithinorindirectlybyusingvalidlogicaldeduction orvaliddeductivereasoningfromscripture.However,solascripturaisnotadenialofother authoritiesgoverningChristianlifeanddevotion.Rather,itsimplydemandsthatallother authoritiesaresubordinateto,andaretobecorrectedby,thewrittenwordofGod.Solascriptura wasafoundationaldoctrinalprincipleoftheProtestantReformationheldbytheReformersandis aformalprincipleofProtestantismtoday.HehadalsochallengedtheauthorityoftheChurchby maintainingthatalldoctrinesanddogmataoftheChurchnotfoundinScriptureshouldbe discarded(solascriptura).Forthisclass,solascripturarelatestoMartinLuthersATreatiseon ChristianLiberty. 25.PriesthoodofallbelieversMartinLutherputforwardthedoctrinethatallbaptizedChristians are"priests"and"spiritual"inthesightofGod.Thepriesthoodofallbelieversgenerallyentailsa doctrinalresponsibilityorrighttopreachandexpoundtheChristianfaith,andthisisappointedto everymemberofthechurch.MartinLutherheadducesageneralpriesthoodinChristendomin ordertodismissthemedievalviewthatChristiansinthepresentlifeweretobedividedintotwo classes:"spiritual"and"temporal." 26.AnselmofCanterbury(10331109)Theoriginatorofoneofthemostintriguingarguments everdevisedbythehumanmind,theontologicalargumentfortheexistenceofasupremely perfectbeing.AnselmwritesproofofGodsexistencefromtheconceptofGod.Anselmswriting isanexampleofscholasticism.Scholasticismisawayofthinkingandanapproachto understandingtherelationshipbetweenfaithandreason.Itisalsoanexampleofontology. OntologyisthestudyofbeingorthestudyofGodsexistence.Anontologicalargumentisgoing toproveexistencethroughtheargument.TheoperatingprincipleforAnselmisfaithseeking understanding 27.ScholasticismItisamethodofinquiriesthatseekstotounderstandwhatisknowntobe truebyfaiththroughtheuseofreason.Itcausedariseinthenumberofuniversitiesandinthe numberofargumentsfortheexistenceofGod,whichstartswithAnselmandendswithAquinas. 28.ProofsfortheExistenceofGod (Anselm) 1.Godisabeingthanwhichnonegreatercanbeconceived 2.Thefoolunderstandsthis(definition)andsoGodexistsinthefoolsunderstanding. 3.SupposeGodexistsONLYintheunderstanding 4.Thenwecanconceiveofagreaterbeing:onethatALSOexistsinreality.
5.Thismeansthatwecanconceiveofagreaterbeingthanthebeingthanwhichnonegreater canbeconceived. 6.Godmustexistinreality. (Aquinas) 1.Everythinginmotionmusthaveanoriginalmover,ornothingatallwouldmove.Godisthis mover. 2.Natureisachainofcauses.Itisimpossibleforanythingtobetheefficientcauseofitself, sinceitwouldhavetoexistbeforeitself.Ifthechainweretogobackinfinitely,therewouldbe nofirstcause,andthusnoultimateeffect,normiddlecauses,whichisadmittedlyfalse. HencewemustpresupposesomefirstefficientcausewhichallcallGod. 3.Thethirdproofistakenfromthenaturesofthemerelypossibleandnecessary.Whatdoesnot existdoesnottakeitsbeginningexceptthroughsomethingthatdoesexist.Ifthennothing existed,itwouldbeimpossibleforanythingtobegin,andtherewouldnowbenothingexisting, whichisadmittedlyfalse.Theremustbeonenecessarilyexistingbeing.Hencetheremustbe presupposedsomethingnecessarilyexistingthroughitsownnature,nothavingacause elsewherebutbeingitselfthecauseofthenecessaryexistenceofotherthingswhichallcall God. 4.Thefourthproofarisesfromthedegreesthatarefoundinthings.Whatisthegreatestinits way,inanotherwayisthecauseofallthingsofitsownkindthusfire,whichisthegreatest heat,isthecauseofallheat.Thereforethereexistssomethingthatisthecauseofthe existenceofallthingsandofthegoodnessandofeveryperfectionwhatsoeverandthiswe callGod. 5.Thefifthproofarisesfromtheorderingofthingsforweseethatsomethingswhichlack reason,suchasnaturalbodies,areoperatedinaccordancewithsomeplan.Thethingsthat donothaveintelligencedonottendtowardaresultunlessdirectedbysomeoneknowingand intelligentjustasanarrowissentbyanarcher.Thereforethereissomethingintelligentby whichallnaturalthingsarearrangedinaccordancewithaplanandthiswecallGod. 29.LudwigFeuerbachLudwigFeuerbachwasaGermanphilosopherandanthropologist.Heis mostwellknownforhisbookcalled,TheEssenceofChristianity.Oneofthemainpoints Feuerbachtalksofinisbookishowmanisequallyaconsciousbeing,moresothanGod becausemanhasplaceduponGodtheabilityofunderstanding.Inadditiontothatpoint, FeuerbachalsosaysthatGodisgiventhdivinepowerbecauseGodisabeingthatactsthrough alltypesofhumanforms.Feuerbachquotes,Godistheprincipleofamanssalvation,ofa mansgooddispositionsandactions,consequentlymansowngoodprincipleandnature.Man isworshippinghisidealizedself. 30.DefinitionofReligionthesolemnunveilingofmanshiddentreasurestheavowalofhis innermostthoughtstheopenconfessionofthesecretsofhislovethefirst,butindirect, selfconsciousnessofmanpeculiarnatureofreligion 31.Projection(Feuerbach)Godisanoutwardprojectionofmansinwardnature.Hecalledit
chimera.Thereare2aspectsofGod:themetaphysicalandthepersonal.Weuseourreasonto projectGodsomniscienceandweuseourheartstoprojectthepersonalaspectsofGod. HumanitymakesGodinitsownimage.Weprojectourgreatestattributestosomethingwe alreadyknow.Theselfcometotheconsciousness. 32.ChristianityinJapan(Endo)InthebookSilencebyShusakuEndothesubjectofChristianity comesupoften.OneofthemaincharactersFerreiradecidestoventuretoJapantoincorporate Christianityasareligionthere.LateroninthenovelFerreirasstudents,RodriguezandGarrpe traveltoJapantofindalocalundergroundChristianpopulation.InJapanwhomeverwasa believerofChristianitywasdisrespectedandtreatednegatively.Ifasecurityofficialfoundout thatyoubelievedinChristianityyouwereforcedtotramplewhattheycalltheFumie.Afumieis anobjectthathasimagesofimportantChristianleadersonthem,bytramplingonthemit showedthatyouhadnocareforthatreligion,andthatinsenseChristianitymeantnothingtothat person.However,ifyouareconsideredChristianandrefusetostepontheFumieyouwere automaticallysentencedtodeath,usuallyalongandpainfulexperience. 33.FeministtheologyFeministTheologyisamovementfoundinseveralreligionstoreconsider thetraditions,practices,scriptures,andtheologiesofthosereligiousfromafeministperspective. Someofthegoalsoffeministtheologyincludeincreasingtheroleofwomenamongtheclergy andreligiousauthorities,reinterpretingmaledominatedimageryandlanguageaboutGod. Anothergoalwastostudyimagesofwomeninthereligionssacredtextsandmatriarchal religion.ChristiandePizanandElisabethSchusslerFiorenzaareprimeexamplesofwomen wholeheartedlybelievedinfightingforwomensrights,andbeingleadersforwomenwhowere tootimidtospeaktheirminds.
36.Nonviolentdirectactionseekstocreatesuchacrisisandfostersuchatensionthata communitywhichhasconstantlyrefusedtonegotiateisforcedtoconfronttheissuethereare fourbasicsteps:collectionofthefactstodeterminewhetherinjusticesexist,negotiation, selfpurification,anddirectactionpresentedtheirverybodiesasameansoflayingtheircase beforetheconscienceofthelocalandthenationalcommunitymustbeabletoacceptblows withoutretaliating 37.JustLawsAccordingtoKing,anunjustlawisacodethatanumericalorpowermajority groupcompelsaminoritygrouptoobeybutdoesnotmakebindingonitself.Thisisdifference madelegal.Bythesametoken,ajustlawisacodethatamajoritycompelsaminoritytofollow andthatitiswillingtofollowitself.Thisissamenessmadelegal.?Ajustlawisamanmade codethatsquareswiththemorallaworthelawofGod.Anunjustlawisacodethatisoutof harmonywiththemorallaw.ToputitinthetermsofSt.ThomasAquinas:Anunjustlawisa humanlawthatisnotrootedineternallawandnaturallaw.Anylawthatupliftshuman personalityisjust.Anylawthatdegradeshumanpersonalityisunjust.Page4Kingbelievesthat oneisbothlegallyandmorallyobligatedtoabidebyjustlaws,butthatpeoplearesimilarly obligatedtodisobeylawsthatareunjustandgoagainsttheword/lawofGod. 38.Miracle(Hume)AmiracleisaviolationofthelawsofnatureaccordingtoDavidHume.A violationofwhatweknowthroughcustomandexperience.Thecredibilitychangesovertime becausewitnesseschangethestoryalittlebitovertime.Becausethismiracleisimprobablebut possible,DavidHumewouldnotcategorizeClaypoolsexperienceasamiraclebecausetohim, miraclesarethingsthatareimpossible.Justbecausetheresacertaineffectdoesntmeanthat itsconnectedtoacertaincauseitcouldbeattributedtoadifferentcausethatyourenotthinking of.Testimonycouldeasilyexpandovertime.ToDavidHume,miraclesareveryrareandallbut impossibletoprove.Theyaretobebelievedinbyfaithalone. 39.ChristineDePizanChristinedePizanwasborninVeniceinapproximately1364.Herfather wasintheroyalcourtofCharlesV.Herfatherwasresponsibleforeducation.Shewasverywell educatedthroughhisextensivelibrary.In1380,CharlesVdiesandthereforeherfathergoes throughaperiodofunemployment.Herfatherdiesin1385.Then,Christinetakesonprimary responsibilityformakinganincomeforherfamilyprimarilythroughthepen.Christineshusband dieswhensheis25,andshedecidesnottoremarryortorelyonothermalefamilymembersto supporther.Christineiscommissionedtowritepoems,biographies,songs,etc.Thisishowshe earnsherincome.Asaresult,sheearnsafairdegreeoffameforhertime.Debateaboutthe positionofwomennowstarts.dePizanwritesTheBookoftheCityofLadies.ShewasaFrench poetofItalianbirth** 40.TheSoulofManrevivaloftheideasoftheGreekphilosopherPlatoappliedPlatostheory ontransmigrationofthesoultoChristianconceptsofresurrectionstatesthatmanssoulinall itsactsistryingwithallitspowertoattainthefirstgiftofGod,thepossessionofalltruthandof allgoodnessoursoulbymeansoftheintellectandwillfliestowardGod.AlsoMarsilioFicino
embodimentoftheidealsoftheCounterReformation. 45.Commands/Promises(fromATreatiseonChristianLiberty)Herewemustpointoutthat alltheScripturesofGodaredividedintotwopartscommandsandpromises.Thecommands indeedteachthingsthataregood,butthethingstaughtarenotdoneassoonastaughtforthe commandsshowuswhatweoughttodo,butdonotgiveusthepowertodoittheyareintended toteachamantoknowhimself,thatthroughthemhemayrecognizehisinabilitytodogoodand maydespairofhispowers.ThatiswhytheyarecalledandaretheOldTestament.Forexample: Thoughshaltnotcovetisacommandwhichconvictsusallofbeingsinners,sincenooneis abletoavoidcoveting,howevermuchhemaystruggleagainstit....Butwhenamanthroughthe commandshaslearnedtoknowhisweakness,thenbeingtrulyhumbledandreducedtonothing inhisowneyes,hefindsinhimselfnomeansofjustificationandsalvation.Heretehsecondpart ofhteScripturesstandsreadythepromisesofGod,whichdeclarethegloryofGod.Forwhatis impossibleforyouinalltheworksofthelaw,manyastheyare,butalluseless,youwill accomplishinashortandeasywaythroughfaith.ForGodourFAtherhasmadeallthings dependonfaith,sothatwhoeverhasfaith,shallhaveall,andwhoeverhasitnot,shallhave nothing.ThusthepromisesofGodgivewhatthecommandsofGodask,andfulfillwhatthelaw prescribes,thatallthingsmaybeofGodalone,boththecommandsandthefulfillingofthe commands.Healonecommands,Healonefulfills,ThereforethepromisesofGodbelongtothe NewTestament,nay,theyaretheNewTestament.Thesoulwhichclingstothepromisesof Godismadedrunkenwiththem...Thisthenishowthroughfaithalonewithoutworksthesoulis justifiedbytheWordofGod,sanctified,madetrueandpeacefulandfree,filledwithevery blessingandmadetrulyachildofGod. 46.Justification(MartinLuther)Luthercametounderstandjustificationasbeingentirelythe workofGod.Againsttheteachingofhisdaythattherighteousactsofbelieversaredonein cooperationwithGod,LutherassertedthatChristiansreceivethatrighteousnessentirelyfrom outsidethemselvesthatrighteousnessnotonlycomesfromChrist,itactuallyisthe righteousnessofChrist,imputedtous(ratherthaninfusedintous)throughfaith."Thatiswhy faithalonemakessomeonejustandfulfillsthelaw,"saidLuther. 47.StagesoftheLutheranRevoltStage1:LutherandTetzelovertheabuseofindulgences. Stage2:DukeofSaxonysideswithLutherandisexcommunicatedpostingof95Theses (Disputations)againstpapalabusesandmisuseofindulgencesofWittenbergchurchdooron theeveofAllSaintsDayonOctober31,1517.Stage3:LutherappearsatAugsburgtodefend hiswritingsbeforeanimperialparliament.thepopesendsalegate(Cajetan)imperialauthorities sidewithLuther.Stage4:PapalbullagainstLutherthreatensexcommunication. 48.DietofWormsAnimperialassemblyoftheHolyRomanEmpireheldinWorms,Germany, in1521.ItismostfamousfortheEdictofWormswhichaddressedMartinLutherandtheeffects oftheProtestantReformation.CharlesVpresided.Theedictdeclared:Forthisreasonweforbid anyonefromthistimeforwardtodare,eitherbywordsorbydeeds,toreceive,defend,sustain,
orfavourthesaidMartinLuther.Onthecontrary,wewanthimtobeapprehendedandpunished asanotoriousheretic,ashedeserves,tobebroughtpersonallybeforeus,ortobesecurely guardeduntilthosewhohavecapturedhiminformus,whereuponwewillordertheappropriate mannerofproceedingagainstthesaidLuther.Thosewhowillhelpinhiscapturewillbe rewardedgenerouslyfortheirgoodwork.Despitetheagreementthathecouldreturnhome safely,itwasprivatelyunderstoodthatLutherwouldsoonbearrestedandpunished.Toprotect himfromthisfate,PrinceFrederickseizedhimonhiswayhomeandhidhiminWartburg Castle. 49.Solafidebyfaithalone.ChristiantheologicaldoctrinethatdifferentiatesProtestantsfrom Catholics.TheforgivenessofsinsisgrantedbyGodthroughfaithalone.MartinLutherusedthis terminhisargumentagainsttheCatholicChurchinhisProtestantReformation.Luther maintainedthatsalvationwasbyfaithalone(solafide)withoutreferencetogoodworks,alms, penance,ortheChurchssacraments.Howeverhealsobelievedthatwithtruefaithgood workswouldcomebecauseoftheloveofandfromGodservingastheirinspiration.This teachingarosethroughthethoughtthatbecausehumansareinherentlysinful,theiractionshave noinfluenceovertheirstandingastoGodsgrace/salvationwhereasCatholicdoctrine subscribestothenotionthatpeopleshouldactivelytrytodogoodforotherstopracticeliving lesssinfullyinanattempttopleaseGodandearnsalvation. 50.ChristianlibertyThetopicofChristianLibertycomesupinMartinLutherspieceATreatise onChristianLiberty.Lutherclaimsthatpeoplearefreefromthelawalongwithfreedomof works,andfreedomfromallharmofallthings.Luthersaysthatpeoplearefreefromworks becauseadherencetothelawisnotneededtosaveaperson,thelawitselfisnotwhatsavesa personsincethelawisnotwhatsaves,thelawisnotbindingtoaChristianodworkstoknow Godorbesaved.Additionally,peoplearefreefromthelawbecauseHoweverthemost importantthingthatwearefreefromissin.Lutherclaimsthatsinwasnotoftenforgivenfromthe Churchunlessamonetarypricewaspaid.Lutheralsosaysthatsinisforgivenbasedofthefact thateveryonehasarelationshipwithJesusChrist.Thepeoplewhochosetohavearelationship withJesusareforgivenoftheirsins,thosewhodonothoweverarenot.
TextualPassages(Sample):
1....webelievethatthouartabeingthanwhichnothinggreatercanbeconceived. AuthorSt.AnselmofCanterbury,Text:TheOntologicalArgument 2....thereisnotestimonythatisnotopposedbyaninfinitenumberofwitnessessonotonly doesthemiracledestroythecreditoftestimonybutthetestimonydestroysitself... Author:DavidHume,Text:OnMiracles 3.MyvisionofChristianlifestyle,responsibility,andcommunity,broughtmetorejectthe culturallyimposedroleofwomenandviceversa.
Author:ElizabethSchusslerFiorenza,Text:FeministSpirituality 4.Sin,hereflected,isnotwhatitisusuallythoughttobeitisnottostealandtelllies.Sinisfor onemantowalkbrutallyoverthelifeofanotherandtobequiteoblivioustothewoundshehas leftbehind. Author:ShusakuEndo,Text:Silence 5.Thinking,deeplyaboutthesematters,Ibegantoexaminemycharacterandconductasa naturalwomanandsimilarly,IconsideredotherwomenwhosecompanyIfrequentlykept, princesses,greatladies,womenofthemiddleandlowerclasses,whohadgraciouslytoldmeof theirmostprivateandintimatethoughts,hopingthatIcouldjudgeimpartiallyandingood consciencewhetherthetestimonyofsomanynotablemencouldbetrue. Author:ChristinedePizan,Text:CityofLadies 6.Therefore,itisnecessarytogobacktosomefirstmover,whichitselfmovedbynothingand thisallmenknowasGod Author:ThomasAquinas,Text:SummaTheologica 7.Weconclude,therefore,thataChristianmanlivesnotinhimself,butinChristandinhis neighbor.OtherwiseheisnotaChristian. Author:MartinLuther,Text:ConcerningChristianLiberty 8.Religion,atleasttheChristian,istherelationofmantohimself,ormorecorrectlytohisown nature... Author:LudwigFeuerbach,Text:TheEssenceofChristianity 9.Thatwhichyouwouldfainlearnfromme,astotheoriginandprocessoftheLutheransect, whichhasrecentlysprungupamongtheGermans,Iamnotabouttowritetoyou,ifwithout elegance,atleastwithaccuracy,relatingthingsconscientiously,asIhaveheardthemfrom personofworthycredit. Author:AlfonsoDeValds,Text:TheLutheranRevolt 10.Soherewearemovingtowardtheexitofthetwentiethcenturywithareligiouscommunity largelyadjustedtothestatusquo,standingasataillightbehindothercommunityagencies ratherthanaheadlightleadingmentohigherlevelsofjustice. Author:MartinLutherKingJr,Text:LetterfromaBirminghamjail 11.ManisreallythevicarofGod,sinceheinhabitsandcultivatesallelementsanditpresenton earthwithoutbeingabsentfromtheether. Author:Ficino,Text:TheSoulofMan 12.ThefactisnotthataqualityisdivinebecauseGodhasit,butthatGodhasitbecauseitisin itselfdivinebecausewithoutitGodwouldbeadefectivebeing.
Author:LudwigFeuerbach,Text:TheEssenceofChristianity
ComprehensiveQuestion:Thisquestioncontainstwoparts
a.Createanargumentfortherelationshipbetweenreligionandcultureproposedbyone character(Rodrigues,Garrpe,Ferriera,Inoue,orKichijiro)inSilence.YoumayuseH.Richard Neiburs(onhandout)modelsofChristandculturetoframeyourresponsebutyouarenot requiredtodoso. Thingsthatcouldbeusefultoansweringthisquestion: OverviewofplotforSilence OverviewH.RichardNeibuhrsmodelsofChristandCulture 1.Christianityislocatedinoppositiontoculture.Therolesofbelieversisto judgetheculture,condemningitsevils.Christianityopposesculture.This parallelsaclassicistunderstandingofculture. 2.Christianitycollapsesintoculture.Christianitynolongeroffersanynorms tothecultureitabsorbsallitsmoralprinciplesfromtheculturalsituationsin whichitfindsitself.Oftenattributedtoliberalchristianityofthe19thcentury priortoWorldWarI.Christianityagreeswiththeprevailingculturalnormsfor knowledgeandaction 3.Christianityisaboveculture,liftingtowardsGod,butneverabletoachieve itsgoal,sinceGodalwaysexceedsculturalexpression.Christiansexcept thatallmustliveinamaterialworld,buttheyalwayshopetoriseaboveit. Christianitymustreignovercultures.Neibuhrattributesthispositionto ThomasAquinas,RomanCatholicism,andcertainformsofAnglicanism. 4.Christianityandcultureremaineternallyinaparadoxicalrelationship.This typepermitsroomfordualistswhobelievethatmatterandspiritare incompatible,howevernecessary.Herechurchandstate,thesacredand theprofane,spiritandmatter,areconstantlyvyingfortheallegianceofthe believer. 5.Christianityshouldbethetransformerofculture.Cultureissinful,but Godscreativepowercanhealthefallibilityandmalicbecausecreationwas oncegoodinitself.Thismodelbelievesthatcultureisagoodmediumin whichitwouldbepossibletoembodyChristianvaluesintheculture.A ChristianculturecouldbedevelopedwiththegraceofGod.
CharacterIDs RodriguesPriestfromPortugal(?)thatgoestofindFerrierainJapan. GetsarrestedbyJapaneseofficialsandputinajailcell.Technically apostatisedattheend,butdidntreallygiveuphisfaith.Nowhelooksat hisfaithinadifferentwayheknowsGoddifferentlynow(lastcouple pagesexplainthisfurther)WHYWASHEEXCOMMUNICATED?He shouldtechnicallyhavehadtheopportunitytoconfesshissinsandrepent fortheactionoftramplingonthefumibeforedecisiveactionwasmadeby churchofficials...Plothole*** GarrpeChristianfromPortugal(?)whogoeswithRodriguestofind Ferriera.Neverapostatised.EndsupdyingwhiletryingtosaveChristians inthewater. FerrieraApostatisedChristianthatnowworksforJapan.Rodriguesand Garrpegotofindhim.Rodriguesfindshim.Learnsthatthepeopleinthe pitwasthefinalstrawthatmadeFerrieraapostatisesothathewouldsave thepeoplethatwerehanginginit. InouetheonepersecutingChristiansstartedpersecution.Emperor??? MetwithRodriguez? KichijiroStruggleswithhisfaith.SellsRodriguestoJapaneseofficialsfor money.ComestoRodriguesseveraltimesthroughoutthebookto confesshissins,butthengoesbacktohisoldways. b.Respondtotheargument.Istheargumentconvincing,andwhy?Yourresponsemustinclude directandexplicitreferencetoonetext,figure,theme,idea,orpracticestudiedinthefirsthalfof thecourse(uptothemidtermexam)butthisreferenceneednotbelengthyorcentral. Thingsthatcouldbeusefultoansweringthisquestion: ReviewofworksandpeoplestudiedbeforetheMidtermexam: AugustineConfessions St.BenedictofNursiaTheRuleofBenedict AbbotSugerOnWhatwasDoneinHisAdministration St.CyrilofJerusalemLecturesontheChristianSacraments
St.BernardofClairvauxThethreeKisses(sermon)