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5
A NOTE ON q-ANALOGUE OF S

ANDORS FUNCTIONS
by
Taekyun Kim
1
, C. Adiga
2
and Jung Hun Han
2
1
Department of Mathematics Education
Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701
South Korea
e-mail:tkim@kongju.ac.kr / tkim64@hanmail.net
2
Department of Studies in Mathematics
University of Mysore, Manasagangotri
Mysore 570006, India
e-mail:c-adiga@hotmail.com
Dedicated to Sun-Yi Park on 90th birthday
ABSTRACT
The additive analogues of Pseudo-Smarandache, Smarandache-simple func-
tions and their duals have been recently studied by J. Sandor. In this note,
we obtain q-analogues of Sandors theorems [6].
Keywords and Phrases: q-gamma function, Pseudo-Smarandache function,
Smarandache-simple function, Asymtotic formula.
2000 AMS Subject Classication: 33D05,40A05.
1 Introduction
The additive analogues of Smarandache functions S and S

have been
introduced by Sandor [5] as follows:
S(x) = min{m N : x m!}, x (1, ),
2
and
S

(x) = max{m N : m! x}, x [1, ).

He has studied many important properties of S

relating to continuity, dier-

entiability and Riemann integrability and also proved the following theorems:
Theorem 1.1
S

(x)
logx
loglogx
(x ).
Theorem 1.2 The series

n=1
1
n(S

(n))

is convergent for > 1 and divergent for 1.

In [1], Adiga and Kim have obtained generalizations of Theorems 1.1 and
1.2 by the use of Eulers gamma function. Recently Adiga-Kim-Somashekara-
Fathima [2] have established a q-analogues of these results on employing the
q-analogue of Stirlings formula. In [6], Sandor dened the additive analogues
of Pseudo-Smarandache, Smarandache-simple functions and their duals as fol-
lows:
Z(x) = min
_
m N : x
m(m+ 1)
2
_
, x (0, ),
Z

(x) = max
_
m N :
m(m + 1)
2
x
_
, x [1, ),
P(x) = min{m N : p
x
m!}, p > 1, x (0, ),
and
P

(x) = max{m N : m! p
x
}, p > 1, x [1, ).
He has also proved the following theorems:
3
Theorem 1.3
Z

(x)
1
2

8x + 1 (x ).
Theorem 1.4 The series

n=1
1
(Z

(n))

is convergent for > 2 and divergent for 2. The series

n=1
1
n(Z

(n))

is convergent for all > 0.

Theorem 1.5
logP

(x) logx (x ).
Theorem 1.6 The series

n=1
1
n
_
loglogn
logP

(n)
_

is convergent for > 1 and divergent for 1.

The main purpose of this note is to obtain q-analogues of Sandors Theo-
rems 1.3 and 1.5. In what follows, we make use of the following notations and
denitions. F. H. Jackson dened a q-analogue of the gamma function which
extends the q-factorial
(n!)
q
= 1(1 +q)(1 +q + q
2
) (1 +q + q
2
+ + q
n1
), cf [3],
which becomes the ordinary factorial as q 1. He dened the q-analogue of
4
the gamma function as

q
(x) =
(q; q)

(q
x
; q)

(1 q)
1x
, 0 < q < 1,
and

q
(x) =
(q
1
; q
1
)

(q
x
; q
1
)

(q 1)
1x
q
(
x
2
)
, q > 1,
where
(a; q)

n=0
(1 aq
n
).
It is well known that
q
(x) (x) as q 1, where (x) is the ordinary
gamma function.
2 Main Theorems
We now dene the q-analogues of Z and Z

as follows:
Z
q
(x) = min
_
1 q
m
1 q
: x

q
(m + 2)
2
q
(m)
_
, m N, x (0, ),
and
Z

q
(x) = max
_
1 q
m
1 q
:

q
(m+ 2)
2
q
(m)
x
_
, m N, x
_

q
(3)
2
q
(1)
,
_
,
where 0 < q < 1. Clearly, Z
q
(x) Z(x) and Z

q
(x) Z

(x) as q 1

. From
the denitions of Z
q
and Z

q
, it is clear that
Z
q
(x) =
_
_
_
1, if x
_
0,
q(3)
2q(1)
_
1q
m
1q
, if x
_
q(m+1)
2q(m1)
,
q(m+2)
2q(m)
_
, m 2,
_
_
(2.1)
5
and
Z

q
(x) =
1 q
m
1 q
if x
_

q
(m + 2)
2
q
(m)
,

q
(m + 3)
2
q
(m+ 1)
_
. (2.2)
Since
1 q
m1
1 q

1 q
m
1 q
=
1 q
m1
1 q
+ q
m1

1 q
m1
1 q
+ 1,
(2.1) and (2.2) imply that for x
q(3)
2q(1)
,
Z

q
(x) Z
q
(x) Z

q
(x) + 1.
Hence it suces to study the function Z

q
. We now prove our main theorems.
Theorem 2.1 If 0 < q < 1, then

1 + 8xq (1 + 2q)
2q
2
< Z

q
(x)

1 + 8xq 1
2q
, x

q
(3)
2
q
(1)
.
Proof. If

q
(k + 2)
2
q
(k)
x <

q
(k + 3)
2
q
(k + 1)
, (2.3)
then
Z

q
(x) =
1 q
k
1 q
and
(1 q
k
)(1 q
k+1
) 2x(1 q)
2
0 < (1 q
k+1
)(1 q
k+2
) 2x(1 q)
2
. (2.4)
Consider the functions f and g dened by
f(y) = (1 y)(1 yq) 2x(1 q)
2
6
and
g(y) = (1 yq)(1 yq
2
) 2x(1 q)
2
.
Note that f is monotonically decreasing for y
1+q
2q
and g is strictly decreasing
for y <
1+q
2q
2
. Also f(y
1
) = 0 = g(y
2
) where
y
1
=
(1 +q) (1 q)

1 + 8xq
2q
,
y
2
=
(q + q
2
) q(1 q)

1 + 8xq
2q
3
.
Since y
1
<
1+q
2q
, y
2
<
1+q
2q
2
and q
k
<
1+q
2q
<
1+q
2q
2
, from (2.4), it follows that
f(q
k
) f(y
1
) = 0 = g(y
2
) < g(q
k
).
Thus y
1
q
k
< y
2
and hence
1 y
2
1 q
<
1 q
k
1 q

1 y
1
1 q
.
i.e.

1 + 8xq (1 + 2q)
2q
2
< Z

q
(x)

1 + 8xq 1
2q
.
This completes the proof.
Remark. Letting q 1

in the above theorem, we obtain Sandors

Theorem 1.3.
We dene the q-analogues of P and P

as follows:
P
q
(x) = min{m N : p
x

q
(m+ 1)}, p > 1, x (0, ),
and
7
P

q
(x) = max{m N :
q
(m + 1) p
x
}, p > 1, x [1, ),
where 0 < q < 1. Clearly, P
q
(x) P(x) and P

q
(x) P

(x) as q 1

. From
the denitions of P
q
and P

q
, we have
P

q
(x) P
q
(x) P

q
(x) + 1.
Hence it is enough to study the function P

q
.
Theorem 2.2 If 0 < q < 1, then
P

(x)
xlogp
log
_
1
1q
_ (x ).
Proof. If
q
(n + 1) p
x
<
q
(n + 2), then
P

q
(x) = n
and
log
q
(n + 1) logp
x
< log
q
(n + 2). (2.5)
But by the q-analogue of Stirlings formula established by Moak [4], we
have
log
q
(n + 1)
_
n +
1
2
_
log
_
q
n+1
1
q 1
_
nlog
_
1
1 q
_
. (2.6)
Dividing (2.5) throughout by nlog(
1
1q
), we obtain
log
q
(n + 1)
nlog(
1
1q
)

xlogp
P

q
(x)log(
1
1q
)
<
log
q
(n + 2)
nlog(
1
1q
)
. (2.7)
8
Using (2.6) in (2.7), we deduce
lim
x
xlogp
P

q
(x)log(
1
1q
)
= 1.
This completes the proof.
References
[1] C. Adiga and T. Kim, On a generalization of Sandors function, Proc.
Jangjeon Math. Soc., 5, (2002), 121124.
[2] C. Adiga, T. Kim, D. D. Somashekara and N. Fathima, On a q-analogue
of Sandors function, J. Inequal. Pure and Appl. Math., 4,No.4 Art.84
(2003), 15.
[3] T. Kim, Non-archimedean q-integrals associated with multiple Changhee
q-Bernoulli polynomials, Russian J. Math. Phys., 10 (2003), 9198.
[4] D. S. Moak, The q-analogue of Stirlings formula, Rocky Mountain J.
Math., 14 (1984), 403413.
[5] J. Sandor, On an additive analogue of the function S, Notes Numb. Th.
Discr. Math., 7(2001), 9195.
[6] J. Sandor, On additive analogues of certain arithmetic functions, Smaran-
dache Notions J.,14(2004),128-133.