ABSTRACT

This Project Touch Free Timer Switch is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons / visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static electromagnetic device that transfers an electrical power from one circuit to another without change of frequency. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and where the circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other. A transformer consists of a core and two or more windings coupled electromagnetically. There are primary windings and secondary

windings. The winding in which in which energy is delivered is known as the primary winding while the winding to which energy is received is known as the secondary winding. It is shown below.

AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER

A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction between two or more inductively coupled coil .It consists of primary and secondary windings. When the primary winding is energized by sinusoidal voltage, an alternating current flows in the primary winding. The alternating current so produced in the primary winding set up an alternating magnetic flux in the core .The alternating

flux link up the secondary winding thereby inducing e.m.f in the secondary winding. The type of transformer used in this project is a step-down transformer, which steps the voltage from 220v to 12v.

RESISTOR
A resistor is an electric component that opposes and impedes the flow of electric current .It is fabricated from a substance that is a poor conductor of electricity, such as carbon or nichromes wires and serves to oppose the flow of electric current in a circuit The type of resistor used in this project is a carbon resistor because of its ability to withstand high energy pulses i.e. when current flows through the resistor, the entire carbon composition body conducts. Resistors also serve the purpose of producing voltage drop and dissipating heat in circuit. A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistors terminal. This relationship is represented by ohms law, i.e. I=V/R Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms .It symbol is shown below.

SYMBOL OF A RESISTOR

TABLE SHOWING COLOUR CODE OF RESISTORS

COLOUR BLACK BROWN RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE VIOLET GREY WHITE GOLD SILVER CODE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5% 10%

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

A light dependent resistor also known as photoresistor or photocell is a variable resistor whose value of resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity, i.e. it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor is made up of high resistance semi conductor, if light falling on the device is of high frequency, photons absorbed by the semi conductor gives

bund electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering the resistance. The symbol is shown below.

SYMBOL OF LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR The variation of the resistance of a LDR with the intensity of the light falling o it is illustrated in the graph below

High RESISTANCE

LIGHT

GRAPH SHOWING VARIATION OF RESISTANCE OF LDR WITH LIGHT

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

An integrated circuit or monolithic is a set of electronic circuit on one plate or chips of semi conductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent components. Integrated circuit are used in virtually all electronics equipment today and have revolutionized the world electronics. All integrated circuit is capable of producing accurate time base, it can be made to produce one shot (monostable) or free running (astable).the configuration employed in this project is the monostable. The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in 1971 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to its ease of use, low price, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year. The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips (now NXP). Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8). Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive).

The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 C to +70 C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, 55 C to +125 C. These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5 k resistors used within, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary. Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS TLC555. The 7555 is designed to cause less supply noise than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply. Those parts should generally be included, however, because noise produced by the timer or variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a circuit or influence its threshold voltages. All IC rely upon an external capacitor to determine the OFF and ON time interval of the output pulses. Those times are clearly defined and can be calculated given the value of resistance and capacitance. It symbol is shown below.

Graphical Symbol Of 555 Timer

CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a device capable of storing electrical energy. In general, a capacitor consists of two metal plates insulated from each other by a dielectric. The capacitance of a capacitor depends primarily upon the size, shape and relative permittivity of the medium between the plates. Also, they are used to store energy, passes high frequencies and reject low frequencies, produce an a.c voltage drop and to introduce a time delay or phase difference. It takes a finite period of time for a capacitor charge or discharge through a resistor. Assume that the capacitor is initially discharged. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to charge through the resistor. The voltage across the capacitor rises from zero up to the value of the applied voltage .The type of capacitor used in this project is the electrolytic capacitor and it is used as a filter in the circuit. It symbol is shown below.

SYMBOL OF A CAPACITOR

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

This is a semi conductor light source which are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general lighting. It is a forward biased PN junction which emits visible light when energized. The forward voltage across a LED is considerably greater than silicon PN junction diode. The LED

emits light in response to a sufficient forward current. The amount of power output translated into light is directly proportional to the forward current. LED is used for different applications. Before it can be used for a particular application, one or more of the following points have to be considered; wavelength of light emitted, input power required, efficiency, mounting arrangement, light intensity and brightness. It is used as power indicator in this project to show the presence of light in the circuit. It symbol is shown below.

A SYMBOL OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

TRANSISTOR
This is an active semi conductor with three terminals which may be used as an amplifier, detector or a switch. There are basically two types of a transistor, which are the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the field effect transistor (FET). The BJT is used in this project and it is shown below.

SYMBOL OF A BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

The terminals labeled B,C and E indicates the base, collector and the emitter respectively. There are two types of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) arrangement and doping of their semi conductor materials. These are the NPN and the PNP type.

DIODE
In electronics, a diode is a two terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. The most common function of a diode is to allow electric current to flow in one direction (called diodes forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (reverse direction). Thus a diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification and is used to convert alternating current to direct current. It symbol is shown below

Symbol Of A Diode

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays uses an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanisms mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control

a circuit by low a power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuit), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron York which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature and one or more sets of contacts. When an electric current is passed through the coil, it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature and consequent movement of the movable contacts either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. The symbol is shown below

Symbol Of A Relay

HEATING ELEMENT (RHEOSTAT)

Heating elements are resistive conductors mostly made from nickel, an alloy of iron whose working temperature is around 9500 c and can withstand high temperature for a long period.
Below are some of the requirements for a good heating element 1) It must be ductile 2) It must have mechanical strength 3) High specific resistance 4) High oxidizing temperature 5) Low temperature

It symbol is shown below

Symbol Of A Heating Element

SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS
ITEM A 1 2 3 B 1 2 3 4 C 1 2 3 D 1 2 3 4 5 E 1 2 DESCRIPTION POWER SUPPLLY TRANSFORMER DIODES CAPACITOR SENSOR STAGE LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR VARIABLE RESISTORS TRANSISTOR FIXED RESISTOR TIMER STAGE RESISTOR CAPACITOR 555 TIMER (I.C) SWITCHING STAGE RESISTOR LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) TRANSITOR DIODE RELAY MOTOR & ATING ELEMENT STAGE FAN HEATING ELEMENT QUANTITY 1 4 1 1 1 2 5 RATING 220/12 IN4001 4700f

100k BC 108 4.7K, IK, 2.2K 470K 100f, 0.1f

2.7K,

1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1

10K, 1K, 33K BC 109 1N4001 12V

1 1

220V 40W

COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION

WORKING
This type of infrared proximity circuit is widely used as an electric switch where physical contact is not desired for hygiene purpose. For example, we commonly see use of infrared proximity sensors on public drinking fountains and in public washrooms. The simple circuit presented here can be operated by moving your hand in front of it. This is achieved by detecting the infrared light reflected by your hand onto a receiver device. Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the touch-free timer switch. It has two sections: transmitter and receiver. The IR transmitter is built around timer LMC555 (IC1),

Circuit of touch - free timer switch

which is wired as an astable multivibrator. The multivibrator produces 38kHz pulses (at low duty cycle) that drive an infrared LED (LED1). This frequency can be tuned using a 10-kilo-ohm preset (VR1). A 220-ohm series resistor (R3) ensures that the current consumption of the IR transmitter is not out of arrangement.

The receiver section is built around IR receiver module TSOP1738 (IRX1), timer LMC555 (IC2) and a few discrete components. The TSOP1738 is an integrated miniaturised receiver for infrared remote control systems. Everything required for IR signal processing, including the PIN diode and preamplifier, are assembled on a lead frame and the epoxy package is designed as an IR filter.

When a short IR burst is received by IRX1 (as you wave your hand in front of the switch), the demodulated pulses are fed to the trigger input (pin 2) of the second LMC555 (IC2). This, in turn, triggers the monostable wired around IC2 and its output pin 3 goes high for a period determined by the 2.2-mega-ohm potentiometer and capacitor C5. This turns off the standby indicator (LED1) and transistor T1 conducts to drive the 5V relay (RL1). LED1 enables you to locate the switch in the dark. AC mains supply to the load to be switched-on is routed through the pole and normally-opened contacts of RL1 as shown in the diagram. The circuit works off regulated 5V DC.

Pin configuration of TSoP1738, IR LED and BC 547

Fig. 2 shows the pin configurations of TSOP1738, IR LED1 and transistor BC547. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a small plastic cabinet. Fit IR LED1 with a reflecting hood at a recessed position on the front panel of the enclosure. The dome-shaped face of the TSOP1738 should stick out

from the front panel. Fit the time-control potentiometer (VR2) in an appropriate position. Finally, fit the standby indicator LED1 inside a suitable LED holder such that it slightly protrudes from the front panel. To prevent unwanted reflection of the IR beam, the finished unit should be mounted such that it does not face a nearby wall.

Using high-precision linear potentiometer VR2 and capacitor C5 (100F), the time length can be set from nearly 1 second to 120 seconds. Attach a small paper dial on the front panel of the enclosure and mark various positions of the control knob of VR2 as shown in Fig. 3. The accuracy of the timer depends mainly upon the quality (and value) of timing capacitor C5. In practice, most electrolytic capacitors are rated on the basis of minimum guaranteed value and the real value may be higher.

Basic of the IC 555 as a monostable timer.

The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics Corporation as the SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the very first and only commercial timer ic available. It provided circuit designers and hobby tinkerers with a relatively cheap, stable, and user-friendly integrated circuit for both monostable and astable applications. Since this device was first made commercially available, a myrad of novel and unique circuits have been developed and presented in several trade, professional, and hobby publications. The past ten years some manufacturers stopped making these timers because of competition or other reasons. Yet other companies, like NTE (a subdivision of Philips) picked up where some left off.

ADVANTAGES OF THIS PROJECT

Low cost

Easy to use Implement in single door

FUTURE EXPANSION
By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications such as fans, tube lights, etc. By modifying this circuit and using two relays we can achieve a task of opening and closing the door.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference Books
Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY

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