International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol.3 No.1 February 2013, pp.

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Simulation Analysis of a Power System Protection using Artificial Neural Network

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Aejaz Ahmed K.R1, Mohd. Z. A. Ansari1, Mohamed Jalaluddin2

Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagaram, India Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vidyavarthaka Institute of Technology, Mysore, India

Article Info Article history: Received Dec 8, 2012 Revised Jan 14, 2013 Accepted Jan 21, 2013 Keyword: ANN-basedrelay Backpropagation Distance protection relaying Fault location. Power system protection

ABSTRACT
There has been significant development in the area of neural network based power system protection in the previous decade. Neural network technology has been applied for various protective relaying functions including distance protection. The aim of this Paper is to develop a software module acting as a protective relay using neural network techniques. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) software developed module employs the back-propagation method to recognize the waveform patterns of impedance in a transmission line. The input waveforms are generated using PSCAD. The generated waveforms then are used as training and testing data for the ANN software. The ANN software is simulated using the Neural Network Toolbox. The design has been tested for different fault conditions including different fault resistances and fault inception angles. The test results show that the relay is able to detect faults in lesser time as compared to conventional relay algorithms.

Copyright 2013 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

Corresponding Author: Aejaz Ahmed K R, Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ghousia College of Engineering, Vesvesuriya Technological University, B_M Road Ramanagaram. Email: aejaz19@rediffmail.com

INTRODUCTION Protective relaying of power systems is aimed to safeguard the expensive equipment and also to maintain system integrity that is necessary for continuous and economical supply of electric power to customers [l]. The last decade has seen a significant amount of development of relays from electromechanical and solid state to numerical relays.The technologies used for relay manufacturing have also evolved in the past century. These are related to the implementation of distance relay characteristics. These factors significantly affect the results obtained from a relay. There are essentially four types of numerical relaying algorithms which are used for various protective relaying functions such as measuring phasors, impedance, power flows, frequency, estimate distance of faults etc. These algorithms can be classified as: i. Non- Recursive Phasor Algorithms such as Discrete Fourier transform [2] and Walsh functions. ii. Recursive Phasor Algorithms such as Kalman Filtering [3] and recursive least squares techniques [4]. iii. Modeling Algorithms which model transformer and transmission line in terms of impedance. iv. Other alternative algorithms such as pattern recognition and neural networks.

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2. RESEARCH R H METHOD ANN-BASED REL LAYRelay mo odel shown in Fig.1 is based d on a distance relay with tw woidenticalthr ree-phase power r sources at bo oth ends. The length of the transmission line (TL) is 10 00 km.

n line model Figure1.Transmission The relay is intended to t protect the protection zo one along the e 100 km line e. The ANN relay was ed to see fault ts from one si ide A only, th hat is the impedance measu ured is the on ne facing the relay. r The traine relay on the other side s B can use e similar relay y. The transmission line (Fig g. 1) is model led using PSC CAD to get the da ata for network k training and d testing. The PSCAD mode el used to sim mulate faults is given in Fig 2. 2

Figu ure 2. PSCAD transmission line model including faults s The relay is modeled by airs of TLs. In y two three-phase power so ources connec cted by two pa n between med fault is incepted using g faults and timed t fault lo ogic module. The faults module m can the TL pairs, a tim generate all types of o faults and vary v the fault impedance. The faults mo odule has 4 va ariables phase e A, phase B, pha ase C, and gro ound which ca an be toggled to yes or no o to make fau ult and no faul lt condition. The consideration taken n in using AN NN relay to de etect faults is what measur rable paramete ers can be taken as ANN inpu uts. Using voltage and current in the AN NN relay requ uires at least 6 input neuro ons.. If 10 data window w is use ed then there are a 60 inputs required by ANN A relay. Th he size of input layer affects the size of hid dden layer nee eded to map th he inputs to output thus aff fects the size of o network an nd the comput ting power neede ed. There is a tradeoff betw ween the nois se resistance and a the netwo ork size.The d distance protection uses ge and current t variables to calculate c the impedance i of the line.Look king from the r relay A during g a fault is voltag like a Thvenin cir rcuit with ZFA enin impedanc ce. When a fa ault occurs, th he Thvenin impedance A as the Thve will decrease. d The e magnitude of o impedance e varies as the e location of the fault chan nges. Using impedance instea ad of currents and voltages will halve the e ANN relay inputs i input neurons n from 6 to 3 for imp pedance in each phase. p The ANN relay inputs can c be further r reduced to 1/ /3 by using po ositive sequen nce impedance e (Z1). For every type of fault, , there is a me easurable Z1. Thus, T Z1 can be b used to det tect fault in th he TL for all fault fa types. The in nputs to the ANN A relay are further reduce ed from 3 to 1. 1 Now Z1 is related to V1 a and I1using (1) ). Simulation Analysis A of a Power P System Protection Using U Artificial l Nural Netwo ork (Aejaz Ahm med K R )

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|V | Z1 1 (1) | I1 |

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The rm ms voltage an nd current is de efined as (2) and a (3)

V1rms

1 a T 2 V1 (t) dt a T 1 a T 2 I1 (t) dt a T

(2)

I1rms

(3)

The rms value v of the po ositive sequen nce impedance along with the t model sho own in Figure e 3 is used to obt tain to the prev viously shown n PSCAD model (Figure 2.). The ANN N used rms positive p seque ence impedan nce waveform m to detect fa aults. This is a pattern recogn nition problem m which maps s rms positive sequence imp pedance to trip p/no-trip decis sion

Figure 3.Positive seq quence voltage e, current and d impedance A. Fault Data Simu ulated The distan nce relay mod del was simul lated to gener rate different fault types, d different fault inception angles s and differen nt fault locations. B. AN NN Relay Mod del Netw work Input Lay yer As mentio oned in (6) the e rms value of f Z1, from now w on referred as Z, will be the input for the neural netwo ork. A data wi indow of 20 sa amples will be e the network input. The voltag ge and current t are sampled by frequency y 20 samples per p cycle as m mention in Figu ure 4. The data window w consi ists of 20 sam mples or 1 wav veform. Howe ever, it should d be noted tha at after getting the Vrms and Irms the frequen ncies are doub bled which dou uble the frequ uency of Z wav veform as wel ll. r The input layer of the ANN A relay is fed f from the 20-sample 2 dat ta window, wh hich forms a 2 cycles Z wavef form pattern. PSCAD Simu ulation The fault types t were sim mulated by ch hanging the fa ault type param meter in the F Faults module. . The fault incept tion angle wa as varied by varying v the tim me to apply fault f paramete er in the Time ed Fault Logi ic module. C. E Vol.3, No.1 1, February 20 013 : 78 82 IJECE

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The fault location was varied by changing the length parameter of the transmission line. Each time a TL parameter is changed, the TL constants have to be solved and the TL batch has to be saved. In simulating various fault locations, TL batches with length parameter of 1, 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 99 km were saved with different TL names. To simulate a fault located at 20 km, TL batches with length parameter of 20 and 80 were loaded into the circuit configuration. The result of each simulation was saved in a file with distinctive name reflecting its fault case. When a fault case is simulated, the waveform saved includes its transient state. To remove the transient state, the simulation was run from a snapshot file. After all the fault cases were collected, data was extracted and organized for training using MATLAB.

Data Window

Input Layer Hidden Layer

20 nodes

Output Layer

1 node

Figure 4.Input data windowing

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RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Discussion from analyzed the waveform pattern for each fault case and the data set for training and testing was chosen. The process continued by training varying network sizes and minimum cost function (mean squared error or MSE) values. The network was then tested using the training and testing data set to see the performance of the network. Upon unsatisfactory performance, the training process was repeated with different network size or different MSE.

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60

Impedance ()

50

BG CG AG

40

30

20

BC A B ABG ACG BCG AB ABCG

10

10

15 Time (ms)

20

25

Figure 5. Waveforms of various fault types

Simulation Analysis of a Power System Protection Using Artificial Nural Network (Aejaz Ahmed K R )

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A summary of network simulation carried out for different network size and hidden layers with given MSE is shownin Table 1. Table 1. Network Simulation Summary
Epochs Network Size [20 20 10 1] [20 20 10 1] [20 155 1] [20 155 1] [20 15 1] [20 5 1] Final MSE 0.07 0.007 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.07 401 1000 15 169 39 200 29 126 2 17 4 8 N/A 26 53 6 15 437 N /A 0.1 0.2 0.02 0.1 9.2 N/A 30 46 22 20 1659 N/A 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 9.4 Time (min) Using trained data Set (26,620) No % error Testing Error Using untrained data Set (17,600) No % error

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CONCLUSION This paper has described an ANN scheme that works as a protection relay of transmission lines to implement this scheme a sample transmission line has been modeled along with the positive sequence voltage, current and impedance measure &model and ANN relay model using PSCAD. Simulation investigation were been carried out using ANN software & Neural Network toolbox. The simulation model design has been tested for various fault condition with different fault resistance and fault inception angle. Based on the simulation results obtained it is observed that, by using the proposed methodology it is capable of detecting fault in lesser time as compared to conventional relay algorithms. This immunity to the network changes would make it possible to extend the first zone reach of the transmission line thereby improving the security of the system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors of would like to thank the authorities of Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagaram, for all the cooperation and encouragement.

REFERENCES
[1] S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, Great Britain:Research Studies Press LTD. [2] A.G. Phadke "Synchronized Phasor Measurements in Power Systems"IEEE Computer Applications in Power,Vol. 6, No.2, 1993,(pp 10-15). [3] M. S. Sachdev, H. C. Wood and N.G. Johnson "Kalman Filtering Applied to Power System Measurements forRelaying" (IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-I04, Dec.1985,( pp. 3565- 3573). [4] M. Nagpal, M.S.Sachdev "A Recursive Least Error Squares Algorithm for Power System Relaying andMeasurement Applications" (IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No.3July 1991). [5] Sarma, M. & Glover, J.D. 1994, Power System Analysisand Design,PWS Publishing Company, Boston. Ch. 9. [6] Wright, A. &Christopoulos, C. 1993, Electrical Power System Protection, Chapman & Hall, London. Ch.4, 5, 11. [7] Blackburn, J.L. 1993, Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering, Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. [8] Horowitz, S.H. &Phadke, A.G. 1995, Power SystemRelaying, 2nd edn. Research Studies Press LTD., Taunton.p. 1, ch. 2. ch. 5.4.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Aejaz Ahmed K R was born in Nallure, Karnataka, India. He received the BE in Electrical and Electronics and M.Tech in Power System Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological Universityof Belgaum,India.He is a Lecturer at Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagaram, India. His current research interests include: High Voltage Engineering, reliability testing and assessment,AI and ANN in power Systems.

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Dr.M.Z.Ansari was born in Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. He received the M.Tech in Power System Engineering from Mysore University, Mysore, India and PhD degrees from JwaharLalNehruTechnological University Hydrabad, India. He is a Professor and Head at Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering EngineeringGhousia College of Engineering, Ramanagaram, India His current research interests include: High Voltage Engineering, Power System reliability testing and assessment,Power System simulation and Power management.

Mohd. Jalaluddin was born in KarurTamilNadu,India. He received the M.Tech in Power System Engineering from Mysore University, Mysore, India andparssuing his PhD degrees from Visvesvaraya Technological Universityof Belgaum, India. He is a Assc. Professor at Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering EngineeringVidyavarthaka Institute of Technology Mysore, India His current research interests include: AI and ANN in Power System Fact Controller. Power System reliability,Power System simulation.

Simulation Analysis of a Power System Protection Using Artificial Nural Network (Aejaz Ahmed K R )