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r r r r r r r r ∂ r r ∂ r r
∇ × B(r,t) = µ0 ∇ × H(r ,t) = µ 0 J(r,t) + P(r ,t ) + ε0 µ0 E(r,t ) [I-1b]
∂t ∂t
[ ]
r r r 1 r r r r
∇ ⋅ E(r,t ) = ρ(r,t ) − ∇ ⋅ P(r,t ) [I-1c]
ε0
r rr r r r
∇ ⋅ B(r,t ) = µ0 ∇ ⋅ H(r ,t) = 0 [I-1d]
The most general phenomenological tensorial representation of the linear dielectric response
of a given material which incorporates dissipative and anisotropic effects may be
written in the time domain as
t
∑ ∫ dt′ χ
r r r
Pα (r, t ) = ε 0 αβ ( r, t − t ′) Eβ (r, t ′) [I-2a]
β −∞
∑χ
r r r
Pα ( r, ω ) = ε 0 αβ (r, ω ) Eβ (r , ω) [I-2b]
β
where
t ∞
∫ ∫
r r r
χα β ( r, ω ) = dt ′ χα β ( r, t −t ′) exp[ j ω (t − t ′ ) ] = dτ χα β ( r, τ ) exp[ j ω τ ] [I-3]
−∞ 0
PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL' S EQUATIONS PAGE 2
of the form
[ ]
r r r r r r
( )
E( r, ω ) = E(ω ) exp − j r ⋅ k = E(ω ) exp − j ( x k x + y ky + zk z ) [I-5]
∂ r r r r r r r r
∂x
E( r, ω ) = E(ω )
∂
∂x
( ) (
exp − j r ⋅ k = E(ω ) [− j kx ] exp − j r ⋅ k ) [I-6a]
∂ r r r r r r r r
∂y
E( r, ω ) = E(ω )
∂
∂y
( ) [ ] (
exp −j r ⋅ k = E(ω ) − j ky exp − j r ⋅ k ) [I-6b]
∂ r r r r r r r r
∂z
E( r, ω ) = E(ω )
∂
∂z
( ) ( )
exp − j r ⋅ k = E(ω ) [ −j k z ] exp −j r ⋅ k . [I-6c]
Therefore
r r r r r r r r r r
( )
∇ ⋅ E( r, ω ) = ∇ ⋅ E( ω ) exp −j r ⋅ k = − j k ⋅ E( r, ω ) [I-7a]
r r r r r r r r r r
( )
∇ × E( r , ω) = ∇ × E(ω ) exp −j r ⋅ k = −j k × E( r , ω) [I-7b]
r r r r r r r
[ ]
k × k × E( r , ω) = ω µ0 k × H( r, ω ) [I-9a]
and using the "bac-cab" rule1 and Equation [I-8b] this becomes
r r r r r r r r r r
[ ] [ ]
k k ⋅ E( r, ω ) − k ⋅ k E(r , ω ) = −ω 2 µ0 ε (ω ) E(r, ω ) [I-9b]
or finally
r r r r r r
[ ]
k ⋅ k E(r ,ω ) = ω 2 µ 0 ε(ω ) E(r, ω ) ⇒ k2 = ω 2 µ0 ε (ω ) [I-9c]
Thus, the complete expression for an electromagnetic plane wave propagating in a direction
kˆ is
[ ( )]
r r r r r
E( r, t ) = E(ω ) exp − j r ⋅ k − ω t [I-12a]
r r r r
[
H (r, t ) = [η(ω )] kˆ × E( r, ω)
−1
] [I-12b]
r r r r r r r r r
1 That is ( )
a × b × c = b( a ⋅ c) − c a ⋅ b . ( )
R. Victor Jones, October 23, 2002
PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL' S EQUATIONS PAGE 5
r r r rr r ∂ r r r
∫ H(r, t ) ⋅ d l = ∫∫ J(r, t ) ⋅ d A +
∂t ∫∫ D(r , t) ⋅ d A [II-1b]
Applying these equations to the small thought loop that spans the interfacial surface, as
illustrated below
"Thought"
loop
r ∆l
Medium 1 −τ
[ε 1 , σ 1 , µ1 ] Interface
r
τ Medium 2
∆L [ε 2 , σ 2 , µ 2 ]
rr
unless B(r, t ) is pathologically large over the loop. Similarly, it is seen that Equation
[II-1b] yields
r r r r r r r
{ }
r
∫ H(r, t ) ⋅ d l ⇒ H2 (r , t ) − H1(r, t) ⋅ τ ∆L ⇒ 0 [II-3]
rr r r
unless J( r, t ) and/or D(r, t) are pathologically large over the loop.
2 Note: In this figure we have taken the plane of reflection to be identical to the plane of incidence. While
assumed here for simplicity, this important identity is establish in the analysis below.
R. Victor Jones, October 23, 2002
PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL' S EQUATIONS PAGE 7
3 A note on notation: The subscripts ⊥ and || refer to the polariztion of the electric field taken with respect to the
plane of incidence. The ⊥ field components are also called transverse electric or TE components and the ||
field components are called transverse magnetic or TM components.
R. Victor Jones, October 23, 2002
PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL' S EQUATIONS PAGE 8
r
{ ˆ ˆ ˆ tran
ˆ }
⊥ y −η 2 [ −cosθ tran x + sinθ tran z] × [ H || y] exp[− j k2 ( −x cosθtran + zsinθ tran )]
E tran = E tran
r [III-3b]
{ ˆ ˆ ˆ tran
ˆ }
|| y + η2 [ −cosθ tran x + sinθ tran z ] × [E ⊥ y] exp[ −j k2 ( −x cosθ tran + z sinθtran ) ]
H tran = Htran −1
Applying, in particular, the continuity conditions discussed in the previous section -- viz.
r r r r
[ ] [ ] [ ]
E⊥1 tang = E2⊥ tang and H1⊥ tang = H⊥2 tang [ ] [III-5]
⊥ + E⊥ = E⊥
E inc ref tran
[III-6]
η1−1 cosθinc [E inc
⊥ − E ⊥ ] = η2 cosθtran [E ⊥ ]
ref −1 tran
and that
H||inc + H ref
|| = H||tran
[III-7]
η1 cosθ inc [Hinc
|| − H|| ] = η2 cosθtran [ H || ]
ref tran
E ref cosθ inc sinθtran − cosθ tran sinθ inc sin (θtran − θinc )
inc = =
⊥
[III-8b]
E⊥ cosθ inc sinθ tran + cosθ tran sinθ inc sin(θ tran +θ inc )
and
H||ref cosθ inc sinθinc − cosθ tran sinθ tran tan( θ inc −θ tran )
= = [III-9b]
H||inc cosθ inc sinθ inc + cosθ tran sinθtran tan( θinc +θ tran )
These equations taken together with first equations from Equations [III-6] and [III-7] yield
the Fresnel Transmission Equations -- i.e.
tan(θinc + θtran )⇒ ∞
Brewster Brewster
[III-12a]
θ tran = π 2 −θ inc
Brewster Brewster
or [III-12b]
= η1 η 2 = n2 n1 = ε 2 ε1 .
Brewster
tanθ inc [III-12c]
} [ ]
r
{ ⊥ y + (η 2 H|| )[cosθtran z + sinθ tran x] exp j x
E tran = E tran ˆ tran
ˆ ˆ k22 − k12 sin 2 θ inc exp[ −j z k1 sinθ inc ] [III-13]
r
When sinθinc > k2 k1 = n2 n1 ≡ sinθ inc
crit
, E tran , the solution in medium 2, is
attenuated!
incident
beam
attenuated
field
Reconsideration of Equation [III-8a] and [III-9a] shows that the magnitude of the
reflection coefficients are one when sinθinc > sinθinc
crit
-- viz.
E ref
cosθ − j sin 2 θ − (k k ) 2 sin 2 θ − (k k )2
−1
inc = = exp− j 2 tan
⊥ inc inc 2 1 inc 2 1
[III-14a]
cosθ inc + j sin 2 θ inc − (k 2 k1 )
2
E⊥ cosθ
inc
and
H||ref cosθ inc − j ( k1 k2 ) sin2 θinc − 1 (k k ) 2 sin 2 θ − 1
2
= = exp− j 2 tan 1 2
−1 inc
. [III-14b]
H||inc cosθ inc + j ( k1 k2 ) sin θinc − 1
2 2 cosθ inc
Z ( z,ω ) − Z c( ω )
ΓV ( z,ω ) = [IV-2]
Z ( z,ω ) + Z c (ω )
yields an equation for the electric field strength reflection coefficient at the interfacial plane
for TE waves
η tran
⊥ −η⊥ η2 cosθtran − η1 cosθinc
inc
Similarly, a re-interpretation the equally famous transmission line equation for the current
reflection coefficient
Y( z,ω) − Yc (ω )
ΓI (z,ω ) = [IV-4]
Y( z,ω ) + Yc (ω )
yields an equation for the magnetic field strength reflection coeficient at the interfacial plane
for TM waves
Combining Equations [III-1c] and [III-2c], the electric field strength of the TE wave in the
region between the plates may be written
r
E ⊥ = yˆ [E inc
⊥ exp( j x k1 cosθinc ) + E ⊥ exp (− j x k1 cosθinc )] exp (− j z k1 sinθ inc )
ref
[V-1]
At x = 0 the field parallel to the surface of a perfect conductor must be zero so that
E ⊥ref = −E inc
⊥ and, therefore,
r
⊥ [ exp( j x k1 cosθ inc ) − exp(− j x k1 cosθ inc )] exp (− j z k1 sinθinc )
E ⊥ = yˆ E inc
[V-2]
⊥ sin( x k1 cosθ inc ) exp( − j z β )
= yˆ 2 j E inc
where β = k1 sinθinc . At the upper surface -- i.e. x = d -- the field parallel to the surface of
a perfect conductor must also be zero so that
and, therefore,
R. Victor Jones, October 23, 2002
PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL' S EQUATIONS PAGE 15
βTE n = k1 sinθ inc = k12 − k12 cos 2 θ inc = k12 − ( n π d ) where n =1, 2,3, K
2
[V-4]
= (n π d) ( µ 0 ε1 )
−1
ω cutoff
n where n = 1, 2, 3,K [V-5]
Again combining Equations [III-1c] and [III-2c], the electric field strength of the TM wave
in the region between the plates may be written
r
E|| = zˆ (η1 cosθ inc ) {H||inc exp( j x k1 cosθ inc ) − H||ref exp( − j x k1 cosθ inc )} exp( − j z k1 sinθinc )
[V-6]
+ xˆ ( η1 sinθ inc ) {H inc
|| exp ( j x k1 cosθinc ) + H||
ref
exp(− j x k1 cosθ inc )} exp( −j z k1 sinθ inc )
At x = 0 the field parallel to the surface of a perfect conductor must be zero so that
H||ref = H inc
|| and, therefore,
r
E|| = zˆ 2 j H ||inc (η1 cosθinc ) sin( x k1 cosθinc ) exp( − j z β )
[V-5]
|| (η1 sinθ inc ) cos( x k1 cosθ inc) exp( −j z β )
+ xˆ 2 Hinc
where β = k1 sinθinc . At the upper surface -- i.e. x = d -- again the field parallel to the
surface of a perfect conductor must also be zero so that
and, therefore,
βTM n = k1 sinθ inc = k12 − k12 cos 2 θ inc = k12 − ( n π d ) where n = 0,1,2,3, K
2
[V-8]
Note that the TM 0 mode is a bona fide mode of propagation which does not
have a "cutoff" frequency!
R. Victor Jones, October 23, 2002
PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL' S EQUATIONS PAGE 17
In its full generality this is moderately complicated problem, but a rather simple ray optics
model of the propagation is sufficient to yield dispersion relationships for the various
possible modes of propagation. To obtain such relationships, consider the total internal
reflection of a sequence of plane waves as illustrated below.
θ inc
^
k
^
x d
^
z
In order for the multiple reflected wave to be self-consistence the following, relatively
obvious, phase condition must hold:4
where ∆φx =d and ∆φx =0 are, respectively, the phase shifts associated with the reflections at
the upper and lower dielectric boundaries.
For TE-modes of propagation Equation [III-14a] gives the phase shift at the boundary
(called in the trade the TE Goos-Hänchen shift) and Equation [VI-1] becomes
parameters. The intersections of such curves yield the allowed bounce angles as illustrated
below
4 This equation is a direct generalization of Equations [V-3] and [V-7] which figure in our analysis of parallel
plane waveguides.
R. Victor Jones, October 23, 2002
PLANE WAVE SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL' S EQUATIONS PAGE 19
LHS and RHS of Equation [VI-3] LHS and RHS of Equation [VI-3]
for n1 (d λ 0 ) = 0.5 and cosθinc = 0.5 for n1 (d λ 0 ) = 1.0 and cosθinc = 0.5
crit crit
LHS and RHS of Equation [VI-3] LHS and RHS of Equation [VI-3]
for n1 (d λ 0 ) = 1.5 and cosθinc = 0.5 for n1 (d λ 0 ) = 2.0 and cosθinc = 0.5
crit crit