Electromagnetic Properties

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER
I. DYNAMICS OF BOUND CHARGES - MODELING DIELECTRIC B EHAVIOR :

Consider the electrically induced distortion or polarization of some typical neutral and isolated "molecular" configuration1-- viz.
Applied electric field
+ -
Ez
EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATION
z DISTORTED CONFIGURATION
For small distortions2, the motion of the effective charge displacement -- i.e. the displacement of the respective centers of mass of the positive and negative charges -- may be described in terms of the equation of a driven, damped harmonic oscillator -- viz. = keff z + qeff Ez (t ) deff z meff z [I-1]
where meff is the effective mass of the effective charge qeff , k eff .is the effective restoring force, and deff .is the effective damping constant. If then Ez (t ) = R e Ez ( ) exp( j t )
} ]
[I-2a] [I-2b]
2 + res + j damp z( ) = qeff meff Ez ( )
1 2
It might be a make-believe carbon atom or a tungsten hexafluoride molecule. That is, when the applied field is small compared to the internal or bonding field.

2 where res = keff m eff and 1 damp = deff m eff . Thus, the frequency dependent molecular
PAGE 2
polarizability is given by ( ) = induced electric dipole moment at p( ) = effective applied electric field at Ez ( ) qeff z ( ) = q2 eff meff Ez ( )
] [
2 + res + j damp ]
[I-3]
= ( ) j ( ) where and
2 ( ) = qeff meff
] [ ][
2 2 + res ] ( 2 + res ) + ( damp ) 2
2 1
[I-4a] [I-4b]
2 ( ) = qeff meff damp
] [(
2 + res ) + ( damp ) 2
2 1
( ) q2 eff keff
(for resdamp = 1, 2,and 10)
vs. log10 [ res ]
2 ( ) qeff keff
(for resdamp = 1, 2,and 10)

R. Victor Jones, October 23, 2002
vs. log10 [ res ]
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER Here these expressions are written in dimensionless form -- viz.
2 2 2 ( ) = qeff keff [1 2 res ] (1 2 res ) + ( res ) ( res damp ) 2 2
PAGE 3
2 1
[I-5a]
2 1
2 and ( ) = qeff keff
][
res ) ( res damp )
] [(1
2 res ) + ( res ) ( res damp ) 2 2
[I-5b]
To complete the dynamic model, it is clear that the relative charge motion within each (t ) or p (t ) to the total current flow.3 The polarizable "molecule" makes a contribution qeff z aggregated current flow associated with the induced polarization of many molecules leads to a current density
[J
bound (t )]z = Ni qi z i ( t) = Ni pi (t )
i i
[J
bound
( )]z = j Ni qi z i ( ) = j
i
N
i
pi ( )
[I-6] where pi (t ) is the induced dipole moment of the ith type of "molecule" and Ni is number of such molecules per unit volume. More generally, we may write the current density associated with a polarization density as r r r r r r r r J bound (r, t ) = P (r, t ) J bound( r, ) = j P( r, ) t [I-7]
In applying our model of polarizability, we have for simplicity neglected "internal field effects" -- i.e. changes in the applied field due dipole-dipole interactions. When included, one obtains the Clausius-Mossotti relationship - viz.
N = 3 0 ( + 3 0 )
where
is the macroscopic dielectric susceptibility.

PAGE 4
II.
DYNAMICS OF UNBOUND CHARGES - MODELING CONDUCTIVE B EHAVIOR :

Consider the motion induced in a swarm of charged particles by an applied electric field.
-
+ +
-
+ +
-
+
Ez
+
-
+
-
EQUILIBRIUM MOTION
INDUCED "DRIFT" MOTION
For the drift velocity associated with some mean, effective charge carrier the following equation of motion seems plausible:4 z (t ) = qeff Ez ( t) deff vz ( t) meff v If then Ez (t ) = R e Ez ( ) exp( j t ) [II-1] [II-2a] [II-2b]
[ j + 1 coll] vz ( ) = [qeff
meff Ez ( )
where 1 coll = deff m eff . Thus, the frequency dependent conductivity is given by ( ) induced current density at = ( ) j ( ) applied electric field at [II-3]
2 Neff qeff vz ( ) Neff qeff coll 1 = = [1 + j coll ] Ez ( ) meff
Again for simplicity, the restoring force(s) associated with "plasma effects" is (are) not included in this expression.

2 Neff qeff coll 2 ( ) = 1 + ( coll ) meff
PAGE 5
where
[II-4a]
and
2 Neff qeff coll 2 ( ) = [ coll ] 1 + ( coll ) meff
[II-4b]
2 Neff qeff coll ( ) vs. log10 [ coll ] meff
Neff q2 eff coll ( ) vs. log10 [ coll ] m eff
PAGE 6
III.
MAGNETIC P ROPERTIES:
If there are microscopic current components such that the integral
r r r J dV
[III-1]
over some region of atomic dimensions does not vanish -- e.g.
-- these components may be represented as r r r r r J mag (r, t ) = M(r, t) r r where M (r, t )

1 2
[III-2]
r r r J dV is called the magnetization or magnetic moment
density. Thus, the macroscopic form of Ampre's law may be expressed in the form r r r r r r r r r r r r B(r, t) = 0 J(r, t) + 0 M( r, t) + 0 P (r, t ) + 0 0 E(r, t ) t t or r r r r r r r H( r, t ) = J(r , t) + D(r, t) t [III-3a]
[III-3b]
rr r r r r r r r r r r where B(r, t ) = 0 H(r , t ) + M(r, t ) and E( r, t ) = (1 0 ) D( r, t) P(r , t ) .
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER CLASSES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS :
PAGE 7
DIAMAGNETIC MATERIAL
PARAMAGNETIC MATERIAL
"S OFT" FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL
"H ARD" FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL

PAGE 8
"S QUARE-LOOP" FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL
IV.
DYNAMICS OF MAGNETOPLASMAS:
r Consider the motion induced in a swarm of charged particles in a static magnetic field, Bc , r by a time-varying applied electric field, E(t ) . For the drift velocity associated with some mean, effective charge carrier the following equation of motion seems plausible: r r r r r ( t) = q E(t ) d v meff v ( t ) + q v ( t ) B [IV-1] eff eff eff c If then
r r E(t ) = R e E( ) exp( j t)
}
r meff E( )
[IV-2a]
[ j + 1 coll] v( ) + c v( ) = [qeff
r r
[IV-2b]
r r wherec = qeff meff Bc and 1 coll = deff m eff . Resolving this vector equation into a set of
component equations, we see that
PAGE 9 m eff Ex ( ) m eff Ey ( )
[ j + 1 coll] vx ( ) c vy ( ) = [qeff [ j + 1 coll] vy( ) + c v x ( ) = [qeff [ j + 1 coll] vz ( ) = [qeff

Solving for v x( ) and v y( )
] ]
[IV-3a] [IV-3b] [IV-3c]
meff Ez ( )
{[ j + 1 {[ j + 1
coll
] ]
coll
} [ + } v ( ) = [ j + 1 ] [q
2 c y coll
+ c2 vx ( ) = [ j + 1 coll ] qeff meff Ex ( ) + c qeff meff Ey ( )

eff
] ]
] ]
[IV-4a] [IV-4b]
meff Ey ( ) c qeff meff Ex ( )
Thus, the relationship between current density and electric field -- i.e. Ohm's law -- is a linear tensor relationship -- viz. J x( ) xx( ) xy( ) 0 Ex( ) 0 Ey ( ) J y ( ) = yx ( ) yy( ) 0 zz ( ) Jz ( ) 0 Ez ( )
[IV-5]
and the components of the frequency dependent, tensor conductivity are given by xx ( ) = Neff q2 eff meff yy ( ) = Neff q2 eff meff
] [ j + 1 ] {[ j + 1 ]
coll coll
+ c2 + c2
2
} }
[IV-6a] [IV-6b] [IV-6c] [IV-6d]
] [ j + 1 ] {[ j + 1 ]
coll coll
2 xy ( ) = yx( ) = Neff qeff m eff [ c ]
{[ j + 1
coll
coll ]
+ c2
zz ( ) = N eff q2 eff meff
][ j + 1 ]

Electromagnetic Properties

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Electromagnetic Properties

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ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER

I. DYNAMICS OF BOUND CHARGES - MODELING DIELECTRIC B EHAVIOR :

Applied electric field

2 + res + j damp z( ) = qeff meff Ez ( )