Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Recycling of construction and demolition waste Status and new utilisation methods
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Anette Mller 20. CODATA October, 23-25, 2006; Beijing
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Topics

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Sustainable development in construction industry Classification and properties of recycled construction materials from CDW Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material Summary and prospects

3 4 5

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Sustainable development

Primary building materials

Sustainable development in construction industry

Construction Utilization Maintenance

Durability

Demolition

Recycling
Processing CDW is the umbrella term for very wide range of materials which are generated by all construction activities.
Secondary building materials
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Sustainable development

Amount of CDW per inhabitant in Europe European countries

Spec. amount of CDW [t/a*Capita] 2 1,6 1,2 0,8 0,4 0 0 100 200 300 400 Population density [Capita/km]

Others
2 1,6 1,2 0,8 USA 0,4 0 Japan Hong Kong
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30

333 6126

Pop. density [C/km]

Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Sustainable development

Composition of CDW in Europe

Concrete Asphalt Masonry CDW Mixed rubble 239 % 6...21 % 4292 % 211 %

Substitution of natural materials by recycled materials

NL ST* A D E B CH CZ 0 10 20 Substitution [%] 30 40
* South Tyrol

Ref.: F.I.R. Interforum 2005

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Topics

1 2

Sustainable development in construction industry Classification and properties of recycled construction materials from CDW Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material Summary and prospects

3 4 5

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Classification and properties

Features for classification Composition

Division in at least three main groups Concrete + mortar + natural aggregates All kinds of brick + ceramics Asphalt Division in at least two groups > 2,0 (OD) / 2,2 (SSD) kg/m > 1,5 (OD) / 1,8 (SSD) kg/m Division in at least two groups Material without contaminations Material with contaminations lower than certain, defined threshold values
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Bulk density (water absorption) Content of leachable substances

Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Classification and properties

German standard on recycled aggregates DIN 4226-100

Constituents [% by mass] DIN 4226-100: Recycled aggregates Type 1 Concrete chippings + crusher sand 90 10 Type 2 Construction chippings + c. sand 70 30 Type 3 Masonry chippings + c. sand 20 80 5 5 1 0.5 1800 1 1500 80 Type 4 Mixed chippings + c. sand

Concrete and natural aggregates Clinker, non-pored bricks Sand-lime bricks Other mineral materials (i.e. pored brick, lightweight concrete, no-fines concrete, plaster, mortar, porous slag, pumice stone) Asphalt Foreign substances (i.e. glass, non ferrous metal slag, lump gypsum, plastic, metal, wood, plant residue, paper, others) OD density/oven dry [kg/m]

2 1 0.2 2000

3 1 0.5 2000

20

Ref.: DIN 4226-100

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Classification and properties

Properties of real concrete CDW

Composition of processed concrete from one recycling plant
120
Concrete and mortar
Natural rock

100

Content [%]

80 60 40 20 0 1 3 5 7 Sample 9 11
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Mean: 95.1 % Variation coefficient: 3.1 %

Ref: SERGIO CIRELLI ANGULO 2005

Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Classification and properties

Bulk density of processed concrete from one recycling plant

Nat. aggregate Bulk density [g/cm]

Mean: 2.20 g/cm Variation coefficient: 4.4 %

Cement paste Sample

Ref: SERGIO CIRELLI ANGULO 2005

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Classification and properties

Composition of processed masonry from several recycling plants

120 100 Brick and ceramics

Content [%]

80 60 40 20 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Sample

Mean: 48.3 % Variation coefficient: 21.3 %

Ref.: WINKLER 2001

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Classification and properties

Bulk density of processed masonry from several recycling plants

2,2 2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1 3 5 7 9 Sample
Ref.: WINKLER 2001

2,2 Bulk density [g/cm]

Bulk density [g/cm]

Fraction < 10 mm

2 1,8 1,6

Fraction > 10 mm

Fraction < 10 mm Mean: 1.74 g/cm Variation coefficient: 8.5 % Fraction > 10 mm Mean: 1.91 g/cm Variation coefficient: 5.3 %

1,4 11 13 1

9 11 13 15

Sample
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Classification and properties

Conclusion: Considerable fluctuations in composition and density

Concrete CDW: Caused by composite nature of concrete more than by composition Masonry CDW: Caused by composition

Consequences for reuse in closed loops

High-grade applications not realizable so far due to unstable quality of processed CDW Technologies for quality improvement and homogenization have to be developed
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Topics

1 2

Sustainable development in construction industry Classification and properties of recycled construction materials from CDW Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material Summary and prospects

3 4 5

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete

Coarse recycled concrete aggregates: Composites of cement paste and natural aggregate Consequences of the composite nature on properties of secondary concretes Fresh concrete: Increase of water absorption and loss of workability caused by additional porosity of the adhered cement paste Hardened concrete: Loss of compressive strength caused by increased porosity. Hardened concrete: Loss of modulus of elasticity as a result of higher porosity and higher content of CSH phases. Further effects on shrinkage, creep and durability.
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete

Rel. comp. strength [%] Rel. modulus of elasticity [%

Mechanical properties vs. portion of recycled aggregates

100

80

60 Rel. comp. strength Rel. modulus of elasticity 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 Portion of RC aggregate [% by mass] Coarse aggregates Coarse + fine agg.

Replacement of coarse and fine aggregates Strength 32 % E-modulus 39 % Replacement of coarse aggregates only Strength 16 % E-modulus 20 %

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete

Consequences for quality improvement of coarse recycled aggregates Generation of cement paste free aggregates with suitable techniques for liberation and separation
Concrete CDW Prescreening Jaw crusher Fines, soil Fe-scrap Liberation

Mechanical or thermal liberation Separation by particle size or density

CP-poor

Separation

CP-rich

Products

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete

Removal of adhering cement paste by abrasion stress

Reference

External cylinder: 720 mm; height 800 mm Rotor: 720 mm; height 800 mm; 500 U/min Eccentricity: 11.7 mm

Kasai [1993]

Yanagibashi [2002]

Operating mode

Material parameter Virgin = 2.62 g/cm = 2.5...2.61 g/cm aggregates WA 0 WA = 1.2...3.6 % Secondary = 2.52 g/cm = 2.4...2.53 g/cm aggregates WA = 3.0 % WA = 1.8...5.4 %

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete

Applying of thermal stress 700 C Applying of cavitation stress

1 t Concrete waste CEM 450 kg gravel 350 kg sand

Mass balance
water 60 kg

dehyd. CEM < 150 m 130 kg

Ref.: MULDER 2002

reinforcement 10 kg

Flow cavitation chamber with specimen (1) Degree of separation between 46 und 90 %
Ref.: MOMBER 2004 19 / 33

Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete

Applying of high performance sonic impulses (HPSI) Electrical energy Disruptive electrical discharge under water Shock wave Pressure amplitudes up to 100 MPa Rise time < 5 s Reflexions at interfaces of different density Generation of pressure and tensile stresses
Ref.: LINSZ 2004

Failure at the interfaces

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete

Degree of liberation versus ratio of size reduction

Degree of liberation chem [%] Deg. liberation chem; 4/8 mm [%]
10-20 J/g 25-40 J/g < 10 J/g

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0,0

Concrete B 25: 300 kg/m CEM I 32,5 R + 180 kg/m water + 1902 kg/m quartz sand and gravel AB 16 Comp. strength: 36 N/mm Modulus of elasticity: 33 kN/mm

> 40 J/g

0,5 1,0 Ratio of mean particle sizes [-]

1,5 Ratio =

x m, original aggregate x m, crushed product

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Concrete Concrete B 25 with varying maximum particle size of aggregates: 8 mm; 16 mm; 32 mm. Specific energy consumption HPSI

Degree of liberation after treatment in impact crusher or by HPSI

100 Portion of cement free (visual) particles 8/16 mm [%]

xmax= 32 mm
80 60

xmax= 16 mm
40

xmax= 8 mm
20 0 0 4 8 12 Mean particle size [mm]

0.05 MJ/kg for comminution of concrete 0.08 MJ/kg for comminution + liberation
Impact crusher

0.01 to 0.02 MJ/kg for comminution 16 20

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Topics

1 2

Sustainable development in construction industry Classification and properties of recycled construction materials from CDW Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material Summary and prospects

3 4 5

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Masonry

Expanded granulates from masonry rubble Masonry CDW as mixture of different materials Crushing and grinding Addition of SiC as expanding agent Mixing and shapening Thermal treatment Lightweight aggregate
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Masonry

Raw materials Masonry CDW 0/4 mm from a recycling plant as matrix material Aerated autoclaved concrete from AAC plant as additional material to increase the heterogeneity
SiO2 63,1 SiO2 53,0 Al2O3 [%] 17,7 Al2O3 [%] 4,4 42,6 19,1 FM FM

Silicium carbid waste < 100 m as expanding component

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Masonry

Manufacturing process
Grindability Masonry CDW medium energy consumption AAC low energy consumption Raw Material
Expanding Component

Pre-processing Impact crusher/ Vibration screen

Fraction < 4 mm

Grinding Ball mill

Shaping Easily able to granulate without additional binder

Mixing Plough-type mixer

Shaping Granulating dish

Thermal treatment Rotary Kiln Product: Expanded ganulates

Influence of AAC Shortening of melting range Max. content of AAC: 50 %

Burning condition Temperature: 1180 1230 C Residence time: about 20 min

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Masonry

Expanding process during the thermal treatment

50 100
0 % SiC 1,8 g/cm

40 Portion [%]

Passage [%]

Green granules xm = 4,8 mm

Burnt granules xm = 7,2 mm

80
1 % SiC 0,99 g/cm

30

60

20

V = 228 %

40

10

20

3 % SiC 0,62 g/cm

0 1 10 Particle size [mm]

0 100
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Masonry

Effect of the processing on homogeneity

Raw material < 10 mm Green granules Burnt granules with 1 % SiC

Bulk density [g/cm]

2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0

Samples
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Masonry

First application tests Manufacturing of blocs and cubes in a precast concrete plant Volumetric substitution of the normally used expanded clay 4/8 mm by CDW aggregate 4/8 mm
CDW aggregate Expanded clay Bulk density of concrete [kg/m] 1130 870 Com. strength [N/mm] 11,90 6,16 Thermal conductivity [W/mK] 0,35 0,24 Freeze-thaw resistance: Edyn change [%] - 2,6 - 67,9
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Topics

1 2

Sustainable development in construction industry Classification and properties of recycled construction materials from CDW Closed loop of materials from concrete CDW Utilization of masonry CDW as raw material Summary and prospects

3 4 5

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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Summary/Prospects

Summary 1. Construction and Demolition Waste is characterized by rather large variation range of the composition as well as the physical properties. 2. Main field of application of CDW: Unbounded systems like fills and embankments. 3. Reuse of concrete CDW as secondary aggregates requires incorporation of liberation techniques into the processing. 4. As advanced liberation technique the treatment by high performance sonic impulses results in clear quality improvement.
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Summary/Prospects

5. Reuse of masonry CDW in construction requires technologies which improve quality and homogeneity. 6. Own experiments show feasibility of masonry CDW as raw material for manufacturing of lightweight granulates. 7. Properties of the lightweight granulates are rather constant and at least equal to those of other mineral lightweight materials. Further research must be aimed at the scale up of both technologies, examinations of product quality and uniformity and comparative studies about the energy demand.
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Bauhaus-University Weimar Chair of Mineral Processing of Building Materials and Reuse

Thank you for your attention !

Homepage: www.uni-weimar.de/Bauing/aufber/
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