Instruction Manual

Charge Amplifiers
M68 Series

Manfred Weber

Metra Mess- und Frequenztechnik in Radebeul e.K. Meissner Str. 58 - D- !""5 Radebeul #hone $"%-&5!-8&' (!%! Fa) $"%-&5!-8&' (%" *+ail, Info-MMF.de Internet, ....MMF.de

The latest version of this document can be downloaded from: http://www.mmf.de/product_literature.htm

Manfred Weber Metra Mess- und Frequen techni! in "adebeul e.#.

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(&)*

Contents
&.$pplication................................................................................................................................+ *.Function and ,peration.............................................................................................................+ -..ower /uppl0............................................................................................................................) -.&.1roundin% 2oncept............................................................................................................) -.*.34ternal /uppl0 .................................................................................................................) -.-.5atter0 ,peration 6M)78&9...............................................................................................: ;.<nputs........................................................................................................................................: ;.&.2har%e <nput ......................................................................................................................: ;.*.<3.3 <nput .........................................................................................................................: ;.*.&./witchin% ,ff the <3.3 /uppl0 .................................................................................= +.$voidin% 1round >oops............................................................................................................= ).$mplifier ...............................................................................................................................&' :.>evel <ndicators.......................................................................................................................&' 7.>ow .ass Filter .......................................................................................................................&& =.?i%h .ass Filter.......................................................................................................................&* &'.<nte%rators.............................................................................................................................&* &&."ac! 2ases for Model M)7"&..............................................................................................&+ &*.Technical 8ata......................................................................................................................&) $ppendi4: >imited Warrant0 8eclaration of 2onformit0

Fi%ure &: Front view of Model M)78& with control elements

1. Application
The /i%nal 2onditioners of M)7 series are intended for connection of pie oelectric acceleration@ force or pressure transducers. The input is suitable for sensors with char%e output as well as for <3.3 compatible transducers or microphones. 50 means of the M)7 the sensor si%nal can be best possibl0 adapted to the e4istin% measurin% equipment or .2-based data acquisition s0stems. The /i%nal 2onditioners provide the followin% functions: $daptation of the sensor si%nal and sensor suppl0 $mplification ?i%h- and low-pass filterin% 6for e4ample anti-aliasin% filter9 <nte%ration of the sensor si%nal@ for instance@ to measure velocit0 or displacement.

Models M)78& and M)78- are housed in a ru%%ed aluminum case. 5oth models can be used in laborator0 as well as under field conditions. Model M)78& ma0 also be operated from batteries. Model M)7"& has been developed for multichannel measurin% s0stems. <t fits into &=A-rac! s0stems.

2. Function and Operation

Fi%ure * shows the bloc! dia%ram of Model M)7 with its most important functional %roups.
I*#* su22l3 I*#* Frequenc3

4! 5I6#on1off7 <ain In2ut / 01! 0 / 01! 0

.!9z &9z

<ain

a = d >ut2ut ;A!

0!

;!

8o. 2ass

9i:h 2ass

;(

!. Int.

(. Int.

0(

6o+2arator $ 6o+2arator

?5@

>=erload

Fi%ure *: 5loc! dia%ram 8ependin% on the position of the input switch@ the input si%nal passes the impedance converter B& or B*. <f <3.3 operation is selected@ the si%nal is directl0 connected to the amplifier. $t <3.3 operation a constant current is fed into the input soc!et to suppl0 the sensor electronics. The constant current source can be switched off b0 the internal Cumper D&@ in case an $2 volta%e shall be connected to the input. The input circuit is followed b0 the first amplifier sta%e@ low pass and hi%h pass filters. The low pass filter has ) selectable limitin% frequencies. The hi%h pass filter has a limitin% frequenc0 of ? @ which can be b0passed b0 the switch E?<1? .$// / <FT31"$T,"A. <n this case the full +

bandwidth down to '.& ? comes into effect. The filters are followed b0 the second amplifier sta%e. The divided %ain before and after filterin% provides sufficient d0namic ran%e@ even for si%nal components outside the filter ran%e. $t the same time a hi%h si%nal-to-noise ratio is achie ved. 5efore reachin% the output driver the si%nal ma0 pass one or two inte%ratin% sta%es. The output is 82 coupled. $ control >38 for the output modulation indicates an output si%nal hi%her than + G of full-scale modulation. $n overload >38 shows if the output si%nal e4ceeds =' G of full-scale modulation. <t also indicates overload before the filter sta%es. Models M)78&@ M)78-@ and M)7"& have identical electronic circuits.

3. Po er Suppl!
3.1. "rounding Concept
The inputs and outputs of the si%nal conditioners are sin%le ended@ i.e. as0mmetrical. <n case an additional si%nal %round connection is required@ %round is available via a separate connector at the rear of the instruments. For the Models M)78& and M)78- this connector is a ; mm banana Cac!. The si%nal %round of Model M)7"& can be found at the ;-pole frame connector. The case of the instruments is internall0 connected to %round. <f model M)7"& is used with the rac! cases M)75) and M)75&* a connection is made between si%nal %round and protective earth potential via the case. The power suppl0 is separated from si%nal %round. <n some cases it ma0 be of advanta%e to connect the minus pole of the power suppl0 to si%nal %round@ to avoid %round loops. For this purpose 0ou can plu% in the ; mm Cumper 6delivered with the instruments9 at the rear of Models M)78& and M)78-. $t Model M)7"& the terminals of the power suppl0 soc!et can be connec ted b0 a wire.

3.2. #$ternal Suppl!

The /i%nal 2onditioners M)7 are powered b0 an e4ternal 82 volta%e Models M)78& and M)78- come with a mains plu% adapter for &&+/*-' H$2. The power suppl0 soc!et accordin% to 8<F ;+-*- is located at the rear of the instruments. $n0 other volta%e of + H to &+ H 82 and about -'' m$ 6for M)78&9 or & $ 6for M)78-9 ma0 be connected to this soc!et. The positive suppl0 terminal is connected to center pin 6tip9. The .,W3" ,F/,FF switch is located at the rear. The M)7"& also has its power suppl0 connector at the rear. <t is a ;-pole frame connector t0pe W$1, *-*. The pin desi%nation is shown in Fi%ure -.
$ 5 .. !5 ; ; ; Si:nal :round

Fi%ure -: .ower suppl0 soc!et of Model M)7"& )

The suppl0 volta%e is connected to the terminals EI + .. &+ HE and E' HA. $ special plu% with screwed contacts for the rear soc!et is delivered to%ether with the instrument. This wa0 the power suppl0 can be wired manuall0. <n case 0ou use the offered &=A-mountin% rac!s with internal power suppl0 unit@ this connection is reali ed b0 the bac!plane. Model M)7"& has no power on/off switch. The instruments are protected a%ainst false polari ation and short-time e4cess volta%e up to )' H. $ll models of M)7 series have an >38 E5$T ,.#.A indicatin% sufficient suppl0 volta%e. <t li%hts up %reen@ as lon% as the volta%e is above + H. <t wor!s for batter0 operation as well as for e4ternal power suppl0 6M)78&9.

3.3. %atter! Operation &M68'1(

Model M)78& has a batter0 compartment for four E$$A si e batteries 6t0pe >" )9. <t is opened b0 unscrewin% four plastic !nobs and removin% the cover. The ri%ht polarit0 is shown on the batter0 holder. To ensure lon% batter0 life it is recommended to use al!aline batteries. $ccumulators ma0 be used as well. Jou can operate the instrument on FiM? or Fi2d. ?owever@ b0 rea son of the lower volta%e of accumulators@ the batter0 control will not wor! e4actl0. .lease ta!e dischar%ed batteries out of the instrument to avoid dama%e b0 lea!a%e. $lso@ remove the batteries if the unit is not in use for a lon%er period.

). *nputs
The /i%nal 2onditioners M)7 are desi%ned for both sensors with char%e output and with inte %rated impedance converters to <3.3 standard as well. Jou can switch from one to the other t0pe of transducer b0 means of the slide switch ne4t to the input soc!et. 5oth input t0pes use the same 5F2 input soc!et.

).1. Charge *nput

2apacitive si%nal sources@ usuall0 pie oelectric sensors with char%e output@ are connected to the char%e input 6B9. The input is fed to an amplifier with capacitive feedbac!. $ll M)7 instruments have two input sta%es for char%e. <n the position EB/&'A of the switch the %ain is divided b0 &'. The advanta%e of char%e measurement is@ that cable capacitance and insulation resistance have almost no influence to the measurin% result. For sensors with char%e output it is stron%l0 recommended to use special low-noise cables. ,rdinar0 cable will cause a considerable measurin% error at mechanical stress@ as a result of the so-called triboelectrical effect. 2ables with low insula tion resistance@ for e4ample caused b0 humid connectors@ reduce the accurac0 of measurement at lower frequencies. $ desirable insulation resistance is hi%her than &' 1 . 2ables lon%er than &' m are not recommended at the char%e input.

).2. *#P# *nput

<3.3 stands for K<nte%rated 3lectronics .ie o 3lectricK. <t has been established as industrial standard for pie oelectric transducers. ,ther brand names for the same principle are <2. L@ <sotronL@ 8eltatronL@ .ie otronL etc. The inte%rated sensor circuit transforms the char%e si%nal of the pie o-ceramics@ with its ver0 hi%h impedance and hi%h 3M< sensitivit0@ into a volta%e si%nal with low impedance. The converted si%nal can be easier transmitted. The cable len%th at this input ma0 be more than one hundred meters. ,rdinar0 low cost coa4ial cable can be used.

$ peculiarit0 of <3.3 is@ that power suppl0 and measurin% si%nal use the same line. /o@ an <3.3 transducer needs@ li!e a transducer with char%e output@ onl0 one sin%le-ended line. Fi%ure ; shows the circuit dia%ram. To separate the low impedance sensor si%nal from the power suppl0@ the inte%rated circuit is supplied with constant current. This constant current must be fed into the measurin% line and simultaneousl0 separated from the followin% amplifier sta%es. The 0ellow >38 E<3.3 ,FA indicates the flow of constant current.

*#P# +ransducer Inte:rated a+2lifier #iezo cera+ics

Signal Conditioner

/s

coa)ial cableB ?! +

I const 66

RI

66 I const RI /
Fi%ure ;: <3.3 principle

6ou2lin: ca2acitor 6onstant su22l3 current In2ut resistance Su22l3 =olta:e of constant current source

50 suppl0in% the sensor with constant current a positive 82 volta%e arises over its terminals. This static bias volta%e depends on manufacturer and specimen and amounts to about + throu%h &; H. The sensor si%nal is superposed on this bias volta%e. The output volta%e of the transducer never chan%es to ne%ative values. <ts minimum value is the saturation volta%e of the inte%rated impedance converter 6'.+ H to & H9. The suppl0 volta%e of the constant current source determines the ma4imum value of the output volta%e. For the M)7 this volta%e amounts up to *; H and %uarantees an optimum d0namic ran%e for all available sensors.Fi%ure + shows these relations.

Ma). out2ut =olta:e A su22l3 =olta:e of constant current source

2ositi=e o=erload (" ;

Sensor bias =olta:e 5 .. !" ; 5see data sheet7

Min. out2ut =olta:e A saturation =olta:e 5see data sheet7

.5..! ; ; ne:ati=e o=erload

Fi%ure +: 80namic ran%e of <3.3 compatible transducers

).2.1. S itching Off the *#P# Suppl!

<n some cases it ma0 be necessar0 to switch off the constant current suppl0@ in order to use the input for normal $2 sources. For this purpose@ please chan%e the position of the Cumper@ which 0ou will find at Models M)78& and M)7"& behind the front panel. "emove the cover of Model M)78& b0 unscrewin% the four plastic screw heads. To remove the cover of Model M)7"&@ four screws at the side and two at the bac! are unscrewed. Dumper D& is located left at the front side of the printed circuit board. .lu% it into the position E,FFA to switch off the constant cur rent source. $fter removin% the front cover of Model M)78- 0ou will see onl0 the Cumper of channel &. To reach the Cumpers of channels * and -@ please remove front and rear panel.

,. A-oiding "round .oops

3arthin% or %round loops are often the reason for measurin% errors in multichannel measurin% s0stems. <n most cases 0ou will find a superimposed +' ? or &'' ? volta%e on the measurin% si%nal. ,ne reason for this effect ma0 be@ that the transducers are connected to %round not onl0 via their cable at the si%nal conditioner@ but also in addition at the measurin% point throu%h their case. Hibration transducers are often mounted at %rounded machine parts. Within earthin% s0stems transient currents ma0 appear. These transient currents cause a potential drop across the earthin% or %roundin% wires. Hia the si%nal input of the amplifier the0 ma0 result in a considerable measurin% error. To avoid this@ insulated attachment of the transducers is recommended. Metra offers several industrial vibration transducers with insulated mountin% base and different insulatin% flan%es for non-insulated sensors. =

$ star-shaped %roundin% networ! is the ideal solution to avoid %round loops. /tar-shaped means that all %roundin% wires of the sensors and the amplifier outputs are tied to %round at the si%nal conditioners@ without an0 transverse connections. <n man0 cases this is more difficult to reali e for the outputs than for the inputs@ because the followin% measurin% equipment ma0 have sin%leended@ inputs. <f 0ou have the choice to use differential inputs@ which can be found on man0 data acquisition boards@ 0ou should preferabl0 use them.

6. Amplifier
The instruments of M)7 /eries have the followin% measurin% ran%es: 2har%e mode: '.& / & / &' / &'' / &''' mH/p2 <3.3 mode: & / &' / &'' / &''' times

The %ain selection switch A1$<FA has four positions. <n position EB/&'A of the input selection slide switch the measurin% ran%e of all char%e ran%es is divided b0 &'. This ma0 be advanta %eous for measurement with hi%h sensitivit0 transducers or for shoc! measurement. $fter connectin% a sensor and occasionall0 after chan%in% the measurin% ran%e@ the amplifier needs a certain settlin% time because of a short term overload. Therefore it ma0 ta!e up to -' s@ until the output volta%e is free of 82 components. The amplifier output is buffered and 82-coupled. Therefore@ possible offset currents fed into the amplifier output b0 the followin% equipment 6for instance a .2 data acquisition board9@ do not cause a 82 offset.

/. .e-el *ndicators
>38s indicate minimum modulation and overload condition. The >38 EM+GA li%hts up at an output volta%e hi%her than '.: H. The >38 E,H>A li%hts up if the output volta%e e4ceeds = H. The optimum %ain ran%e is selected@ if the >38 EM+GA li%hts up and the >38 E,H>A remains dar!. <f both >38s remain dar!@ the %ain should be increased. <f both >38s li%ht up the %ain should be reduced. The overload detector monitors both the amplifier output and the filter input 6see Fi%ure *9. 50 that means overload condition will also be indicated when hi%h si%nal components be0ond the filter pass band occur. $n overload detector at the inte%rator input is not provided. <n some cases hi%h level components at hi%her frequencies ma0 overload the amplifier sta%e before the inte%rator while at the inte%rator output no overload condition can be detected. To avoid this@ ma!e sure to chec! the si%nal level in the switch position E$22A 6inte%rator off9 before switchin% on the inte%rators. When the >38 indicates overload 0ou can use the low pass filter to attenuate hi%h frequencies.

&'

8. .o

Pass Filter

To eliminate disturbin% noise or to compl0 with the /hannon theorem: E/i%nal frequenc0 should be less than half of the samplin% frequenc0A@ it can be advanta%eous@ to use a low pass filter. For hi%her accurac0 in the time domain it is recommended to set the low pass at &/&' the samplin% frequenc0. The instruments of M)7 series have ) internal low pass filters. The scale at the positions of the filter switch E>,W .$//A is shows the - d5 limitin% frequencies in !? . The followin% table shows the - d5 and the &' G limitin% frequencies of the low pass filters: 3 dB Frequency &'' ? -'' ? & !? &' !? *' !? +' !? The slope of the low pass filters is ;' d5 per decade.
dD 5 k9z !8 C

10 % Frequency :' ? *'' ? :'' ? : !? &; !? -+ !?

% C ! k9z -( dD ! k9z ! k9z ! k9z ( k9z 5 k9z ( k9z -% C -" dD B! dD ! k9z ! ! -!8 C

B!

k9z

!8 C

% C ! -( dD 9z & 9z

-% C ! -" dD ! ! ! ! -!8 C ! 9z !

& !

9z !

9z

9z

Fi%ure ): T0pical frequenc0 and phase response of the low pass filters &&

0. 1igh Pass Filter

The M)7 si%nal conditioners have a hi%h pass filter with a lower limitin% frequenc0 of - ? 6- d59. 50 means of this filter low frequenc0 noise can be removed. >ow frequenc0 noise ma0 occur@ for e4ample@ b0 the influence of temperature transients to pie oelectric compression t0pe accelerometers. The slope of the - ? hi%h pass filter is ;' d5 / frequenc0 decade. The - ? hi%h-pass filter is switched on b0 turnin% the E<FT31"$T," ?<1? .$//A switch into positi on E$22 - ? A. <f the hi%h pass filter is switched off 6switch position E'.& ? $22A9@ the lower limitin% frequenc0 of the amplifier is '.& ? . With the inte%rators the hi%h pass filter is alwa0s switched on.
dD !8 C

% C

-( dD -% C -" dD B! ! 9z ! ! -!8 C

B!

9z

Fi%ure :: Frequenc0 and phase response of the hi%h pass filter $s the filters are located between the amplifier sta%es 6see Fi%ure *9 the instrument does not become overloaded@ even if the measured si%nal has hi%her spectral components outside the filter ran%e.

12. *ntegrators
The M)7 can inte%rate the measurin% si%nal one or two times. <nte%ration can be useful for vi bration measurement b0 means of accelerometers on rotatin% machiner0. /in%le inte%ration of vibration acceleration results in velocit0@ double inte%ration in displacement. The N<FT31"$T," ?<1? .$//E switch activates the inte%rators. <n position E$22E 6acceleration9 the measurin% si%nal passes without inte%ration. $t the position EH3>A 6velocit09 the si%nal is inte%rated once@ in position E8</.A 6displacement9 twice. With switched on inte%rators the - ? hi%h pass filter is alwa0s activated. The followin% calculations show how the M)7 output uout corresponds to the three vibration quantities. The selected %ain ran%e of the M)7 is G and the accelerometer sensitivit0 6see transducer data sheet9 is Bua.

&*

Vibration acceleration a 6without inte%ration9:

a=
Vibration velocity v 6sin%le inte%ration9:

uout GBua

6a in m/sOP uout in mHP 1 in mH/mHP 5ua in mH/ms-*9

v=

uout &' GBua

6v in mm/sP uout in mHP 1 in mH/mHP 5ua in mH/ms-*9 Vibration displacement d 6double inte%ration9:

d=

u out &'' GBua

6d in QmP uout in mHP 1 in mH/mHP 5ua in mH/ms-*9 The equations above appl0 for <3.3 compatible accelerometers. For accelerometers with char%e output@ 1 is replaced b0 the selected char%e amplifier ran%e in p2/% and 5 ua is replaced b0 the transducerRs char%e sensitivit0 5qa. 34ample: Hibration velocit0 is measured usin% an accelerometer with a sensitivit0 of 5 qaS + p2/ms-*. The M)7 is operated in the ran%e 1S&'' mH/p2. <ts output volta%e is -'' mHrms. What is the correspondin% vibration velocit0T /olution:

v=

-'' &' =) mm / s RMS &''+

,ften a direct connection between the output volta%e of the M)7 and the measured ph0sical quantit0 6for e4ample E& mH corresponds to & mm/sA9 is desired. This can be achieved b0 adCustin% the connected measurin% equipment or b0 t0pin% in a correction factor in a .2 based data acquisition s0stem. <n the e4ample %iven above this correction factor would be '.'*. $t hi%her frequencies the output volta%e will have onl0 small amplitudes after inte%ration. The d0namic ran%e and the si%nal-to-noise ratio therefore become lower in the !? -ran%e 6Fi%ure 79.

&-

dD ( Ma). +odulation @ Modulation li+its

Sin :le int e: rat i
e
! !

on

l ub Do

n io at :r te in

-(

-" .! ! ! 9z ! !

Fi%ure 7: Frequenc0 response of the inte%rators

!8 C

% C

-% C

-!8 C

.!

Fi%ure =: .ase response of the inte%rators <n some cases si%nal components with hi%h frequenc0 and ma%nitude ma0 overload the amplifier althou%h no overload can be detected at the M)7 output. The overload >38 remains dar!. This can occur due to the attenuation of hi%her frequencies b0 the inte%rator 6compare Fi%ure 79. To avoid possible overload@ ma!e sure to chec! the si%nal level in the switch position E$22A 6inte%rator off9 before usin% the inte%rator. <f an overload condition should be indicated@ reduce hi%h frequenc0 components b0 an appropriate low pass frequenc0.

&;

11. 3ac4 Cases for Model M6831

For the &=A unit M)7"& the followin% rac! mountin% cases are available: Model M)75) M)75&* Channels ) &* Built-in po er supply 0es 0es

Fi%ure &': Front view of rac! case M)75&*

Fi%ure &&: "ear view of rac! case Model M)75) The rac! cases Models M)75) and M)75&* suppl0 the plu%%ed-in modules via a bac!plane. The0 can be operated with both &&+ H$2 and *-' H$2 without chan%in% an0 settin%s.

&+

The fuse holder of the rac! cases M)75) and M)75&* with mains power suppl0 is located inside the mains soc!et at the rear. <t can be pulled out usin% a screw driver. The fuse facin% to the bac! of the drawer is a spare fuse. The rear one is the mains fuse. !mportant" Unplu% the device from the mains volta%e before replacin% the fuse. Ma!e sure that the fuse to be replaced has the ratin% T 7'' m$.

12. +echnical 'ata

Measurin# inputs !$%$ sensor supply 2har%e and <3.3 compatible@ "< M + M 5F2 soc!et@ sin%le-ended -.7 .. +.) m$ constant current@ compliance volta%e *; H@ switched off b0 internal Cumper@ >38 indicator '.& / & / &' / &'' / &''' mH/p2 6char%e9 & / &' / &'' / &''' 6<3.39 &ccuracy 'o pass (ilter 6-- d59 )i#h pass (ilter 6-- d59 Frequency ran#e o( inte#rators *utput Cross-tal+ attenuation *utput noise ith char#e input *utput noise ith !$%$ input '$, indicators & G t0pical@ referred to full scale output * G ma4imum@ referred to full scale output '.& / '.- / & / &' / *' / +' !? @ two poles@ ;' d5/decade - ? @ two poles@ ;' d5/decade@ can be switched off /in%le inte%ration: 8ouble inte%ration: - .. &''' ? - .. &'' ?

Gain

&' H.3$#@ 82 coupled@ 82 offset V &' mH@ ",UT S &'' @ 5F2 soc!et@ sin%le-ended M )' d5 6M)78- at & !? / HS&'''9 V &+ mHrms 6'.& ? .. +' !? bandwidth9 and V 7 mHrms 6- ? .. *' !? bandwidth9 V &' mHrms 6'.& ? .. +' !? bandwidth9 and V ) mHrms 6- ? .. *' !? bandwidth9 Minimum modulation: M '.: H.3$# ,verload: M =' G of full-scale output 5atter0: suppl0 volta%e M + H

&)

$-ternal supply

+ .. &+ H82 V -'' m$ 6M)78&@ M)7"&9 V & $ 6M)78-9 connector to 8<F ;+-*- 6M)78& / M)78-9 ; pin frame connector 6M)7"&9 ; 4 E$$A si e 6>")9 M &' h lifetime with al!aline cells

Battery supply .only M/0,11

Wide ran%e input 7+ .. *); H$2 Mains supply .only M/0B/ 2 M/0B131 /oc!et for <32 -*' mains cord 1roundin% required .ower consumption: V ;' W Fuse: 7'' m$ 6slow9 in mains soc!et Mains plu# adapter .only M/0,1 2 M/0,31 4arm-up time *peratin# temperature ,imensions . idth - hei#ht depth1 Wide ran%e input &'' .. *;' H$2@ +' / )' ? with two pole 3uro plu% ,utput: &* H82 / '.+ $ 6M)78&9 / & $ 6M)78-9 &+ minutes -&' .. +' W2@ =+ G rel. humidit0 without condensation &'+ 4 ;' 4 &+' mmX 6M)78&9 &'+ 4 =' 4 &;' mmX 6M)78-9 : width units 4 - hei%ht units 4 &=' mm 6M)7"&9

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'imited 4arranty

Metra warrants for a period of 35 months that its products will be free from defects in material or wor!manship and shall conform to the specifications current at the time of shipment.

The warrant0 period starts with the date of invoice. The customer must provide the dated bill of sale as evidence. The warrant0 period ends after *; months. "epairs do not e4tend the warrant0 period. This limited warrant0 covers onl0 defects which arise as a result of normal use accordin% to the instruction manual. MetraRs responsibilit0 under this warrant0 does not appl0 to an0 improper or inadequate maintenance or modification and operation outside the productRs specifications. /hipment to Metra will be paid b0 the customer. The repaired or replaced product will be sent bac! at MetraRs e4pense.

&7

,eclaration o( Con(ormity
.roducts: 2har%e $mplifiers Models: M)78&@ M)78-@ M)7"&@ M)75)@ M)75&*

<t is hereb0 certified that the above mentioned products compl0 with the demands pursuant to the followin% standards:

3F +''7&-& 3F +''7*-& 3F )&'''-3F )'=+'

"esponsible for this declaration is the producer Metra Mess- und Frequen techni! MeiYner /tr. +7 8-'&;;+ "adebeul 8eclared b0 Manfred Weber "adebeul@ *=th of Ma0@ *''&

&=