Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Trichy District.
Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of the Degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Submitted By
IRFAN AHAMED.K
Reg. No: - 08MBA008
Under the guidance of
AUGUST - 2009
JAMAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
JAMAL MOHAMED COLLEGE (Autonomous)
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 020
CERTIFICATE
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Words alone cannot express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Bejoy John Thomas
MBA.,M.Phil,Ph.D.,(NET), Member-in-Charge, Jamal Institute of Management whose
guidance made this project works an enlightening educational experience. I sincerely thank the
faculty members, Jamal Institute of Management for their encouragement and support.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my parents, friends and others
who were supported to complete this study and make it a grand success.
K.IRFAN AHAMED
CONTENTS
Page No.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY
(i) Introduction of the study
(ii) Research Problem
(iii) Research Objective
(iv) Review of Literature
(v) Research Methodology
Research Design
Nature of Data
Universe
Method of Data Collection
Sample Size
Sampling Method
Pilot Study
Statistical tools used
Statistical hypotheses framed
(vi) Limitations
CHAPTER II ANALYSIS
• Data Tabulation & graphical representation
• PRODUCT
Identify customers’environmental needs and develop products to address these
needs.Develop environmentally responsible products to have less impact than competitors.
• PRICE
Most customers will only be prepared to pay a premium if there is a perception of
additional product value.
Environmental benefits are usually an added bonus but will often be the deciding factor
between products of equal value and quality.
• PLACE
Very few customers will go out of their way to buy green products merely for the sake of
it.Green products, in most cases, positioned broadly in the market place so they are not just
appealing to a small green niche market.
In-store promotions and visually appealing displays or using recycled materials to
emphasise the environmental and other benefits
• PROMOTION
Includes paid advertising, public relations, sales promotions, direct marketing and on-site
promotions.
Green marketers will be able to reinforce environmental credibility by using sustainable
marketing and communications tools and practices.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
To find out the relationship between the psychographic factors namely PCE, EC
and Liberalism with ECCB.
Looking to the future of green marketing, examines the dynamic nature of ecologically
conscious consumer behavior. The study also provides a method of profiling and segmenting
college students based upon ecologically conscious consumer behavior. Findings indicate that,
despite a significant amount of past research attention, demographic criteria are not as useful a
profiling method as psychographic criteria. Consistent with past findings, the study indicates
that perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) provides the greatest insight into ecologically
conscious consumer behavior. Further, the inclusion of altruism to the profile appears to add
significantly to past efforts. Additional constructs examined suggest that environmental
segmentation alternatives are more stable than past profiles that have relied primarily on
demographic criteria.
2.Green Marketing
By Anurag Tiwari & Manish Thakkar, SGSITS,INDORE
People around the world are becoming more aware of the environmental stresses
humans are placing on the planet. Newspapers, magazines, television, and other media feature
wide coverage of environmental problems, whether they are local (e.g., depleted fisheries and
air pollution) or global (e.g., ozone depletion and climate change). Many consumers now
display concern about environmental deterioration. Increasingly often they ask how much
impact a product will have on the environment during its lifespan or during its disposal. This is
the major impetus for green products and green marketing. A closely related reason is the
competitive advantage or sales potential that some corporations now see in green products.
Green Marketing is an attempt to characterize a product as being environmentally
friendly. In general green products are made from recycled content and/or designed for reuse,
recycling, or remanufacturing. They are usually non-toxic, energy efficient, and durable.
However, green is a relative term and depends on the individual situation.
3. Organic Consumption and the Socio-Ecological Imaginary
by David Goodman and Michael Goodman
The authors examine the extent to which environmentally sensitive behavior at the
workplace facilitates the translation of proenvironmental attitudes into consumer choices.They
take advantage of a naturally occurring quasi-experiment in workplace experience and use a
conjoint choice task to measure consumer behavior. The results indicate that (I) consumers are
influenced by environmental attributes, (2) experience and level of concem moderate the
influence of environmental attributes, (3) the effects of experience and concern are more than
just additive, and (4) experience can facilitate environmentally conscious behavior among
those with high levels of environmental concem by reducing their sensitivity to the effect of
brand name. The authors conclude with implications for activists, public policymakers, and
marketing managers.
Private demand for quality attributes associated with food choices and which are linked
to the environment is a tangible signal that people increasingly value production processes that
provide environmental services, i.e. that contribute to improving the quality of the
environment. The income elasticity of demand for environmental quality in OECD countries is
thought to be significantly positive, implying that as income grows, demand for environmental
quality increases. At the same time, the stock and quality of natural capital in OECD countries
may decrease with higher income and aggregate demand. In the presence of uninternalised
externalities, this clearly introduces a “public” reason for supporting the demand of ERPs.
Supply chains represent the integration of hundreds of decisions, each with discrete
economic and environmental implications. While delivering the “right product at the right
time” and unprecedented corporate profitability, supply chains have operationalized a linear
production path that extracts resources, uses energy, releases emissions, and produce wastes at
volumes and rates that place increasing burdens on the natural environment. However, as
supply chains mature into sophisticated networks of material and information flow, so does the
ability to carefully trace the environmental impacts of individual products
along the supply chain and address these impacts proactively. Today, supply chains must
respond to an array of environmental pressures, including regulations, consumer demands, and
limited resource availability. This response involves the development of distinct operating
models, objectives, and new supply chain processes that are expanding the scope of supply
chain management within organizations. This discussion paper draws from supply chain and
environmental management literature as well as industry case studies to characterize the
current state of supply chain environmental activity and form a basis for future research.
Research
Methodology
Research Design
Descriptive research design was adopted for the study because the study attempts to
obtain complete and accurate description of the consumer perception on green products.
Nature of Data
Primary and Secondary data were used for the collection of information for the study.
Primary data
The Primary data was collected from the college students in Trichy using a
questionnaire.
Secondary data
Secondary data relating to review of literature was online journals such as “EBSCO-
host business source elite”, Emerald and Proquest at IIT Chennai and at JIM. The secondary
data relating green marketing was taken from websites such as google, yahoo, scribd, wiki-
pedia, and search.com.
UNIVERSE
The universe for the study consist of all college students studying in Trichy.
Pilot Study
A pilot study was conducted among 12 students and based on the suggestions given by the
students suitable modifications were made in the questionnaire.
Statistical tools used
T-test
Karl Pearson’s co-eff of correlation
Multiple Regression
Null Hypotheses
H0 : There is no significance difference in ECCB according to the gender of the
despondence.
Frequency Percent
The above tables indicates that 32.2% of respondents somewhat disagree and 27% of
respondents either agree nor disagree with the concept to make conscious effort to limit use of
products that are made of or use scarce resources.
Table 3
I will not buy products which have excessive packaging.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 37.4% of respondents are disagree and 24.2% of them
completely disagree to buy low priced products without caring its impact on social.
Table 4
When there is a choice, I always choose that product which contributes to the
Least amount of pollution
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that when there is a choice, 54.5% consumers give importance to the
products which causes less pollution and 28.4% of them give preference to that.
Table 5
I have tried very hard to reduce the amount of electricity I use.
Frequency Percent
The above table shows that 47.9% of consumers are taking care on not to buy the products
which potentially damage the environment and 24.2% of consumers neither agree nor disagree
to the concept.
Table 7
I have switched products for ecological reasons.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 54.5% of consumers make thinking about ecological reaction
of product and 17.5% of them neither agree nor disagree and 17.1% completely agree to the
concept.
Table 8
I make every effort to buy paper products made from recycled paper.
Frequency Percent
Table 9
I have purchased a household appliance because it uses less electricity than other brands.
Frequency Percent
Table 10
I use a low-phosphate detergent (or soap) for my laundry.
Frequency Percent
Table 11
I have convinced members of my family or friends not to buy some products
which are harmful to the environment.
Frequency Percent
The above table denotes that 55% of consumers somewhat agree and 19% of them completely
agree to convince members of my family or friends not to buy some products which are
harmful to the environment.
Table 12
I have replaced light bulbs in my home with those of smaller wattage
so that I will conserve on the electricity I use.
Frequency Percent
From the above table it was observed that 49.3% of consumers neither agree nor disagree to
replace light bulbs with smaller wattage.
Table 13
I have purchased products because they cause less pollution.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 47.9% of consumers neither agree nor disagree and 25.6% of
them somewhat agree to purchase products by giving importance to less polluted products.
Table 14
I do not buy products in aerosol containers.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
The above table shows that 30.3% of consumers neither agree nor disagree and 26.1% of them
somewhat agree, not to buy products in aerosol containers.
Table 15
Whenever possible, I buy products packaged in reusable containers.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 37.4% of consumers completely agree and 37% of them
somewhat agree to buy products packaged in reusable containers.
Table 16
When I purchase products, I always make a conscious effort to buy those products
that are low in pollutants
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 55.5% of consumers somewhat agree and 17.5% of them
completely agree to always make a conscious effort to buy those products that are low in
pollutants.
Table 17
When I have a choice between two equal products, I always purchase the one which is
less harmful to other people and the environment.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 47.9% of consumers completely agree and 33.6% of them
somewhat agree to the concept, that is When they have a choice between two equal
products,they always purchase the one which is less harmful to the environment.
Table 18
I will not buy a product if the company that sells it is ecologically irresponsible.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 39.8% of consumers completely agree and 29.9% of them
somewhat agree not to buy a product if the company that sells it is ecologically irresponsible.
Table 19
I have purchased light bulbs that were more expensive but saved energy.
Frequency Percent
The above table shows that 36% of consumers completely disagree and 35.5% of them
somewhat disagree to purchase light bulbs that were more expensive but save energy.
Table 20
I try only to buy products that can be recycled.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 33.6% of consumers somewhat disagree and 20.4% of them
neither agree nor disagree to the concept, that is try only to buy products that can be recycled.
Table 21
To reduce our reliance on foreign oil, I drive my car as little as possible.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Total 18 8.5
The above table shows that 26.5% of consumers somewhat disagree and 25.1% of them neither
agree nor disagree to reduce our reliance on foreign oil, I drive my car as little as possible.
Table 22
I usually purchase the lowest priced product, regardless of its impact on society.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 26.5% of consumers somewhat disagree and 42.7% of them
neither agree nor disagree that they usually purchase the lowest priced product, regardless of its
impact on society.
Table 23
I do not buy household products that harm the environment.
Frequency Percent
Table 24
I buy high efficiency light bulbs to save energy.
Frequency Percent
Table 25
It is worthless for the individual consumer to do anything about pollution.
Frequency Percent
Table 26
When I buy products, I try to consider how my use of them will affect
the environment and other consumers.
Frequency Percent
Table 27
Since one person cannot have any effect upon pollution and natural resource problems, it
doesn't make any difference what I do.
Frequency Percent
Table 28
Each consumer's behaviour can have a positive effect on society by purchasing products
sold by socially responsible companies.
Frequency Percent
Table 29
Plants and animals exist primarily to be used by humans.
Frequency Percent
Table 30
We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support.
Frequency Percent
The above table denotes that 40.3% of consumers somewhat agree and 28.4% of them neither
agree nor disagree that To maintain a healthy economy, we will have to develop a steady-state
economy where industrial growth is controlled.
Table 32
The earth is like a spaceship with only limited room and resources.
Frequency Percent
From the above table, we find that 38.9% of consumers somewhat agree and 26.1% of them
neither agree nor disagree that the balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.
Table 36
When humans interfere with nature, it often produces disastrous consequences.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 66.8% of consumers completely agree that Mankind is severely
abusing the environment.
Table 39
Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 38.4% of consumers somewhat agree and 24.2% of consumers
are completely agree that Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their
needs.
Table 40
Mankind was created to rule over the rest of nature.
Frequency Percent
Table 41
The profits of the big industries should be controlled by the government.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Missing NO AWARNESS 1 .5
Table 42
I am for a federal health insurance program covering men and women of all ages.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
The above table shows that 36.5% of consumers are somewhat agree and 29.4% of the
consumers neither agree nor disagree that I am for a health insurance program covering men
and women of all ages.
Table 43
If unemployment is high, the government should spend to create jobs.
Frequency Percent
The above table indicates that 43.1% of consumers are completely agree and 42.7% of the
consumers somewhat agree that if unemployment is high, the government should spend to
create jobs.
Table 44
A government administered health insurance program is necessary to insure
that everyone receives adequate medical care.
Frequency Percent
From the above table we find that 44.1% of consumers are somewhat agree and 21.8% of the
consumers neither agree nor disagree that A government administered health insurance
program is necessary to ensure that everyone receives adequate medical care.
Table 46
I am for less government regulation of business.
Frequency Percent
Table 47
I am for revising the tax structure so that the burden falls more heavily on
corporations and persons with large incomes.
Frequency Percent
Table 48
Age in years
Frequency Percent
Valid 18 8 3.8
19 31 14.7
20 47 22.3
21 48 22.7
22 51 24.2
23 16 7.6
24 7 3.3
25 3 1.4
Table 49
Gender
Frequency Percent
Female 75 35.5
Table 50
Family income
Frequency Percent
300,000 - 400,000 2 .9
The above table shows that the family income of most of the respondense are upto 2,00,000.
Table 51
Education Qualification
Frequency Percent
M.Phil 7 3.3
The above table shows that 41.2% of the despondence are doing under graduation and 28.9%
of the respondese are doing professional course.
Data Analysis &
Interpretation
Descriptive statistics of ECCB and other Psychographic factors of consumers
Table 52
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
The above table indicates that the respondents have more than average ECCB, EC, and
Liberalism scores. The table also indicates that the respondents have average PCE score.
Karl Pearson’s co-eff of correlation
Definition
Correlation co-efficient between two random variables X and Y, usually denoted by
r(X,Y), is a numerical measure of linear relationship between them
formula
r(X,Y) = cov (X,Y)
σ xσ y
Bivariate karl pearson’s co-eff of correlation for ECCB, Demographic factors and
Psychographic factors of consumers.
Table 53
Correlations
ECCB Pearson Correlation 1.000 -.130 .171* .018 .009 .038 .353** .358**
AGE IN YEARS Pearson Correlation -.130 1.000 .073 .171* .335** .061 -.069 -.098
Gender Pearson Correlation .171* .073 1.000 .206** .150* .157* -.015 -.101
Family Income Pearson Correlation .018 .171* .206** 1.000 .312** .071 -.059 .064
Educational Pearson Correlation .009 .335** .150* .312** 1.000 .119 -.021 -.136*
Qualification Sig. (2-tailed) .898 .000 .029 .000 .084 .758 .049
PCE Pearson Correlation .038 .061 .157* .071 .119 1.000 .042 -.069
EC Pearson Correlation .353** -.069 -.015 -.059 -.021 .042 1.000 .397**
LIBERALISM Pearson Correlation .358** -.098 -.101 .064 -.136* -.069 .397** 1.000
Definition
Regression analysis is a mathematical measure of the average relationship between two
or more variables in terms of the orginal units of the data.
Formula
Regression of X on Y
X=a+bY
Regression of Y on X
Y=a+bX
Multiple Regression model of ECCB as dependent variable and demogrphic and psychograpic
factors as prdictor variables.
Table 54
Model Summaryb
The above table indicates that the R square value is .236 which shows that 24% of the variation
of the dependent variable is explained by the demographic and psychographic factors.
Table 55
ANOVAb
a. Predictors: (Constant), LIBERALISM, Family Income, PCE, AGE IN YEARS, Gender, EC, Educational
Qualification
The above table indicates that the significance value of F is 0.000 which shows that the
regression model is statistically significant at a confident level of 100%.
Table 56
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
The table also indicates that the t-test value for the significance of the independent variables
that is the demographic and psychographic factors. The significance value indicates only
gender in the demogrphic factor is significant at 1%. Also EC and Liberalism in psychographic
factors are significant at 1% level.
Chart
T-Test
A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic has a Student's t
distribution if the null hypothesis is true. It is applied when sample sizes are small enough that
using an assumption of normality and the associated z-test leads to incorrect inference
This equation is only used when the two sample sizes (that is, the n or number of participants
of each group) are equal.
Where s is the grand standard deviation (or pooled sample standard deviation),
1 = group one,
2 = group two.
The denominator is the standard error of the difference between two means. For significance
testing, the degrees of freedom for this test is 2n − 2 where n = # of participants in each group.
Independent sample T-test of ECCB based on the gender of the responden Null
Hypothesis(Η ο ).
Table 57
Group Statistics
95% Confidence
Interval of the
ECCB Equal
variances .037 .848 -2.503 209 .013 -.15601 .06234 -.27890 -.03311
assumed
Equal
variances
-2.452 143.836 .015 -.15601 .06362 -.28176 -.03026
not
assumed
The above table indicates that two tailed significance value of independent sample T-
test is 0.013 which is less than 0.05. Therefore we accept the hypothesis at 5%. That is the
ECCB differs according to the gender of the respondence.
T-Test
Null Hypothesis(Η ο )
There is no significance difference in PCE according to the gender of the respondense.
Table 59
Group Statistics
Table 60
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
Sig. (2-
F Sig. t df tailed)
Equal variances
-2.342 160.220 .020
not assumed
The above table indicates that two tailed significance value of independent sample T-test is
0.022 which is less than 0.05. Therefore we accept the hypothesis at 5%. That is the PCE
differs according to the gender of the respondents.
CHAPTER III
FINDINGS
Ecologically conscious consumer behaviour (ECCB) items.
• When the students are having chance to choose, the always prefer
environmentally responsible products.
• When the students are having any immediate the prefer environmentally
responsible products.
• When there is big effect to the environment they prefer environmentally
responsible products.
• Students do not bother about environment when they are having so much need
of environmentally polluted products.
• Students do not want to try more for environment.
Perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) items:-
• Students understand, everybody should take action to control pollution.
• They also understand, purchasing social responsible products will create possitive
effect on society.
Environmental concern (EC) items :-
• In the environmental concern items students understand and accept the concept
like, to develop a steady-state economy where industrial growth is controlled,
when humans interfere with nature, it often produces disastrous consequences,
Humans must live in harmony with nature.
• And they also thought that Mankind was created to rule over the rest of nature and
Plants and animals exist primarily to be used by humans.
Liberalism items :-
• Students have moderate liberalism items.
• They know the real fact of living along with society.
• They are ready to work along with society.
Demographic measures:-
Most of the respondents were about 20-22 years old. Nearly two third of the
respondents were MALE and one third of the respondents were FEMALE. The family income
of most of the respondents were up to 2,00,000. Most of the respondents are doing under
graduation and the next highest number of the respondents are doing professional course.
SUGGESTIONS
• Consumer clubs in schools & colleges must be encouraged to conduct programmes on
“Environment friendly consumption in day to day lives” for schools & college students.
• Social organisations like lions club & rotract club can also conduct awareness camps
regarding the importance of conserving energy for the country.
• CSR activities of companies manufacturing products using scarce resources can focus
on creating awareness among public about the optimum usage of the products
CONCLUSION
The media colleges , corporates & social organisations must work together to increase
environmental concern & societal concern of the next generation consumers. The
organisations must also strive to change the perception existing among the next generation
that individuals cannot do anything towards environment protection. These efforts taken by
organisations will help in increasing the ecologically conscious consumer behaviour among
the “Generation Next”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Robert D. Straughan,Assistant Professor of Marketing, Hankamer School of Business,
Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
Anderson, W.T. Jr and Cunningham, W.H. (1972), ``The socially conscious consumer'',
Journal of Marketing, Vol. 36, July, pp. 23-31.
Berger, I.E. and Corbin, R.M. (1992), ``Perceived consumer effectiveness and faith in others
as moderators of environmentally responsible behaviors'', Journal of Public Policy &
Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 79-88.
Hume, S., Strand, P., Fisher, C., Fitzgerald, K. and Freeman, L. (1989), ``Consumers go
Kassarjian, H.H. (1971), ``Incorporating ecology into marketing strategy: the case of air
Kinnear, T.C., Taylor, J.R. and Ahmed, S.A. (1974), ``Ecologically concerned consumers:
who are they?'', Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38, April, pp. 20-4.
Lepisto, L.R. (1974), ``An empirical study of the effect of environmental product attributes,
convenience, and price on product preference and socially responsible consumer behavior'',
Doctoral dissertation, Department of Marketing, The Pennsylvania State University.
ANNEXURE
Answer the following statements by putting a tick mark according to your level of agreement
or disagreement. The numbers indicate the meaning given below
1-completely disagree 2-some what disagree 3-neither agree nor disagree
4-some what agree 5-completely agree
Ecologically conscious consumer behavior (ECCB) items
01. To save energy, I drive my bike as little as possible : 1 2 3 4 5
02. I normally make a conscious effort to limit my use
of products that are made of or use scarce resources : 1 2 3 4 5
03. I will not buy products which have excessive packaging : 1 2 3 4 5
04. When there is a choice, I always choose that product
which contributes to the least amount of pollution : 1.2 3 4 5
05. I have tried very hard to reduce the amount of electricity
I use. : 1 2 3 4 5
06. If I understand the potential damage to the environment
that some products can cause, I do not purchase
these products. : 1 2 3 4 5
07. I have switched products for ecological reasons : 1 2 3 4 5
08. I use a recycling center or in some way recycle some
of my household trash. : 1 2 3 4 5
09. I make every effort to buy paper products made from
recycled paper. : 1 2 3 4 5
10. I have purchased a household appliance because it uses less
electricity than other brands. : 1 2 3 4 5
11. I use a low-phosphate detergent (or soap) for
my laundry. : 1 2 3 4 5
12. I have convinced members of my family or friends not
to buy some products which are harmful to
the environment. : 1 2 3 4 5
13. I have replaced light bulbs in my home with
those of smaller wattage so that I will conserve
on the electricity I use. : 1 2 3 4 5
14. I have purchased products because they cause
less pollution. : 1 2 3 4 5
15. I do not buy products in aerosol containers : 1 2 3 4 5
16. Whenever possible, I buy products packaged
in reusable containers. : 1 2 3 4 5
17. When I purchase products, I always make a conscious
effort to buy those products that are low in pollutants : 1 2 3 4 5
18. When I have a choice between two equal products,
I always purchase the one which is less harmful to
other people and the environment. : 1 2 3 4 5
19. I will not buy a product if the company that sells it
is ecologically irresponsible : 1 2 3 4 5
20. I have purchased light bulbs that were more
expensive but saved energy. : 1 2 3 4 5
21. I try only to buy products that can be recycled. : 1 2 3 4 5
22. To reduce our reliance on foreign oil, I drive my
car or bike as little as possible. : 1 2 3 4 5
23. I usually purchase the lowest priced product,
regardless of its impact on society. : 1 2 3 4 5
24. I do not buy household products that harm the environment : 1 2 3 4 5
25. I buy high efficiency light bulbs to save energy. : 1 2 3 4 5
Perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) items
1. It is worthless for the individual consumer to do anything
about pollution. : 1 2 3 4 5
2. When I buy products, I try to consider how my use of them
will affect the environment and other consumers. : 1 2 3 4 5
3. Since one person cannot have any effect upon pollution
and natural resource problems, it doesn't make any
difference what I do : 1 2 3 4 5
4. Each consumer's behaviour can have a positive effect on
society by purchasing products sold by socially
responsible companies. : 1 2 3 4 5
Environmental concern (EC) items
01. Plants and animals exist primarily to be used by humans. : 1 2 3 4 5
02. We are approaching the limit of the number of people
the earth can support. : 1 2 3 4 5
03. To maintain a healthy economy, we will have to develop
a steady-state economy where industrial growth is controlled : 1 2 3 4 5
04. The earth is like a spaceship with only limited room
and resources. : 1 2 3 4 5
05. Humans need not adapt to the natural environment because
they can remake it to suit their needs. : 1 2 3 4 5
06. There are limits to growth beyond which our industrialized
society cannot expand. : 1 2 3 4 5
07. The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset. : 1 2 3 4 5
08. When humans interfere with nature, it often produces
disastrous consequences. : 1 2 3 4 5
09. Humans must live in harmony with nature in order
to survive : 1 2 3 4 5
10. Mankind is severely abusing the environment. : 1 2 3 4 5
11. Humans have the right to modify the natural environment
to suit their needs. : 1 2 3 4 5
12. Mankind was created to rule over the rest of nature. : 1 2 3 4 5
Liberalism items
01. The profits of the big industries should be controlled by
the government. : 1 2 3 4 5
02. I am for a federal health insurance program covering
men and women of all ages. : 1 2 3 4 5
03. If unemployment is high, the government should
spend to create jobs. : 1 2 3 4 5
04. A government administered health insurance program is
necessary to insure that everyone receives
adequate medical care. : 1 2 3 4 5
05. I am for less government regulation of business. : 1 2 3 4 5
06. I am for revising the tax structure so that the burden
falls more heavily on corporations and persons with
large incomes. : 1 2 3 4 5
Demographic measures
Your age: _______ years Sex: Male ____ Female ____
Check the category which best fits your total family income in the last year.
Under 100,000 100,000 - 199,999 200,000 - 299,999 300,000 - 399,999
400,000 - 499,999 500,000 and above.
Educational qualification
Under Graduation Post Graduation M.Phil Ph.D Professional Course