Experiment No.

01
AIM: Study of lathe machine, lathe tools cutting speed, feed and depth of cut

INTRODUCTION Machining is the process of converting the given work piece into the required shape and size with help of a machine tool. The most widely used machine tool is lathe. In simple words machining is the process of removing certain material from the work piece. LATHE Lathe is the machine tool which is used to perform several operations on the work piece. Lathe is useful in making several parts which is further assem led to make new machine. !ence lathe is known as "mother of machines#.

BASIC WORKIN

!RINCI!LE O" LATHE

In lathe, the work piece is held in the chuck, a work holding device. The cutting tool is mounted in the tool post. The chuck is rotated y means of power. $hen the chuck rotates, the work piece also rotates. The tool is moved against the rotating work piece y giving small amount of depth of cut. The material is removed in the form of chips. %ontinuous feed and depth of cut is given until the required dimensions are o tained in the work piece.

T#!ES O" LATHE MACHINES There are different types of lathe machines, they are &. %entre lathe '. Tool room lathe (. )ench lathe *. %apstan lathe +. Turret lathe ,. -utomatic lathe

DESCRI!TION O" LATHE Lathe is a machine which has several parts in it. They are

1. Be$ It is the ase of the machine. .n its left side, the head stock is mounted and on its right it has mova le casting known as tailstock. Its legs have holes to olt down on the ground. %. He&$ 'to() It consists of spindles, gears and speed changing levers. It is used to transmit the motion to the /o . It has two types one is the headstock driven y elt and the other one is the gear driven. *. C&rri&+e %arriage is used to carry a tool to ring in contact with the rotating work piece or to with draw from such a contact. It operates on ed ways etween the headstock and tail stock. ,. S&$$-e It is a 0!1 shaped part fitted on the lathe ed. There is a hand wheel to move it on the ed way. %ross slide, compound rest, tool post are fitted on this saddle. &. Cro'' '-i$e It is on the upper slide of saddle in the form of dove tail. - hand wheel is provided to drive the cross slide. It permits the cross wise movement of the tool 2i.e.3 movement of tool towards or away from the operator

/. Compo0n$ re't It is fitted over the cross slide on a turn ta le. It permits oth parallel and angular movements to cutting tool.

(. Too- po't It is fitted on the top most part of the compound rest. Tool is mounted on this tool post. %utting tool is fi4ed in it with the help of screws.

1. Apron It is the hanging part in front of the carriage. It accommodates the mechanism of hand and power feed to the cutting tool for carrying out different operations.

2. Le&$ '(re3 It is a long screw with -%M5 threads. It is used for transmitting power for automatic feed or feed for thread cutting operation.

4. T&i- 'to() It is located the lathe ed positioned ed. It is at the right end of and used it cn e for anywhere in the

supporting lengthy /o s and also carries tool to carry out operations such as tapping, drilling, reaming.

WORK HOLDIN &. Lathe centers

DE5ICES

They are used to support work. It has two categories of centers. Live center is one which is fitted in the headstock spindle. 6ead is another one which is fitted in the tail stock. '. %huck It is a device used to hold a /o . It is easily fitted on the thread cut on the end of head stock spindle. 7arious types of chuck are a3 Two /aw chuck e3 Magnetic chuck 3 three /aw chuck c3 four /aw chuck d3 collet chuck

Three Four Jaw Jaw Universal Independent selfcentering chuck chuck

(. 8ace plate

*. %atch plate +. Lathe carriers or dog1s ,. Steady rest 9. Mandrel :. 8ollower rest CUTTIN TOOLS USED

8or making a finished /o on lathe machine, various types of cutting tools are used. .ne of them is single point cutting tool which is used to perform several operations on the work piece. 7arious types of cutting tools are 1. "ACIN TOOL

It is used for facing the longitudinal ends of the /o . Its shape is like a knife.

%. ROU H TURNIN

TOOL

It is used to remove e4cess material from the work piece in quick time. It can e used to give large depth of cut and work at coarse feed. *. "INISHIN TOOL

It is used for getting smooth finish on the work piece. Its point is a little more round. ,. RADIUS TOOL ;o s which need round cutting are done with this tool. Its type is a3 %onve4 radius tool 1. !ARTIN TOOLS 3 concave radius tool

It is used to cut the /o s into two parts. It is also used for grooving. 2. "ORM TURNIN TOOL

It is used for /o s which require oth conve4 and concave turning. 4. THREAD CUTTIN TOOL

It is used for making internal or e4ternal threads on the work piece. The tool nose is designed with a definite profile for taking threads. 6. DRILL TOOL It is used for making holes of various diameters on the /o . 6rill it of various sizes of diameter are availa le.

7. BORIN

TOOL

It used for enlarging the drill hole. 10. KNURLIN TOOL

6rawing slanting or square pro/ecting lines on the surface of a /o is known as knurling. It is used for making etter grip on the surface of a /o .

TOOL MATERIALS The single point cutting tools are made of high speed steel. 2!. S. S3 The main alloying elements in &: < * < & !SS tools are &: = tungsten, *= chromium and & = 7anadium. + to &> = co alt is also added to improve the heat resisting properties of the tool. ?eneral purpose hand cutting tools are usually made from car on steel or tool steel. %ar ide tipped tools fi4ed in tool holders, are mostly used in production shops.

LATHE O!ERATIONS 1. "ACIN It is done for getting fine finish 2good surface finish3 on the face of the /o . 8acing tool is set at an angle to the work piece. The tool is fed from the centre of work piece towards the outer surface against the rotating work piece. 6epth of cut is low for the facing operation.

%. !LAIN TURNIN It is done for reducing the diameter of the work piece. - cutting tool with 9> setting angle is used for roughing operation. More feed is given for rough turning while less feed is given for finishing. $ork piece is held in chuck and tool is set to center height of the work piece.

*. STE! TURNIN It is similar to the process of turning ut in this case different diameter in step of various sizes is taken on the work piece. ,. TA!ER TURNIN It is different from the turning operation.

 Taper is defined as uniform change in the diameter of a work piece measured along its length.

$here

6 d

< <

large 6iameter Small diameter

l 1. KNURLIN

<

Length of taper

It is process of making serrations on the work piece. @nurling tools of different shape and size are used to make grip on the work piece. It has two hardened steel rollers. The tool is held in tool post and pressed against the rotating work piece. $ork piece is rotated at lower speed and small amount of feed is given.

2. DRILLIN It is a process of making a hole on the work piece ;o is held in chuck while the drill is held in the tail stock sleeve.

 8eed is given y rotating the hand wheel in the tail stock which pushes the tailstock sleeve.

CUTTIN

S!EED

It is the peripheral speed of the work past the cutting tool. It is the speed at which metal is removed y the tool from the work piece.

 It is e4pressed in meter A minute.

6 < 6iameter in mm B < Spindle speed in rpm "EED It is defined as the rate of tool travel across a surface cutting it. It is the distance of the tool advances for each revolution of the work piece. It is e4pressed in mmArevolution. DE!TH O" CUT It is the perpendicular distance measured from the machined surface to the uncut surface of work. It is e4pressed in mm.

d& C diameter of work efore machining d' C diameter of work after machining

SA"ET# !RECAUTIONS

&3 ;o should e tightly held in the chuck.

'3 If the /o is held in etween the centers, then apply grease on the nose of dead center, otherwise it will urnt out due to e4cess heat. (3 6o not measure the /o while it is rotating. *3 6o not leave the chuck key in the chuck. +3 6o not try to stop the lathe chuck or /o with hands ,3 6o not handle metal chips y hand. 93 6o not give more depth of cut while the /o is rotating at high speed. :3 Tighten the tool I n the tool post. D3 6o not stand close to the rotating /o or ring your face to it. &>3 6o not reduce or increase the speed during the lathe operations.

Result :
E8!ERIMENT NO. %: AIM: To machine a work piece y facing, chamfering, knurling and step turning operations using a lathe. MATERIALS RE9UIRED: Mild steel polished round rod E '+ F ,+ mm TOOLS RE9UIRED: &. Lathe machine '. %utting tool (. outside %aliper *. Steel Gule

+. 7ernier %aliper !ROCEDURE: &. The given work piece is held firmly in a lathe chuck. '. The cutting tool is set in a tool post such that the point of the cutting tool coincides with the lathe a4is. (. The machine is switched on to revolve the work piece at the selected speed. *. )y giving %ross feed and longitudinal feed to the cutting tool, the facing and turning operations are done respectively. +. The machine is switched off. ,. The work piece is removed from the chuck and all the dimensions are measured and checked.

I5EN WORK !IECE :"I : 1.

"INISHED WORK !IECE :"I : %.

RESULT: The given work piece as shown in fig 2&3 is su /ected to facing, chamfering, knurling and step turning operations to ecome a finished work piece as shown in fig 2'3.

E8!ERIMENT NO. * AIM: To machine a work piece y facing, and taper turning operation 2compound rest method3 using a lathe. MATERIALS RE9UIRED: Mild steel polished round rod E EE F EEmm TOOLS RE9UIRED:

&. Lathe machine '. %utting tool (. .utside %aliper CALCULATION:

*.Steel Gule +.7ernier %aliper ,.Spanner

The taper angle is calculated using the following formulaH

& Taper angle 23 C tan

D d 'l

$here 6 C large diameter of taper in mm d C small diameter of taper in mm l C length of tapered part in mm C angle of taper !ROCEDURE: &. The given work piece is held firmly in a lathe chuck. '. The cutting tool is set in a tool post such that the point of the %utting tool coincides with the lathe a4is. (. The machine is switched on to revolve the work piece at the selected speed. *. )y giving %ross feed and longitudinal feed to the cutting tool, the facing and turning operations are done respectively. +. The compound rest is swiveled for the calculated taper angle. ,. )y giving angular feed to the cutting tool through the compound slide the taper turning operation is done. 9. The machine is switched off. :. The work piece is removed from the chuck and all the dimensions are measured and checked.

I5EN WORK !IECE :"I : 1.

"INISHED WORK !IECE :"I : %.

RESULT: The given work piece as shown in fig 2&3 is su /ected to facing, and taper turning operation 2compound rest method3 to ecome a finished work piece as shown in fig 2'3.