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Lab: 2 Section #: 004 Group #: 5 Experiment #: 2 Date : 3/6/2014

Oscilloscope
Your signature indicates that you have completely read the entire report and agree with everything here in. Failure to sign will result in a zero for your personal grade unless a formal exception is filed with your TA. Please Print and Sign Full Name Principal investigator: Skeptic: Researcher TA Ryan Samons_________________________________________ Morgan Culver_________________________________________ Logan Murphy_________________________________________ Justin Woods__________________________________________

Lab Report Score:________________

Role

DC

AD

RC

Q1

Q2

PI

PG

Legend:
I introduction DC data and calculation AD analysis and discussion RC results and conclusion Q1/Q2 quiz/prelab PI principal investigator points PG personal grade (average of individual score and Lab Report Score)

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Introduction:
After familiarizing ourselves with equipment during lab one, lab two focuses on learning how to use and becoming familiar with the oscilloscope. We learned how to look at the data displayed on the oscilloscopes screen and interpret that data to find other measurements. From this experiment will verify ohms law, and confirm that there are different ways to calculate voltages but ohms law works for all the methods and the values calculated are not significantly different between the methods used. Equipment: 1 Digital Multimeter 91910044 1 Oscilloscope C050155 1 DC power supply C1010444 2 AC power supply (function generator) FG24243,FG24241 1 10-k resistor 5 Banana clip wires 2 BNC cables

Post Lab Meetings: Monday February 24th there was a meeting in the lab to finish and finalize the data from the lab. Morgan and Logan were in attendance. Ryan had a class at the time of the office hours were the lab was completed therefore he was unfortunately unable to attend. The meeting lasted from approximately 11:00 am to 11:40 am. Thursday February 27th there was a meeting during the lab time. We discussed how we were going to proceed on the lab and discussed the results and comments given by the TA. This meeting lasted approximately 30 minutes. References: Ellis, Steven L. Laboratory Manual Spring 2013-2014 Appendix Fa - Tektronix_PWS4305 Appendix Fb - Tektronix_PWS4305 Appendix H- Tenma function generator 72-7210 Appendix K - Digital Multimeter Appendix S - Tenma Function Generator72 7210 Manual Appendix J Error propagation Appendix C TDS 100B Oscilloscopes users manual Standard Cover Sheet

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Procedure:
The research team began the experiment by reviewing the lab manual and trying to learn the general procedures of the lab before moving any further. Next, Ryan Samons and Morgan Culver retrieved the required equipment from the filing cabinet and Logan Murphy recorded the serial numbers of the equipment. Table 1 The PI Ryan Samons referenced the lab manual for the proper setup of the equipment for this part of the experiment. By placing cables between the oscilloscope and the DC power supply we were able to complete the circuit. These banana clips were ran through the resistor. The Digital Multimeter was then placed where it would read the voltage running through the system. At this point the DMM Voltage heading of Table 1 was completed by reading the DMM. Next the oscilloscope was used to record the scale and divisions of the data given in order to find the voltage reading on that device. These steps were repeated for .5V,1V,2V,4V, and 8V. The percent difference were then calculated by Skeptic Morgan Culver and recorded in Table 1. The diagram below shows the setup for this part of the experiment.

Table 2 For this part of the experiment the DC power supply was replaced with the function generator in order to find the same measurements using an AC power supply. All group members helped in switching these devices. The connection between the oscilloscope and function generator was made using BNC to banana clip cables. The TA Mr. Wood was asked by Logan Murphy to check the setup before continuing.

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The DMM readings were taken in the same manner as before, with the DMM being placed on top of the banana wires in the experiment in order to accurately record the data. Next the oscilloscope was used to find the divisions and scale of the data given in order to calculate the voltage readings for this part of the experiment. The percent difference was then calculated by the Skeptic Morgan Culver and recorded along with the other data The table below shows the setup for this part of the experiment.

Table 3 The next part of the experiment focused on using the function generator and seeing the effect the shape of the wave and the frequency strength had on the voltage given off. The same setup from table 2 was used in this part of the experiment also. Mr. Wood was asked by Morgan Culver to check the setup before preceding. First the data was recorded for all of the sine, triangle, and square waves at the 400Hz values, then the 4000Hz value, and the 40000Hz value. The divisions and scale factor data were gathered by Ryan Samons and Logan Murphy from the screen of the Oscilloscope itself. The divisions were the number of lines in between the two points needed. All the data was then recorded by the Skeptic Morgan Culver. The table below shows the setup for this part of the experiment.

Table 4

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The last part of the experiment involved 2 function generators. The two function generators were connected to the oscilloscope. One in channel one and the other in channel two. Mr. Wood was asked by Ryan Samons to check the setup before preceding. Both were turned on and the frequency values set to about equal, one double the other, and one triple the other, with the data being recorded along the way. The data recorded were the number of loops along the Lissajous pattern. After finding the display button we were able to find the proper display to show the data in this form. The number of loops were counted in the horizontal and vertical directions. The diagram below shows the setup for this part of the experiment.

Data and Calculations:

Table 1 The DC power supply was used in this part of the experiment changing the voltage as desired anywhere from .5V to 8V. The device was connected directly to the Oscilloscope and the reading came out to be in Volts as well. Below is the data collected.
Power Supply .5V 1.00V 2.00V 4.00V 8.00V DMM Voltage .5V 1V 2V 4V 8V Oscilloscope Divisions Scale 2.5 200mV 2 500mV 2 1V 2 2V 1.6 5V DC Voltage .5V 1V 2V 4V 8V % Difference 0 0 0 0 0

Although the percent difference equation does not apply here because the data was exactly the same the equation for percent difference will be used throughout the experiment and thus will be referenced in this section.

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Equation 1

Below is a sample equation for Equation 1. Since the values from the table above all give the % to be zero, the sample calculation will be if the values were 4V and 4.2V.

This next equation applies to all the numbers underneath the oscilloscope heading in the charts throughout the experiment. In order to find the DC voltage you must multiply the scale by the divisions. Equation 2

Sample equation using the row of the .5V.

Table 2 This part of the lab used the function generator to produce current using a sine wave and was measured both with the DMM and the oscilloscope. Before comparing the data the DMM voltage reading had to be converted to the peak voltage readings and the divisions and Scale had to be found on the oscilloscope. The data for this part of the experiment is shown below.
Function Generator min 0 db mid 0 db max 0 db mid -20 db max -20 db Oscilloscope Divisions 5 6.4 4.6 6.4 4.6 Scale .1V 1V 5V .1V .5V V(pp) .5V 6.4V 23V .64V 2.3V Digital Multimeter V(rms) .1738V 2.21V 7.68V .22V .795V Digital Multimeter V(pp) .491V 6.25V 21.73V .62V 2.25V %difference 1.81 2.37 5.68 3.17 2.2

There a few equations needed for the completion of the table above. The first is the conversion of the Digital Multimeter V(rms) into the V(pp). This equation is listed below. Equation 3

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Sample equation for equation 2 will be used at the mid 0 db row of calculations above.

The percent difference for this part of the experiment was found using Equation 1 from earlier in the experiment. The V(pp) underneath the oscilloscope was calculated by simply multiplying the divisions and the scale together. Also under the oscilloscope in the table there is a divisions and scale column. Using Equation 2 you find the values for the next column in the table. Equation 4

Table 3 In this part of the experiment the function generator was used to find the changes sine, triangular, and square waves affected the frequency readings. The table below shows the data gathered from this section of the lab.

Table 3
Wave Function form generato type r frequenc y
Sine Sine Sine Triangl e Triangl e Triangl e Square Square Square 400 Hz 4000 Hz 40000 Hz 400 Hz 4000 Hz 40000 Hz 400 Hz 4000 Hz 40000 Hz

Amplitude Div Scale factor r (V)

.1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2

Volt s
.32 .33 .31 .37 .365 .375 .55 .54 .45

Peak-to-Peak Amplitude Div Scale factor r (V)

6.4 6.6 6.2 7.4 7.5 7.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2

Period Volts Div Scale factor r (ms)

1 .1 .01 1 .1 .01 1 .1 .01

Sec.

Frequ ency F (HZ)

406.5 3846.15 40000 403.22 3846.15 38461.5 406.5 4000 40000

% diff in freq.

3.2 3.3 3.1 3.7 3.65 3.75 2.75 2.7 2.25

.64 .66 .62 .74 .75 .75 1.1 1.08 1.1

2.46 2.6 2.5 2.48 2.6 2.6 2.46 2.5 2.5

.00246 .00026 .000025 .00248 .00026 .000026 .00246 .00025 .000025

1.61 3.921 0 .8 3.92 3.92 1.611 0 0

The percent difference is found in this table by once again using Equation 1. The two volts categories under amplitude and peak to peak were calculated by taking the divisions and multiplying them by the scale factor. Another equation used in this chart is Equation 2. This is

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used by multiplying the divisions and scales in order to get the values. This just leaves the calculated frequency. Calculating frequency has the following equation. Equation 5

The sample calculation for this equation will be using the information in the square 40000Hz row.

Table 4 The last part of the experiment involved using two function generators changing the frequency of one of them and creating Lissajous Pattern. We had to set up the oscilloscope in the XY mode and looked at the ratio of vertical loops to horizontal loops. The chart below was created after looking at different ratios of frequencies given off by the function generator.

Frequency ratio 1/1 1/3

Number of Vertical Loops 1 1 1

Number of Horizontal Loops 1 2 3

Ratio 1/1 1/3

The picture below shows the oscilloscope at the time when both function generators were set at 400Hz. As you can see there is one vertical and one horizontal loop.

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The next picture shows the oscilloscope when one of the function generators is at double the frequency of the other. As you can see there is two horizontal loops and one vertical loop.

The last ratio tested was when one function generator was 3 times the other. As you can see there is three horizontal loops and one vertical loop.

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Discussion and Analysis

Throughout this entire experiment there were errors in the measurements taken. Some of these were measurable while others were more random and unmeasurable. Each piece of data collected will have a certain measurable or unmeasurable amount of error. This error is a result from the error in the equipment used during the experiment as well as random human error. These errors can be analyzed by breaking them down into four different sections, ranking them, and then further discussing systematic versus random error. The first sources of error occurred in part two of this experiment.

Part 2: Measurement of DC Voltage with the Oscilloscope

The error in this section of the lab will affect the data values collected in Data Table 1. Each piece of equipment used in this section will have a certain amount of error. These pieces of equipment include the digital multi-meter, power supply, and the oscilloscope. The oscilloscope will have sub errors that must be propagated such as the error in divisions, scale, and DC voltage. The systematic error for the power supply can be found using the following equation,

where: Vps is the error in the power supply output measured in volts : Vps is the voltage setting on the power supply : [2] is the number added to the smallest significant digit of the voltage of the power supply. Below is a sample equation of the error for the Power Supply using the voltage at 0V.

By using this equation, the error regarding the power supply can be found for each individual measurement taken. These errors can be found in Errors in Table 1. The systematic error in the digital multi-meter can also be found using a similar equation show below,

where: V is the digital multi-meter voltage measurement. : is the total error in the power supply

: [1] is the number added to the smallest significant digit

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Because the digital multi-meter is measuring the power supply voltage, the error in the digital multi-meter will also include the error in the power supply as seen above. Below is a sample equation of the error for the DMM device using the voltage at 0V.

The error in the oscilloscope will also affect the measurements found in Data Table 1. The error regarding this piece of equipment is more complex than the previous two. The total error in the DC voltage measurements taken has three different components. The first two are the error in the number of divisions and the error in the scale factor. The error in the divisions was given as 0.1 because it is designated as half of the smallest possible measurement. The error in the scale factor will be as 0.3% of the scale factor. In order to find the total error in DC measurement, these two values are multiplied together. Because of this, the total error must be propagated using the following equation:

This equation can be simplified, however, to an even simpler equation show below. The partial derivative of the voltage with respect to the divisions is just S. The partial derivative of the voltage with respect to the scale will be D. These can be substituted into the equation and then it be further simplified,

where:V is the error in the voltage : S is the scale factor : D is the error in the divisions : D is the number of divisions : S is the error in the scale

Similar to the digital multi-meter, the error in the oscilloscope will also inherit the error in the power supply. Because of this, the total error in the voltage measured by the oscilloscope can be found using the equation below.

Below is a sample calculation where S is .2V with an uncertainty of .006, a division of 2.5 and an uncertainty of .1, and the error in the power supply is .045V.

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Power Supply Setting 0.50V 1.00V 2.00V 4.00V 8.00V

Error in Power Supply Voltage .045 .07 .12 .22 .42

Error in Table 1 Error in DMM Error in Voltage Divisions Reading .07 .1 .11 .1 .19 .1 .35 .1 .67 .1

Oscilloscope Error in Scale .0006 .0015 .003 .006 .015 Error in DC Voltage .065 .12 .22 .42 .92

Part 3: Comparison of AC voltages measured with either the oscilloscope or DMM

The errors regarding the section of the lab will be similar to those seen in part 2 of the lab. The oscilloscope and digital multi-meter were used and will have the same measurable error. The error for measurements taken using the digital multi-meter will be slightly different, however, because now it is being used to measure the root mean square voltage and peak to peak voltage of AC voltages. A new piece of equipment was introduced in this section of the lab as well. For this part the function generator was used as well and it will have a measurable amount of error. All systematic error that will affect the measurements taken can be found in Errors in Table 2. The error in the digital multi-meter will have two different measurable errors due to the two different ways it was used in this section of the lab. The first error that can be calculated in the error in root mean square measurements. This error can be found using the simple equation,

where: Vrms is the total error in the measurement

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: Vrms is the original measurement : [2] is the number added to the smallest significant figure. Below is a sample calculation where the peak to peak voltage is .1738V.

The other measurable error for the digital multi-meter is the error in measuring peak to peak voltage. This error can be found using a simple process. Because the peak to peak voltage is found by multiplying the root mean square measurement by 22, the error in peak to peak voltage is simply: = Below is a sample calculation with Vrms is *2 . =.0037* 2 =.0105 The measurements taken using the oscilloscope will also have a certain amount of measurable error. These can be found by solving the following equation for peak to peak voltage.

In this equation the variables represent the same values that they did for the error in the oscilloscope measurement in the previous section. A sample calculation using this equation can be seen below where the function generator is set to min 0 db, the scale is .1V, the uncertainty in divisions is .1, the number of divisions is 5 and the uncertainty in the scale is .0003V.

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Function Generator Min 0 db Mid 0 db Max 0 db Mid -20 db Max -20 db

Error in Divisions .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

Error in Table 2 Oscilloscope Error in Error in Vpp Scale .0003 .01 .003 .1 .015 .5 .0003 .01 .0015 .05

Error in DMM Vrms

Error in DMM Vpp .01 .18 .491 .069 .051

.0642 .1736 .0244 .0179

Part 4: Measurement AC voltage for Different Waveforms

This section of the lab will have similar errors as in the previous section along with new errors regarding the error in time and frequency. The error in the divisions and scale factor will be the same as in part 3 on the lab. These can be found in Error in Table 2. The error in seconds can be found using a similar equation used to find the error in DC voltage in part 2 of the lab. The main difference in the equation below is that this equation is tailored to seconds instead of volts,

where: S is the seconds : D is the error in the divisions : D is the number of divisions : S is the error in the seconds A sample calculation can be seen below where the scale factor is .001s, the error in the divisions is .1, the number of divisions is 2.46, and

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The error in frequency can also be calculated using a similar equation. The main difference is now the derivative of frequency is taken with respect to the divisions and the scale.

Because seconds is equal to the divisions multiplied by the scale, this equation can be rewritten by replacing the two partial derivatives. The equation for error in frequency is now:

A sample calculation using this equation is shown below where the number of divisions in 2.46, the scale is .001, the error in divisions in .1, and the error in the scale is 3.0E-6.

There will also be a measurable error in volts in amplitude for this section of the lab. This error can be calculated using the equation below.

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This equation is the same one used to calculate the total error in voltage in part 2 of the lab. A sample equation can be seen below.

The error in peak to peak amplitude can be found using the same equation seen in part 3 of the lab. = *2

A sample calculation regarding this section of the lab can be seen below. = *2

=.01* 2 Vpp=.028

Error in Table 3
Waveform type Function generator frequency Amplitude Error in Div Error in Scale factor r (V)
.0003 .0003 .0003 .0003

Error in Volts

Peak-to-Peak Amplitude Error Error in Div in Scale factor r (V)

.1 .1 .1 .1 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003

Period Error in Volts Error in Div Error in Scale factor r (ms) .003 .0003 .0000 3 .003 Error in Sec.

Error in Frequenc y F (HZ)

Sine Sine Sine Triangle

400 Hz 4000 Hz 40000 Hz 400 Hz

.1 .1 .1 .1

.01 .01 .01 .01

.028 .028 .028 .028

.1 .1 .1 .1

.0001 .00001 .000001 .0001

16.77 167.7 1677 16.77

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Triangle Triangle Square Square Square 4000 Hz 40000 Hz 400 Hz 4000 Hz 40000 Hz .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .0003 .0003 .0006 .0006 .0006

.01 .01 .02 .02 .02

.1 .1 .1 .1 .1

.0003 .0003 .0006 .0006 .0006

.028 .028 .057 .057 .057

.1 .1 .1 .1 .1

.0003 .0000 3 .003 .0003 .00003

.00001 .000001 .0001 .00001 .000001

167.7 1677 16.77 167.7 1677

Random vs. Systematic Errors

The systematic errors in this experiment are the ones that can be calculated and mathematically accounted for. The random errors in this experiment are those that cant such as human errors. One example of a random human error seen in this experiment that the function generator would never stay at a set value for frequency. Because it would randomly change, it cannot be accounted for mathematically. There are also unknown human errors in this lab that will affect the results. The majority of the error seen in this lab can be broken down into the two categories. Error Types 1. Random errors. These are errors that you cannot account for exactly but you know they exist throughout the experiment. The function generator fluctuated in its Hz given off. The function generator didnt have a knob to stop at exactly the MID. The research team had faulty cables that may have affected the results. Other unknown sources of error not calculable. 2. Systamatic errors. These are errors that we know occur and have specific equations in order to find the exact value for the error. The error in the power supply including that for root mean square and peak to peak. The error in the digital multi-meter. The error in the oscilloscope readings including the scale and divisions. The error in frequency. The error in time.

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Results and Conclusions

The purpose of this lab was to become familiar with using the oscilloscope. One advantage that the oscilloscope has when compared to the DMM we learned to use in Lab 1, is that the oscilloscope displays a graph of the voltage as a function of time. This allows us to view how the voltage changes over a longer period of time vs. the DMM which shows the voltage using the root-mean-squared method. One advantage the DMM has is that it can show a more precise measurement of the voltage at the instant it is measuring. During the first part of the lab, we measured the DC voltage. The error has been calculated and organized in the Error in Table 1 table. Below is a sample comparison of the DMM vs. Oscilloscope measurements for the power supply setting of 2 volts. Number Line 1:

DMM vs Oscilloscope (2 V)
DMM 2 0.19V Oscilloscope 2 0.22V 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

We can see from the number line that the DMM and Oscilloscope voltage overlap (they were stacked to aid viewing). This shows that these instruments can be trusted to produce an accurate value for the voltage. Now the AC voltage is measured. The AC voltage is provided by the function generator. Below is a number line that compares the oscilloscope, and the DMM measurements for the voltage. The number line is based on the 400 Hz and 0 db setting for the function generator. The errors are taken from the Error in Table 2 table from the skeptic. Number Line 2:

DMM vs Oscilloscope (Min 0 db)

DMM 0.491 0.01V Oscilloscope 0.5 0.01 0.475 0.48 0.485 0.49 0.495 0.5 0.505 0.51 0.515

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Here we can see that the DMM and the Oscilloscope measurements for voltage overlap. The percent difference between the two measurements was 1.81%. This, plus the overlapping error bars, shows that the oscilloscope and the DMM can be used to accurately determine the voltage. We can conclude because these values overlap, as well as the overlap from Number Line 1, that the adjusting of the DC power supply and the Function generator using only the front control knobs can yield a precise output from either unit. This next section compares the different frequencies of the function generator and that of the oscilloscope. The uncertainty in the frequency could be calculated by defining the uncertainty to be that of the error of the inverse of the period. The first number line in this section will be that of the sin at 400 Hz. The frequency measured by the oscilloscope is the one to trust in this situation because setting the frequency on the function generator is difficult because of the sensitivity of the knob on the front of the unit. It is also important to note that one should try to fit the entire period onto the screen of the oscilloscope to allow for a more accurate measurement. If the entire period was not on the screen, it would be difficult to determine where the period began and ended. The errors came from the Error in Table 3 table in from the skeptic. Below is the comparison for the sin wave at 400 Hz vs. the function generator at 400 Hz. Number Line 3:

Function Generator vs Oscilloscope (sin 400 Hz)

Function Generator 400Hz Oscilloscope 406.5 16.77Hz 380 390 400 410 420 430

We can see that the error bounds on the oscilloscope's measurements overlapped the frequency of the function generator. This shows that the oscilloscope can produce an accurate measurement for the frequency from the function generator; however, it may not be a precise measurement. Below is the comparison for the sin wave at 4000 Hz vs. the function generator at 4000 Hz.

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Number Line 4:

Function Generator vs Oscilloscope (sin 4000 Hz)

Function Generator 4000Hz Oscilloscope 3846.15 167.7Hz

3600

3700

3800

3900

4000

4100

Because the oscilloscope's measurement and errors overlapped, we can draw the same conclusion as we did from number line 4, that is, that the oscilloscope can return an accurate measurement of the frequency. One thing to notice is that the measured frequency of 3846.15 Hz is lower than the frequency of 4000 Hz we were supposed to compare the oscilloscope to. This is probably due to a random error or a mistake in setting the function generator's frequency. The random errors and systematic errors were discussed in the Skeptic's portion of this paper. Below is the comparison for the sin wave at 40000 Hz vs. the function generator at 40000 Hz. Number Line 5:

Function Generator vs Oscilloscope (sin 40000 Hz)

Function Generator 40000Hz Oscilloscope 40000 16.77 Hz

38000

39000

40000

41000

42000

We can see again that the oscilloscope's measurement and errors overlap the frequency of the function generator. Based on this, we can again conclude that the oscilloscope will produce an accurate measurement of the frequency.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we learned how to use the oscilloscope and accompanying software, although not required, to determine voltage and frequency. We learned about using the oscilloscope to measure AC and DC voltages. We learned how to measure the period and frequency of a signal using the oscilloscope, and we learned how to make a Lissajous figure using two AC voltage input signals. This lab also introduced us to the oscilloscope, which allows us to make a more indepth analysis of electrical signals for future labs.