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An Introduction to Graduation Project Submitted to the Electrical Engineering Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering
Table of Contents
Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Table of Abbreviations Abstract Chapter one 1.1 1.2 Chapter Two 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Project Overview Project Outline Overview of Electrical Energy Situation in West Bank Electrical Energy Sources Electric Utilities in West Bank Electrical Energy Consumption 2.3.1 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Sectors 2.3.2 Electrical Energy Consumption in Different Areas Electricity Customers in West Bank Rates and Tariff Structure in the West Bank 2.5.1 Tariff Structure in Southern Electricity Company(SELCO) 2.5.2 Tariff structure in Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) 2.5.3 Tariff structure in Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) 2.5.4 Tariff structure in Jerusalem District Electrical Company (JDECO) Electrical Energy Problems Future Plans in the West Bank Nablus Distribution System Nablus District 3.1.1 Feeders 3.1.2 Substations 3.1.3 Transmission Lines Wadi Altufa Substation 3.2.1 Data Collection 3.2.2 Data Analysis
2.4 2.5
3.2
Hebron Distribution System Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) Southern Electricity Company (SELCO)
32 32 35
Bethlehm Distribution System Bethlehm System Descriptions Alkhas Substation 5.2.1 Data Collection 5.2.2 Data Analysis Conclusion & Future work
37 39 42 44 45 48 49
II
List of Tables
No. Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 2-3 Table 2-4 Table 2-5 Table 2-6 Table 2-7 Table 2-8 Table 2-9 Table 2-10 Table 2-11 Table 3-1 Table 3-2 Table 3-3 Table 3-4 Table 3-5 Table 3-6 Table 3-7 Table 3-8 Table 3-9 Table 3-10 Table 3-11 Table 4-1 Table 4-2 Table 5-1 Table 5-2 Table 5-3 Table 5-4 Table 5-5 Table 5-6 Table 5-7 Table 5-8 Table 5-9 Table Electric supply system in West Bank Electrical energy consumption in different areas (GWh) Number of customers in the West Bank areas Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in SELCO Electricity selling prices for the billing system in SELCO Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in NEDCO Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO Electricity selling prices in JDECO Multi tariff structure Main substation in Nablus Substations and the outcome feeder Transmission lines specifications Parameters of the transmission line Transformer parameters Load parameters Per unit values for transmission line per phase Per unit values for transformer per phase The PF at loads Load Voltage on the buses Substations in HEPCO Capacity of each area in SELCO Injection points in JDECO Main substations in Bethlehem Bethlehem distribution transformers Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm Per unit values for transmission line per phase in Bethlehem Transformer parameters in Bethlehm PF at each load in Alkhas substation Load in Alkhas substation Actual Voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation Page 8 9 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 19 21 24 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 33 35 37 39 41 41 44 44 45 46 46
III
List of Figures
No. Fig. 2-1 Fig. 2-2 Fig. 2-3 Fig. 2-4 Fig. 2-5 Fig. 2-6 Fig. 2-7 Fig. 2-8 Fig. 2-9 Fig. 3-1 Fig. 3-2 Fig. 3-3 Fig. 3-4 Fig. 3-5 Fig. 3-6 Fig. 3-7 Fig. 3-8 Fig. 3-9 Fig. 4-1 Fig. 4-2 Fig. 4-3 Fig. 5-1 Fig. 5-2 Figure Electric supply system in West Bank Geographical area for each electric utility in West Bank Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh) Annual GWh consumption. Percentage electrical energy consumption Percentage electrical energy consumption per Area Growth of population in West Bank Number of customers in West Bank Multi tariff structure The main feeders in Nablus The future main feeders in Nablus Main substations Asker substation. Wadi Altufah substation Mujeer Aldeen substation Central substation Single line diagram Percentage impedance HEPCO daily load curve Main feeders in HEPCO Areas served by SELCO Main substations in Bethlehm Single line diagram of Alkas substation Page 4 6 7 7 9 10 10 11 15 18 18 20 22 22 23 23 25 27 32 34 36 40 43
IV
Table of Abbreviations
IEC JDECO NEDCO HEPCO SELCO PEA NIS VAT MWh GWh kWh MVA Mvar kV V A GMD C OH ACSR XLPE km PF R X %Z Isc Vsc Zsc Israeli Electric Corporation Jerusalem District Electricity Company Northern Electricity Distribution Company Hebron Electric Power Company Southern Electricity Company Palestinian Energy Authority New Israeli Shekel Value Added Tax Megawatt Hour Gigawatt Hour Kilowatt Hour Megavolt Ampere Megavolt Ampere Reactive Kilovolt Volt Ampere Geometric Main Distance Underground Cable Overhead Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced Cross-linked Polyethylene kilometer Power Factor Resistance Reactance Percentage Impedance Short Circuit Current Short Circuit Voltage Short Circuit Impedance
" "
VI
VII
Abstract
The introduction of the project focuses on the electrical networks in West Bank. The aim of this study is to analyze the current electrical network in the west bank distribution companies and know the performance of these networks. Moreover, it will help us take the next step in proposing different scenarios to connect the different power distribution companies and generate an integrated electrical network with standard voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high reliability, good voltage level, and low transmission cost.
VIII
. , .
IX
Chapter One
Introduction
The ranges of voltage of West Bank networks are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11kv, 33 kV. In Jerusalem Distribution Electric Company (JDECO), the voltage ranges are 400V, 11 kV and 33 kV. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) and Southern Electricity Company (SELCO) use 400V, 6.6 kV and 33 kV ranges, but in Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) the ranges of voltage are 400V, 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 33 kV. Municipalities directly step down the voltage from 33 kV to 400 kV. These networks suffer from high transmission and distribution losses (technical and non technical) that varies from 17-32 %.
2.1
rehabilitation. There is no electrical power generation in West Bank. 96% of electrical energy consumed in 2009 was imported from IEC, and the remaining was imported from Jordan [1].
The maximum capacity of West Bank is nearly 800 MVA. 70% of the supply from Israel comes indirectly through three 161/33 kV substations; one in the south in area C close to Hebron, a second in the north in the Ariel settlement (area C) close to Nablus, and a third in Atarot industrial area (area C) near Jerusalem. These feeders feed Hebron, Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Jericho, Salfeet and Nablus. 30% comes directly through two 33 kV feeders from Beisan which feed both Jenin and Tubas. And three 22 kV feeders from Ntanya feed both Tulkarm and Qalqiliya [2]. The supply from Jordan comes through 33 kV (can withstand 132 kV) overhead line (20MW) to supply only Jericho [3]. The remaining power is generated by decentralized small diesel generators.
Fig. 2-1 shows a drawing of the West Bank electric supply system
2.2
there no substantial generating capacity but there are four free standing utilities that are responsible for electricity distribution in West Bank. These utilities are: 1. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO), established in 1928, it is the largest distribution company in the West Bank covers approximately 25% of it. It serves Bethlehem, East Jerusalem, Ramallah and Jericho and connected to Atarot near Jerusalem and area C near to Hebron [3]. 2. Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO), established in 2008 to serve Nablus, Tulkarem, Jenin and other northern regions of the West Bank. But till now only Nabuls and Jenin city are under its responsibility. Connection point is in Areil settlement, at the north of Nablus [4]. 3. Southern Electricity Company (SELCO), established in 2002.It serves Dura, Yatta and Dahariah. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [6]. 4. Hebron Electric Power Co. (HEPCO),established in 2000. It serves Hebron and Halhul. Connection point is in area C near to Hebron [5]. The remaining areas of the West Bank are under municipal responsibility. Fig. 2-2 shows the geographical area of each utility. More details about these companies and their connection points with IEC are discussed in next chapters.
(Fig. 2-2) Geographical area for each electric utility in the West Bank
2.3
Electrical Energy consumption in West Bank is another aspect of difficult political and economical situation. Total energy consumption in 2009 was 2366 GWh. This consumption is small compared with energy consumption in the neighboring countries. Fig. 2-3 shows total electrical energy consumption in West Bank and neighboring countries [8].
110816
Lebanon
Syria
Israel
Egypt
Jordan
West Bank
(Fig. 2-3) Total electricity consumption in 2009(GWh) Fig. 2-4 shows the GWh consumption for different years in West Bank. The demand for electricity continued to increase at a rate of 6.4% [2].
3226 3032
2850 2678
2142 2284 2366 2517
1973
2032
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Most recent indicators show that electricity consumption in West Bank could be estimated at 757 kWh per capita [1]. By world's standard, it is considered very low. As a base of comparison, a country like Jordan the annual per capita consumption is 2000 kWh, and in Egypt is approximately 1500 kWh. Estimate for Israel would yield a per capita consumption of 7000 KWh that is nearly ten times that of West Bank [9].
2008
2009
1203
1219.2
1285.2
1370.4
1419.6
Others
73.383
74.3712
78.3972
83.5944
86.5956
Fig. 2-5 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between these sectors in 2009.
0.34% 36%
Residential
Commercial&Industrial
4%
3.66%
60%
Agricultural
Othes
Fig. 2-6 shows the percentage share of electrical energy consumption between these areas.
3.5% Hebron 2% 7% 21% 7.5% Bethlehem East Jerusalem Ramallah Jericho Selfeet 10% 9% Nablus Jenin 1.5% 2.5% 16% 19% Tubas Tulkarem Qalqiliah
2.4
The population of West Bank is growing at a rate of 2.5% as shown in Fig. 2-7. At midyear 2009 it was estimated about 2,448,433 [7].
The rate of population growth is a key feature of the number of electricity customers, which is an important factor to be worry about because of the limited electricity supply in West Bank.
2,700,000 2,500,000
Population
2000
2005
2010
2015
10
Number of electricity customers in the West Bank is approximately 592940 customers and increasing at a rate of 4%. Fig. 2-8 shows the number of customers in years 2005- 2009.
592940 570140 548208 529666 513181
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Table 2-3 shows number of customers per area in 2009 [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]. (Table 2-3) Number of customers in West Banks areas Area Areas of HEPCO Areas of SELCO East Jerusalem Ramallah Bethlehm Jericho Nablus West Bank Municipalities Total Number of Customers 33533 18000 86475 75272 35323 7982 54339 282016 592940
11
2.5
situation and the unavailability of electrical generation in West Bank. Also Uniform tariff does not exist in West Bank. Distribution companies control the prices but not the PEA, so these prices vary from one company to another.
Average price for kWh paid in West Bank to IEC is 0.38 NIS, and the average price paid by customers is 0.64 NIS\kWh.
Table 2-5 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive of VAT). (Table 2-5) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in SELCO Sector kWh NIS/ kWh 1-50 Residential 51-250 251-500 More than 500 Commercial Industrial Institutional Government --------------------------------------------------------0.63 0.69 0.75 0.80 0.69 0.63 0.75 0.80
12
(Table 2-6) Electricity selling prices for the prepay system in HEPCO Sector kWh NIS/ kWh Residential &Commercial 0-150 More than 150 Others --------------0.54 0.57 0.50
Table 2-7 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive of VAT). (Table 2-7) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in HEPCO Sector kWh NIS/ kWh Residential & Commercial 0-150 More than 150 Others --------------0.63 0.68 0.61
For the billing system, HEPCO makes a discount of 10% on the billings that paid during a specific period.
13
Table 2-9 shows the electricity selling prices for the billing system (Prices inclusive of VAT) in NEDCO. (Table 2-9) Electricity selling prices for the billing system in NEDCO Sector Residential kWh 1-50 More than 50 commercial 1-100 More than 100 industrial 1-100 More than 100 agricultural temporary water pumps ------------------------------------------------------NIS\ kWh 0.56 0.59 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.64 0.73 0.57
JDECO adopts multi tariff structure for customers who consume more than 50000 kWh yearly; the prices vary from one season to another and from one day to another according to criteria shown in table 2-11 and Fig. 2-9 [3]. (Table 2-11) Multi tariff structure Rate A Season NIS/ kWh Winter 0.41 Sprig & Autumn 0.36 Summer 0.37
14
2.6
Electricity distribution networks, that feed all categories of consumers in the areas of West Bank, are supplied with full requirements of electric power from IEC. Also because of the absence of a Palestinian electrical system that includes all of these networks every distributor contacts separately with IEC, which create a state of chaos. This situation causes many problems like high technical losses, shortage of supply capacities, power outages, voltage drop , and others. And there is a need for the development of the distribution companies in West Bank which is still in progress. The major electrical energy problems can be summarized in [1]: 1- Lack of supply capacity of electrical energy to meet present and future needs. It is a serious problem in northern West Bank especially Nablus area.
2- Electrical networks need major rehabilitation and development. 3- Absence in generating capacity in West Bank.
4- Energy prices are very high compared with regional and international prices.
15
5- High transmission and distribution losses (technical and non technical) which are considered an important and an emergent problem.
16
NEDCO is a distribution company in the north of West Bank which entirely depends on purchasing electricity from IEC on 33 kV level. It was established to serve all the northern provinces, but till now it serves Nablus province and Jenin city only. NEDCO purchases 275.8 GWh form IEC. 228.249 GWh was consumed by 54339 consumers with 90% load factor (1).The percentage of losses is about 17% [4].
NEDCO is in progressing to increase the capacity to 91MVA by increasing the capacity of Odala to 20 MVA and replacing Qussen feeder by Jeet feeder with a capacity of 40MVA. Fig. 3-1 shows these main feeders, and the future main feeders are shown in Fig. 3-2.
(1)
Load factor: the average power divided by the peak power over a period of time [10].
17
18
3.1.2 Substations
The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 10MVA in the main substations. Table 3-1 shows the main substation with their rated capacities and connection points. (Table 3-1) Main substation in Nablus Substation Capacity (MVA)
Fed from
13 22 17 7
1 2 2 1
These substations are connected together with 33 kV lines in order to increase reliability of the system. Fig. 3-3 shows the substation and there connection points. 6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVAand 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA Some loads are not fed from these substations. They fed directly from 33 kV feeders through step down transformers (Dy11, 33/0.4 kV) with different rated
values (160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA, 1500 kVA The 6.6 kV feeder, which comes out of the 10MVA transformer, is branched to a number of 6.6 kV feeders by connecting it to a bus bar. Table 3-2 shows the feeders that come out from each substation and their capacities (2) .
(2)
Transformers in NEDCO are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor [4].
19
20
(Table 3-2) substations and the outcome feeder Substations Feeders Nawaser(1) Askar Nawaser(2) Althalagat Asker Askar(on) Khalet Aleman Faisal Central Ras alean(1) Alsouq Wadi Altfsh Ras alean(2) Aldahia Rafidia Aldardoq Mujeer Aldeen Almajen Alethad Alenjele Al-Mahkma Kamal Jomblat Wadi Al-tufah Algma
Capacity (kVA)
1888 1748 2240 1448 672 2772 3268 1580 1304 2576 3000 2092 2428 1172 2184 2416 2020 1076 2428 3336
About 13.6 MVA load is not connected to these substations. Fig. 3-4, Fig. 3-5, Fig. 3-6 and Fig. 3-7 show the feeders of each substation.
21
22
23
(Table 3-3) Transmission lines specifications Type C/OH Voltage Rated Resistance Reactance (kV) Current (A) XLPE XLPE XLPE ACSR ACSR ABC ABC ABC C C C OH OH OH OH OH 33 33 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 651 553 335 359 359 215 175 140 0.0976 0.127 0.325 0.37 0.66 0.32 0.443 0.641 0.115 0.120 0.124 0.279 0.297 0.087 0.088 0.093 / km / km
24
25
The capacitance of the transmission line is calculated from the following equation [13]: C= F/ km (3.1)
GMD= 75.59 cm, r =0.55cm (for ACSR 95mm2). C=11.3 nF/ km, which is very small, so it is neglected. 2. Transformer parameters (R, X) The resistance and reactance of the transformer are not available in the nameplate. Depending on the percentage impedance (%Z) definition and short circuit test we calculated R and X values.
A transformer's percentage impedance is evaluated by a simple test. The secondary terminals are short-circuited. A low voltage is then applied to the primary terminals, and increased until the current measured in the short-circuited secondary reaches the rated ampere value. The impedance is then the ratio of that primary voltage to the rated voltage. Fig. 3-9 shows measuring impedance method [11].
(3)
MVA rated =
Vrated*I rated
26
The percentage impedance is calculated via equation 3.2 [11]. And the short circuit impedance is calculated via equation 3.3 [12]. %Z = ..... (3.2)
Zsc =
<PF... (3.3)
Where Vsc equals to impedance voltage and Isc equals to the rated current at the secondary. Table 2-4 shows the parameters of the transformers. (Table 3-5) Transformer parameters Capacity %Z (MVA) 0.25 0.4 0.63 1 10 4.5 4.14 4.62 6 10 0.68816 0.473 0.2852 0.2524 3.47 0.293 0.2016 0.121 0.108 1.48 0.92
R()
X()
PF
3. Table 3-6 shows the loads inserted to Power World simulator. (Table 3-6) Load parameters. Transformer (kVA) Load (MVA) 250 400 630 1000 0.1 0.16 0.252 0.4
27
4. Data in per unit I. Transmission Parameters We assumed Sbase is 100MVA for the whole system; also the base voltage is taken to be the nominal voltages at the buses, for 6.6 kV line, the base impedance is calculated via equation 3.4 and the per unit impedance is calculated via equation 3.5 [12]. Zbase= = 0.4356 (3.4)
Zpu=
. (3.5)
(Table 3-7) Per unit values for transmission line per phase Type XLPE(120mm ) ACSR(95/15) ACSR(50/8)
2
II.
Transformers We assumed Sbase is 100MVA for the whole system; also the base voltage is taken to be the nominal voltages on the primary winding, using equation 3.4 the base impedance is calculated. Table 3-8 shows the per unit values for the transformers.
(Table 3-8) Per unit values for transformer per phase Capacity (MVA) 0.25 0.4 0.63 1 10 Zbase R() Per unit 1.579798 1.085859 0.654729 0.579431 0.3434 X() Per unit 0.672635 0.46281 0.277778 0.247934 0.135904
0.4356 10.89
28
1. The capacity of Wadi Altufah substation is 5.7 MW, 2.7 Mvar with 0.90 PF. 2. A 5.2MW, 2.4 Mvar is consumed by the load, with 0.89 PF as an average. Table 3-9 and Table 3-10 show the actual power factor and the actual consumption. 3. The losses in the system is 0.5MW (9%) and 0.2 Mvar (8.3%).
PF 0.89442719 0.89442719 0.931062364 0.920015636 0.920015636 0.920015636 0.919970569 0.89442719 0.85749292 0.89189621 0.92009074 0.934783576
Bus Number 37 39 41 43 46 47 49 51 53 55 58 59
PF 0.9001039 0.900103905 0.90001565 0.92572372 0.821925819 0.9013121 0.89442719 0.920015636 0.920015636 0.857492926 0.931022838 0.92010234
(Table 3-10) Load Bus Load MW Number 6 0.2000 8 0.2000 12 0.1600 17 0.1472 19 0.1472 21 0.1472 23 0.0920 26 0.6000 28 0.5000 30 0.2268 32 0.5520 35 0.1250
Load Mvar 0.1000 0.1000 0.0627 0.0627 0.0627 0.0627 0.0392 0.3000 0.3000 0.1150 0.2350 0.0475
Bus Number 37 39 41 43 46 47 49 51 53 55 58 59
Load MW 0.1440 0.1440 0.1800 0.2668 0.1000 0.2268 0.2000 0.1472 0.1472 0.1000 0.1000 0.2320
Load Mvar 0.0697 0.0697 0.0872 0.1090 0.0693 0.1090 0.1000 0.0627 0.0627 0.0600 0.0392 0.0988
29
4. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 6.6 kV was 10.3% and on 0.4 kV buses was 10.5%. Table 3-11 shows the actual voltage and drop voltage on the buses. (Table 3-11) Voltage on the buses Bus number 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Nominal voltage ( kV ) 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6
0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 6.6 0.4
Actual voltage ( kV ) 6.592 6.588 6.453 0.39 6.452 0.39 6.42 6.329 6.328 0.383 6.173 6.142 5.996 5.992 0.362 5.984
0.362 5.982 0.362 5.981 0.362 5.974 5.938 0.358 5.935 0.358 5.974 0.36 5.97 0.36 6.585 6.534 0.395 6.467 0.391 6.407 0.387
Percentage voltage drop 0.1212 0.1818 2.2273 2.5000 2.2424 2.5000 2.7273 4.1061 4.1212 4.2500 6.4697 6.9394 9.1515 9.2121 9.5000 9.3333
9.5000 9.3636 9.5000 9.3788 9.5000 9.4848 10.0303 10.5000 10.0758 10.5000 9.4848 10.0000 9.5455 10.0000 0.2273 1.0000 1.2500 2.0152 2.2500 2.9242 3.2500
30
31
There are two electric utilities that supply Hebron with electricity which will be discussed in the following sections.
32
HEPCO is supplied by 60MVA from six 33 kV feeders to supply seven substations. Table 4-1 shows the specifications of each substation. (Table 4-1) Substations in HEPCO Substation Name Duhdah Substation
Description
Ras Substation
West Substation
Harayek Substation
Fahs Substation
Hussien Substation
Um El Dalieh
10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Total purchased power from IEC Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Peak Load Average PF 10 MVA power transformer Peak Load Average PF
MVA MVA
MVA MVA
Fig. 4-2 shows these substations and the connections with IEC feeders.
33
The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 6.6 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 10MVA in the main substation, and then 6.6 kV feeders are reduced to 0.4 kV level by step down transformers (Dy11) rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA and 1000 kVA. Some loads are fed directly from 33\0.4kV transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA. HEPCO in progress to raise the voltage level to 11 kV .Now Fahs substation distributes power at 11 kV level.
34
Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (ACSR, ABC) or by underground cables (XLPE).
4.2
villages in south of Hebron [6]. SELCO purchases 96.44 GWh form IEC, 69.62 MWh were consumed by 18000 customers with 80% load factor and the percentage of losses is about 28%. In SELCO, there are no substations. The voltage is reduced directly from 33 kV to 0.4 kV using different transformers rated at 160 kVA, 250 kVA, 400 kVA, 630 kVA, 1000 kVA. SELCO is supplied by 13.3 MVA from IEC; this capacity is distributed as shown in Fig. 4-3. Table 4-2 shows the served areas and their capacities [6]. (Table 4-2) Capacity of each area in SELCO Area kVA Yatta 5000 Adhriya 2000 Dura 1500 Imreish 1000 Karma 500 Al Ramdeen 500 Burj 218 Beit Rush Alfuqa 111 Biet Rush Althta 44 Deir al'Asal Alfuqa 173 Deir al'Asal Althta 111 Al Majd 173 Sekka 630 Beit Marsam 630 Al Buweib 630 Hadab Al Fawwar 111
35
(Fig. 4-3) Areas served by SELCO HEPCO and SELCO do not cover all parts of Hebron. The remaining parts are fallen under municipalities responsibility, which represents a large area but with a lower consumption of electricity due to lower population and industrial activities.
36
JDECO, which is a distribution company in the middle of West Bank, depends on purchasing electricity from IEC (95.4%) and Jordan (4.6%) on 33 kV level. It serves East Jerusalem, Ramallah, Bethlehem, and Jericho. JDECO purchases 1576.606 GWh. 1077.768 GWh was consumed by 205052 customers with 60% load factor. The percentage of losses is about 32%. Table 5-1 shows the electricity data for high voltage injection points [3]. (Table 5-1) Injection points in JDECO Injection points No. Of injection points Ram. 56% Bet. 54% 2 Total MVA kWh Purchased Energize (year) 1998 2002
Area
kV
Ram 1
20
949.39 531.326
46%
15 20 20
1973 1990
Jerusalem 160.7MVA
639146138
20 9 20 20 15 7.5
37
(Table 5-1, continued) Ramallah Beit Safafa Al-Barid Ofre Bereg Al-Ram Ein Samya Sinjel Beit Horon Nabe Saleh Beit
20 2.5 20 20 20
545516286
123.7MVA
Ramallah
20 9 10 10 5 7.5
1999
1974 1991
301581620
Bethlehem
74.6MVA
45MVA
Jericho
10 4 10 10
96361923
Total
30
434
1576605975
38
Qobat Rahel
2X15 MVA
Beit Sahour
Jarad
2X10MVA
Alkhas
5 MVA
Fig. 5-1 shows the main substations and their connection points.
39
The 33 kV feeders are reduced to 11 kV level then to 0.4 kV and some loads are fed directly from 33/0.4 kV transformers. Table 5-3 the specifications of Bethlehem distribution transformers [3].
40
(Table 5-3) Bethlehem distribution transformers Transformer(kV) Rated kVA 400 11\0.4 500 630 1000 100 160 11\0.4 250 500 630 100 160 33\0.4 250 400 500 630 Total No. Of transformers 5 4 7 1 10 5 24 4 8 10 15 17 7 3 4 138 Outdoor Outdoor Indoor Indoor/Outdoor
Electric power is transmitted by overhead transmission lines (OH) or by underground cables (C), Table 5-4 shows different types of transmission lines and their specifications [3]. (Table 5-4) Transmission lines specifications in Bethlehm C/ OH Voltage ( kV ) Rated Current (A) 370 Resistance / km 0.206 Reactance / km 0.20 Cross Section (mm2)
Type
C C
33 33
150 150
350
0.124
0.088
41
(Table 5-4, continued) TSLE 3X1X150 CU DKBA 1X3X120 CU ACSR ACSR ACSR DKBA 1X3X150 CU TSLE 3X1X150 CU DKBA 1X3X120 CU ACSR ACSR ABC ABC ABC C C OH OH OH C C C OH OH OH OH OH 33 33 33 33 33 11 11 11 11 11 0.4 0.4 0.4 455 305 0,124 0.153 0,20 150 120 120 95 50 150 150 120 95 50 95X6 70X6 50X6
0.088
732 628 416 350 455 305 628 416 215 175 140
0.150 0.190 0.395 0.124 0.124 0.15 0.191 0.359 0.32 0.443 0.641
0.386 0.394 0.415 0.88 0.19 0.088 0.351 0.373 0.087 0.088 0.093
42
43
2. Transformer parameters are shown in Table 5-6. (Table 5-6) Transformer parameters in Bethlehm Capacity %Z Load(1) (MVA) 0.16 0.25 0.5 5 4 4.5 4 6 MW 0.05888 0.092 0.184 .. Mvar 0.025 0.0392 0.0784 ... 1.21
Zbase
PF
0.920
10.98
0.637
The base impedance is calculated via equation 5.1 [12] . Zbase(2) = ... (5.1)
(1)
Transformers in Bethlehm are loaded to 40% of rated capacity and 0.92 power factor. Sbase = 100MVA
(2)
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1. The capacity of Alkhas substation is 1.71 MW, 0.73 Mvar with 0.92 PF. 2. A 1.65 MW, 0.7 Mvar was consumed by the load, with 0.919 PF as an average. Table 5-7 and Table 5-8 show the actual power factor and the actual consumption.
(Table 5-7) PF at each load in Alkhas substation Bus number 4 6 8 10 12 15 16 18 20 25 27 29 31 33 35 36 Power Factor 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91924836 0.91924836 0.91924836 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91997057 0.91997057 0.91924836 0.91924836
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(Table 5-8) Load in Alkhas substation Bus Number 4 6 8 10 12 15 16 18 20 25 27 29 31 33 35 36 Load MW 0.184 0.184 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.092 Load Mvar 0.0783 0.0784 0.0392 0.0394 0.0392 0.0392 0.0394 0.0394 0.0394 0.0394 0.0392 0.0394 0.0392 0.0392 0.0394 0.0394
3. It was found that the maximum voltage drop on 11 kV was 4% and on 0.4 kV buses was 4%. Table 5-9 shows the actual voltage and drop voltage on the buses.
(Table 5-9) Actual voltage on the buses for Alkhas substation. Bus Number Nominal Voltage Actual Percentage kV Voltage drop voltage kV 1 33 33 0.00 2 11 10.773 2.06 3 11 10.733 2.43 4 0.4 0.39 2.50 5 11 10.686 2.85 6 0.4 0.388 3.00 7 11 10.615 3.50 8 0.4 0.386 3.50 9 11 10.594 3.69 10 0.4 0.385 3.75 11 11 10.593 3.70 12 0.4 0.385 3.75 13 11 10.57 3.91 14 11 10.565 3.95 15 0.4 0.384 4.00 16 0.4 0.384 4.00 17 11 10.562 3.98 18 0.4 0.384 4.00
Voltage Phase Angle (Degree) 0 0.21 0.12 0.12 0.02 0.02 -0.14 -0.14 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.25 -0.26 -0.26 -0.25 -0.27 -0.27
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10.561 0.384 10.559 10.669 10.665 0.387 10.641 0.387 10.63 0.386 10.623 0.386 10.628 0.386 10.623 0.386 0.384
3.99 4.00 4.01 3.01 3.05 3.25 3.26 3.25 3.36 3.50 3.43 3.50 3.38 3.50 3.43 3.50 4.00
-0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.08 -0.08 -0.11 -0.11 -0.13 -0.13 -0.11 -0.11 -0.12 -0.12 -0.27
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4. The losses in the system was 0.06MW (3.5%) and 0.03 Mvar (5%).
From our analysis for Wadi Altufah substation and Alkas substation it was noticed that the percentage of losses is decreased in Alkas because of using 11 kV transmission lines, and also the drop voltage is decreased and the power factor at the load buses is almost the same as in the main substation.
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There is no generation in West Bank; electricity sector depends on the electrical power generated by IEC, which refuses most Palestinian requests to increase the supplied capacity. As a result West Bank cannot guarantee electrical energy supply for ever, so Israel has another way to practice pressure on Palestinians. The present grid suffers from fragmentation, high losses, low reliability, high energy prices, low maintenance, and disability to handle the future demand. Producing our own electricity seems to be very difficult. So, it is now very important for distribution companies to find their way to save the available electrical energy and seek what new technologies are useful and how to improve old technologies to efficient and helpful in electrical energy saving. For future, we will propose different scenarios for connecting the different power distribution companies to generate an integrated electrical network with standard voltages, low power losses, high quality electrical energy, high reliability, good voltage level, and low transmission cost. This well integrated network allows for future connection to the seven Arab country grid , and eventually supplies end users with low cost electrical energy.
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References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Palestinian Energy Authority, PEA. World Bank, West Bank and Gaza Energy Sector Review, Report No. 39695-GZ, May, 2007. Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO). Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO). Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO). Southern Electricity Company (SELCO). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Electricity consumption. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH. Retrieved October 2010. 9. Electricity consumption per capita. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC. Retrieved October 2010. 10. Load factor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_factor. Retrieved October 2010. 11. Percentage impedance. http://www.transformerworld.co.uk/impedance.htm. Retrieved November 2010. 12. 13. Stephen J. Chapman. Electric Machinery Fundamentals, fourth edition. J.Duncan Glover,Mulukutla S. Sarma and Thomas J. Overbye. Power System Analysis and Design, fourth edition.
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