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Topic 1. Aims

Simultaneous Equations

Solve 22 system of equations Solve 33 system of equations Understand and describe the geometric interpretation Use simultaneous equations to solve problems

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Two linear equations with two unknowns I. II. Geometric interpretation Methods for solving

3. Three linear equations with three unknowns I. II. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Geometric interpretation Methods for solving

Consistent and Inconsistent Equations Forming a System of Equations Key vocabulary Exercises Answers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_equations http://www.math.utah.edu/~wortman/1050-text-lei3v.pdf

1. Introduction
Simultaneous means occurring, happening, or done at the same time. Simultaneous equations are a set of equations that are satisfied by the same values of the variables. Therefore, solving simultaneous equations refers to finding the values of the variables that satisfy all of the equations simultaneously. It is not always possible to solve equations simultaneously. This topic deals specifically with linear equations; variables to the power of 1. Examples of linear equations:

Each term of a linear equation consists of either a constant (10 and 3) or a multiple of a variable to power of 1 (x, y and z). Here, the x-coefficients are 2 and 1; the y-coefficients are 5 and -8, the z-coefficient is 1. Question: What is the constant term? What are the variables? What is the coefficient of r?

The variables are sometimes referred to as the unknowns since their values are not (yet) known. The linear equation The linear equation has two unknown variables, x and y. has three unknown variables, x, y and z.

2. Two linear equations with two unknowns

A linear equation with two unknown variables represents a straight line1 in 2-dimensional space (i.e. in the plane). For example, the linear equation is a straight line with a gradient of can be rearrange into and a y-intercept of 2. which

In solving two linear equations with two unknown variables the aim is to obtain a single value for each variable that satisfy each of the simultaneous equations. Consider the two simultaneous linear equations with two unknown variables:

When solved, x = 6 and y = 1 are obtained. These values are said to satisfy the pair of simultaneous equations because they simultaneously satisfy both equations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_equation

Hence they are called linear equations.

I. Geometric interpretation
There are three possible cases based on outcome when attempting to solve two linear equations with two unknown variables. These are summarised in the following table.

Case 1
Unique Solution Non-parallel straight lines

Case 2
Multiple Solutions Coincident straight lines

Case 3
No Solution Parallel straight lines

Solution: x = -1, y = 3 Two lines intersect at point (-1, 3)

Reduces to 0 = 0 Dependent equations

Reduces to 0 = 6 A contradiction

Equations are consistent

Equations are consistent

Equations are inconsistent

http://maths.nayland.school.nz/Year_13_Stats/3.4_equation_solving/1_Simultaneous_eq uations.htm

II. Methods for solving

The two main methods for solving simultaneous equations are by substitution or by elimination. Substitution method: uses one equation to substitute (replace) one of the variables in the other equation. Example 1: Solve these equations simultaneously. y = 3x 1 x + 2y = 12 Equation (1) Equation (2)

Substitute equation (1) into equation (2) to obtain: x + 2(3x1) = 12 Expand and collect like terms: Solve: Substituting x = 2 back into either equation (1) or (2) gives: Hence, a unique solution of x = 2 and y = 5 is obtained. 7x = 14 x=2 y=5

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Elimination method: seeks to eliminate (remove) the term containing the same variable from each equation. Example 2: Solve these equations simultaneously. 3x - 5y = 2 2x - 3y = 4 Equation (1) Equation (2)

First, decide which variable to eliminate. Here the x variable will be eliminated. This requires the coefficients of the x variable to be the same in both equations. Multiply equation (1) by 2: Multiply equation (2) by 3: 6x - 10y = 4 6x - 9y = 12 Equation (3) Equation (4) -y = -8 y=8 x = 14

Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3): Solve: Substituting y = 8 back into either equation (1) or (2) gives: Hence, a unique solution of x = 14 and y = 8 is obtained.

[Exercise Questions]

3. Three linear equations with three unknowns

A linear equation with three unknown variables represents a plane in 3-dimensional space (3D for short). For example, the linear equation the diagram below. represents the plane on the xyz-axes in

Three linear equations are required to solve equations with 3 unknown variables. Like before, the aim is to obtain a single value for each variable that satisfy each equation simultaneously. Three simultaneous equations with three unknown variables:

When solved x = 3, y = -1 and z = 4 are obtained. These values are said to satisfy the three simultaneous equations because they simultaneously satisfy all three equations.

I. Geometric interpretation: Three cases based on outcome

Case 1
Unique Solution Point where the 3 planes intersect

Solution: x = 3, y = -1, z = 4 There should be no pattern in the coefficients and constants

Equations are consistent Case 2

Multiple Solutions 3 coincident planes All 3 planes intersect along a common line

Reduces to 0 = 0 Reduces to 0 = 0 Dependent equations Dependent equations

Linear pattern in the coefficients and constants

Equations are consistent

Case 3
No Solution All 3 parallel are planes 2 planes parallel, 1 plane intersecting Each plane is parallel to the intersection of the other 2 planes

All reduce to 0 = n which is a contradiction For 3 equations: Coefficients of corresponding variables in an equation are a multiple of these in another equation. Constant terms do not follow the same pattern. For 2 equations: Coefficients of corresponding variables in an equation are a multiple of these in another equation. Constant terms do not follow the same pattern. The coefficients of a variable have a simple linear rule. The constant terms do not follow the same rule (pattern).

Equations are inconsistent

http://maths.nayland.school.nz/Year_13_Stats/3.4_equation_solving/2_3variable_simulta neous.htm http://maths.nayland.school.nz/Year_13_Stats/3.4_equation_solving/3_Inconsistent_situ ation.htm

II. Methods for solving

The elimination or substitution methods can be used to solve simultaneously 3 linear equations with 3 unknowns. The following example demonstrates both methods.

Substitution method
Utilises one equation to substitute (replace) one of the variables in the other equation. Solve these equations simultaneously. x + 3y - 2z = -8 2x - y + 3z = 19 5x + 2y - z = 9 (1) (2) (3)

Elimination method
Aims to eliminate (remove) a term from each equation containing the same variable. Solve these equations simultaneously. x + 3y - 2z = -8 2x - y + 3z = 19 5x + 2y - z = 9 (1) (2) (3)

Rearrange equation (1) to make x the subject: x = - 3y + 2z -8 (4)

Decide which variable to eliminate. Choose to eliminate the x variable. Multiply equation (1) by 2: 2x + 6y - 4z = -16 (4)

Substitute (4) into equations (2) and (3): 2(- 3y + 2z -8) - y + 3z = 19 - 6y + 4z -16 - y + 3z = 19 - 7y + 7z = 35 y - z = -5 (5)

Subtract equation (2) from equation (4): 7y - 7z = -35 y - z = -5 Multiply equation (1) by 5: 5x + 15y - 10z = -40 (6) (5)

5(- 3y + 2z -8) + 2y - z = 9 - 15y + 10z - 40 + 2y - z = 9 13y - 9z = -49 (6)

Subtract equation (3) from equation (6): 13y - 9z = -49 (7)

Equations (4) & (5) are 2 linear equations with 2 unknowns. y - z = -5 13y - 9z = -49 (5) (6)

Equations (5) & (7) are 2 linear equations with 2 unknowns. y - z = -5 13y - 9z = -49 (5) (7)

Solve equations (5) and (6) by substitution or elimination. Using substitution: Rearrange (5) into y = z - 5 and substituting into (6) gives: z = 4. Substitute z = 4 into (5) to obtain y = -1. Substitute z = 4 and y = -1 back into (1), (2) or (3) to find x. Unique solution: x = 3, y = -1, z = 4

Solve equations (5) and (6) by substitution or elimination. Using elimination: Multiply equation (5) by 13: 13y - 13z = -65 (8)

Subtract equation (7) from equation (8) gives: z = 4. Substitute z = 4 into (5) to obtain y = -1. Substitute z = 4 and y = -1 back into (1), (2) or (3) to find x. Unique solution: x = 3, y = -1, z = 4 [Exercise Questions]

4. Consistent and Inconsistent Equations

An understanding of the possible outcomes when attempting to solve simultaneous equations and what constitutes consistent and inconsistent equations allows us to answer questions in which a constant and/or a coefficient in one of the equations is undefined.

Example 3 - 2 x 2 Inconsistent Equations

Find a value for k for which the following system of linear equations is inconsistent. 2x + 3y = 9 4x + ky = 30 (1) (2)

For inconsistent equations we expect the system of equations to reduce to 0 = n. This can be obtained by multiplying equation (1) by 2 to obtain equation (3): 4x + 6y = 18 4x + ky = 30 (3) (2)

Subtracting equation (3) from equation (2) results in: 0 + (k - 6)y = 12 (4)

Hence, k must equal 6 to ensure that equation (4) reduces 0 = n.

Example 4 - 2 x 2 Consistent (dependent) Equations

Find a value for k and C for which the following system of linear equations is dependent. 2x + 3y = 9 4x + ky = C (1) (2)

For dependent equations we expect the system of equations to reduce to 0 = 0. This can be obtained by multiplying equation (1) by 2 to obtain equation (3): 4x + 6y = 18 4x + ky = C (3) (2)

Subtracting equation (3) from equation (2) results in: 0 + (k - 6)y = C - 18 (4)

Hence, k must equal 6 and C must equal 18 to ensure equation (4) reduces 0 = 0.

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Example 5 - 3 x 3 Inconsistent Equations
Find a value for A, B and C for which the following system of linear equations is inconsistent. -3x + 2y + z = -6 x - 3y + 2z = -5 2x + Ay + Bz = C (1) (2) (3)

For inconsistent equations we expect the system of equations to reduce to 0 = n. Eliminate the x term using equations (1) and (2). Multiply equation (2) by 3 and add to equation (1): -3x + 2y + z = -6 3x - 9y + 6z = -15 0 - 7y + 7z = -21 Simplifies to - y + z = -3 (4) (1) 3(2)

Eliminate the x term using equations (2) and (3). Multiply equation (2) by -2 and add to equation (3): -2x + 6y - 4z = 10 2x + Ay + Bz = C -2(2) (3) (5)

0 + (6 + A) y + (B - 4) z = C + 10

Consider equations (4) and (5): - y + z = -3 (A + 6) y + (B - 4) z = C + 10 (4) (5)

For inconsistent equations we need equations (4) and (5) to reduce to 0 = n. Equating the y and z coefficients and the constant terms: y-variable: z-variable: constants: -1 = A + 6 1=B-4 -3 C + 10 A = -7 B= 5 C -13

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Example 6 - 3 x 3 Consistent (dependent) Equations
Find a value for each of A, B and C for which the following system of linear equations is dependent. -3x + 2y + z = -6 x - 3y + 2z = -5 2x + Ay + Bz = C (1) (2) (3)

For dependent equations we expect the system of equations to reduce to 0 = 0. Eliminate the x term using equations (1) and (2). Multiply equation (2) by 3 and add to equation (1): -3x + 2y + z = -6 3x - 9y + 6z = -15 0 - 7y + 7z = -21 Simplifies to - y + z = -3 (4) (1) 3(2)

Eliminate the x term using equations (2) and (3). Multiply equation (2) by -2 and add to equation (3): -2x + 6y - 4z = 10 2x + Ay + Bz = C -2(2) (3) (5)

0 + (6 + A) y + (B - 4) z = C + 10

Consider equations (4) and (5): - y + z = -3 (A + 6) y + (B - 4) z = C + 10 (4) (5)

For dependent equations we need equations (4) and (5) to reduce to 0 = 0. Equating the y and z coefficients and the constant terms: y-variable: z-variable: constants: -1 = A + 6 1=B-4 -3 = C + 10 A = -7 B=5 C = -13

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Example 7 - 3 x 3 Consistent (dependent) Equations: A General Case
Find a range of values for A, B and C such that the system of linear equations corresponds to the case of dependent equations. -3x + 2y + z = -6 x - 3y + 2z = -5 2x + Ay + Bz = C (1) (2) (3)

These are the same equations as in example 6. The only difference being that a range of values (general case) for A, B and C are being sought. Initially, the approach to this problem is identical to that in example 6. However, in this instance we do not equate the y and z coefficients and the constants as we did in example 6. Instead we look at the proportions. More specifically, we seek to maintain the proportion for the y and z coefficients and the constants between equations (4) and (5). Consider equations (4) and (5): - y + z = -3 0 + (A + 6) y + (B - 4) z = C + 10 (4) (5)

Maintaining the proportions of the y and z coefficients in equation (4) and (5):

Let A = m

Hence, B = -2 m Similarly, maintaining the proportions of the y and the constants in equation (4) and (5):

Let A = m

Hence, C = 3m +8 General solution: A = m, B = -2 m, C = 3m +8

Alternatively, we could have let B or C equal m and then the other two would have been defined accordingly.

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Example 8 - 3 x 3 Consistent (dependent) Equations: A General Solution
In example 7, a range of values for some undefined coefficients and constants where found. In this example of the aim is to find a general solution for x, y and z. The three planes have a common line of intersection. This leads to multiple solutions - all the points along common line.

x + y + 3z = 4 2x y z = 7 x 2y 4z = 3

(1) (2) (3)

Infinite number of solutions

Eq(1) Eq(3): 3y + 7z = 1 2Eq(1) Eq(2): 3y + 7z = 1 Eq(4) Eq (5): 0=0 (5) (4)

An approach is to let z = k. Substitute z = k into either equation (4) [or equation (5)], and rearrange: 3y = 1 7k (6) Substitute y from equation (6) into equation (1):

(7)

General Solution: (

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5. Forming a System of Equations

To form a system of equations to solve simultaneously follow these steps: 1. Carefully read the information provided. 2. Organise the information into sets of information. 3. Identify the variables and give them appropriate labels. 4. Form an equation for each set of information.

Example 9 Forming 2 2 system of equations

Two t-shirts and a pair of jeans cost $84. Five t-shirts and a pair of jeans cost $129. Form two equations to represent this information. One set of information: Other set of information:
st

Two t-shirts and a pair of jeans cost $84. Five t-shirts and a pair of jeans cost $129.

Let t represent t-shirts and j represent jeans 1 set of information: 2nd set of information: 2t + j = 84 5t + j = 129

Example 10 Forming 3 3 system of equations

A, B and C are three farmers who farm between them 800 acres of land. A and B have 543 acres between them, and B and C have 498 acres between them. Form a system of equations. 1st set of information: A, B and C are three farmers who farm between them 800 acres of land. 2nd set of information: A and B have 543 acres between them. 3rd set of information: B and C have 498 acres between them. 1st set of information: 2nd set of information: 3rd set of information:

Let A, B and C represent the 3 farmers A + B + C = 800 A + B = 543 B + C = 498

Example 11 Forming 3 3 system of equations

The length, width and height of a room total 55 metres. The room is two metres wider than it is high, and the length is nine metres more than the width. Form a system of equations. 1st set of information: length, width and height of the room total 55 metres. nd 2 set of information: room is two metres wider than it is high. rd 3 set of information: the length is nine metres more than the width. 1st set of information: 2nd set of information: 3rd set of information:

Let L represent the length; W represent the width and H represent the height. L + W + H = 55 W=H+2 L=W+9 [Exercise Questions]

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6. Key vocabulary
Coefficient Coincident Constant Dependent Elimination Equate Equation Geometric Inconsistent Intersect Multiple Parallel Plane Product Solution Solve Substitution Term Unique Undefined Unknown Variable

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7. Exercises
Exercise 1 - 2 2 system of equations (unique solution) Solve the following simultaneous equations: 1. 2x + 3y = 1 3x - y = 7 2. x-y=8 5x + 2y = 61 3. 4x + 3y + 14 = 0 -5x + 2y - 29 = 0 Answers

Exercise 2 - 2 2 system of equations

Answers

Solve the following simultaneous equations. Give the unique solution if it exists, otherwise state whether the equations are dependent or inconsistent. 1. x - 4y = -5 2x + 3y = 23 4. 2x + 3y = 1 6x + 9y = 3 5. 2. x-y=8 5x - 5y = 40 x - 7y = 8 5x - 35y = 61 6. 3. 4x + 2y = 24 -3x - 1.5y = 30 4x + 2y = 22 -3x - 5y = -27

Exercise 3 - 3 3 system of equations (unique solution) Solve the following: 1. x+y+z=6 7x + y - z = 8 2x - 3y + 5z = 3 4. -2x + y + z = -5 4x - y + 3z = 10 2x - 2y + 2z = 13 5. 2. 2x - 2y + z = 13 3x + y + 3z = 17 2x +3y -2z = 5 3x - 3y + z = 15 x+y+z=5 5x +8y -3z = 52 6. 3. x-y-z=2

Answers

2x + 2y + 3z = 26 3x - y + 4z = 26 3x + 5y + 3z = 2 -x - y + 5z = 10 2x + y + z = 4

Exercise 4 - 3 3 system of equations

Answers

Solve the following. Give the unique solution if it exists, otherwise state whether the equations are dependent or inconsistent. Give a geometrical interpretation of the system of equations. 1. x+y+z=6 2x + 3y + z = 11 3x + 2y + 2z = 13 4. 3x - 2y - 2z = 4 7x + y - z = 8 10x - y - 3z = 10 5. 2. x + 4y - z = 3 -2x - 8y + 2z = -6 3x +12y - 3z = 9 2x + 3y - 5z = 0 3x + 2y - 4z = -2 4x +y -z = 2 6. 3. 3x - 6y - 18z = 6 x - 2y - 6z = -2 2x - 4y - 12z = 14 x - 5y - 3z = 23 2x + 2y + 3z = 26 3x - 15y - 9z = 65

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Exercise 5 - Forming a system of equations Question 1 A forester plans to plant a forest with three types of trees (A, B, and C). Tree A costs $30 per tree, tree B costs $10 per tree and tree C costs $40 per tree. The forest needs a total of 75 trees at a total cost of $1000. The number of type B tree to be bought is the same as the combined total of the numbers of type A tree and twice the number of type C tree. Set up a system of 3 equations for this information. Do not solve the equations. Answers

Question 2 In Rugby, there are 3 main ways of scoring points, by a Try, a Conversion or a Penalty. A Try gains 5 points, a Conversion 2 points and a Penalty 3 points. Let T be the number of Tries scored, C the number of Conversions scored and P the number of Penalties scored by a team in a game. The team scores 54 points in a game. They score 2 less Conversions than Tries in the game. The total number of Tries and Conversions is four times the number of Penalties. Write down 3 equations using this information. Do not solve the equations.

Question 3 In a season, the Celtic Football Club draws 4 more games than it loses. The Celtic Football Club gains 82 points where a win is awarded 3 points, a draw 1 point and a loss 0 points. The team wins 50% more games than the combined number it draws and loses. Write down 3 equations using this information. Solve the equations to find out how many games Celtic Football Club played in the season.

Question 4 The number of students studying Economics (E) is 42 less than the number of Chemistry students (C) and the number of Statistics students (S) together. The mean number of students studying Economics, Chemistry and Statistics is 96. The number of Economics students is 9 less than the number of Statistics students. Set up 3 equations from this information. Do not solve the equations. Question 5 The number of students at the school studying Accounting is A, the number studying Physics, P, and the number studying Statistics is S. Construct 3 equations using the following information in terms of A , P and S. Do not solve the equations. The mean number of students studying Accounting, Physics and Statistics at a school is 80. The total number of Accounting and Physics students together equals 60% of the number of Statistics students. The number of Accounting students exceeds the number of Physics students by 28.

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Exercise 6 Mixed questions Question 1 Solve these systems of equations. 1. 4x + y - 2z = -18 5x + 5y + 5z = 0 -2x - 3y = 14 3. 2x + 2y + 2z = 44 3y = 3x + 3z 15x + 24y + 45z = 519 4. 2. 6x + 3y + 7z = 77 y + 11 = 3x + z 2x + 2y + 2z = 26 x + y + z = 123 x = 2(y + z) 3z = 3y + 15 Answers

Question 2 A bakery sells three types of products; Cakes, Breads and Savoury snacks. In a particular month a total of $100 000 worth of product is sold. Cakes sell $1600 more than Breads and Savoury snacks combined. Breads sell twice as much as Savoury snacks. Set up and solve a system of equations. Find the sales of each of the three products sold in a particular month.

Question 3 The set of simultaneous equations below has no solutions. x - 2y + z = 2 x + 3y + 2z = 3 3x - y + 4z = 8 Explain geometrically how the planes represented by these equations are related.

Question 4 Xiao and Yongshan are students who work part time after school. Xiao gets $1.50 more per hour than Yongshan. Xiao works for 8 hours in a week, Yongshan works for 9 hours and together they earn $241.50. Write a set of simultaneous equations to find the hourly rate of pay for each student. Do not solve the equations.

Question 5 Thomas has a collection of 75 banknotes of three denominations; $50, $20, and $10. The value of his $50 notes is the same as the value of all the other notes. The number of $50 notes he has is the number of $10 notes in his collection. Form and solve a set of simultaneous equations to find if Thomas has enough money to buy a laptop computer with a sale price of $1999, using the banknotes.

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Question 6 Jack makes and sells three different cocktails. He kept a record of his sales over three days. On the first day, he spent a total of 145 minutes making cocktails, the second day, 130 minutes, and on the third day he spent two hours making cocktails.

Number of each cocktail sold

Day 1 Fruit Punch Key Lime Beach Sunrise 8 3 6 Day 2 2 2 10 Day 3 5 0 8

Set up and solve a system of equations. Find which cocktail takes the longest to prepare.

Question 7 A set of equations is given below. 3x - 6y - 15z = 18 x + 4y - 6z = 18 -2x + 4y + 10z = 18 1. 2. How many solutions does this set of equations have? None, One, Many

Explain geometrically how the planes represented by these equations are related.

Question 8 Consider this system of equations. x+y+z=3 2x - 3y + 3z = 7 3x - 2y + 4z = 6 Give a geometrical description of how the planes represented by these three equations relate to each other.

Question 9 A system of three equations is given below. 2x - y + 3z = 4 x - 2y + 4z = 7 Px + Qy + z = -2 If x = 3; y = -10, z = -4 is a solution, find possible values for P and Q that make this true.

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Question 10 A system of three equations is given below. 2x - y + 3z = 4 x - 2y + 4z = 7 4x + y + z = -2 1. (1) (2) (3)

Cathy states a solution is x = 3, y = -10, z = -4. Susie states a solution is x = -1, y = 0, z = 2. Justify whether Cathy has obtained a correct solution.

2.

Hank thinks there are infinitely many solutions. Justify using algebra that there are an infinite number of solutions.

Question 11 The following system of equations is dependent. 2x + 5y - 3z = 16 3x + y - 2z = 50 -x + 4y + mz = n 1. (1) (2) (3)

State the values of the constants m and n that make this true.

2.

Explain what this means geometrically if this system of equations is dependent.

Question 12 Consider the following system of three equations in x, y, and z. 10x + 3y + 4z = 18 -2x + y - 2z = 12 px + 3y - z = q Give values for p and q in the third equation which makes this system dependent.

Question 13 Find the two values of k for which the following pair of equations has no solution. x + ky = 4 (k+3)x - 2y = 6

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Question 14 Find the value of k for which the system of equations has a unique solution. 7x + 7y = 7 x + ky = 2 kx + y = 3

Question 15 A plane has the points (1, 1, 1), (2, 2, 0), ( 1, 2) on it. Find A, B and C if the equation of the plane is Ax + By + Cz = 4. Show your working.

Question 16 Each equation below represents a plane in 3-dimensional space. Find the values for a and b so that geometrically the three planes meet in a single line. ax + 3y + 2z = b 2x - y - 2z = 16 3x + 2y = 10

Question 17 A system of equations is given as x - 2y + 5z = 0 2x + 4y + 9z = 4 -5x + ay + bz = c 1. If this system of equations has no solution and the geometrical description is that two of the planes are parallel. Find one possible set of values for a, b and c for this to occur. If the system of equations has multiple solutions. Find one possible set of values for a, b and c for this to occur.

2.

Question 18 The following is a system of equations: 2x + 5y - 3z = 2 3x + 9y - 2z = 20 -x + py + qz = 0 1. The system of equations is inconsistent and the geometrical description is that two of the planes are parallel. State one possible set of values for the constants p and q that make this true. If the above set of equations has the unique solution, x = 1, y = 3, z = 5. Find one set of values for the constants p and q that make this true.

2.

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Question 19 The following system of equations is dependent. -x + 2y + 3z = -2 2x + y + 2z = -3 -11x + 2y + z = 6 1. (1) (2) (3)

Find the values of a and b in the equation: Equation (3) = [a Equation (1)] + [b Equation (2)]

2.

Find a solution for this system of equations.

Question 20 A garage owner hires three people. Their combined hourly wage is $46. The difference between the highest wage and the lowest wage is $3 per hour. The highest and lowest paid workers work for 2 hours and the other works for 3 hours. The total wage bill is $107. 1. 2. Write 3 equations with the information provided and solve. What are the hourly rates for each of the workers?

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8. Answers
Exercise 1 - 2 2 system of equations (unique solution) 1. x=2 y = -1 2. x = 11 y=3 [Back to exercise questions] 3. x = -5 y =2 [Back to exercise questions] 3. No solution Inconsistent equations (parallel lines)

Exercise 2 - 2 2 system of equations 1. Unique solution x=7 y=3 2. Infinite number of solutions Dependent equations (coincident lines) 5. No solution Inconsistent equations (parallel lines)

4.

Infinite number of solutions Dependent equations (coincident lines)

6.

Unique solution x=4 y=3

Exercise 3 - 3 3 system of equations (unique solution) 1. x=1 y=3 z=2 4. x = 0.5 y = -5 z=1 5. 2. x=5 y = -1 z=1 x=7 y=1 z = -3

[Back to exercise questions] 3. x=7 y=3 z=2 6. x=2 y = -2 z= 2

Exercise 4 - 3 3 system of equations 1. x=1 y=2 z=3 4. Inconsistent equations no solution Each plane is parallel to the intersection of the other two planes. 5. 2. Dependent equations Multiple solutions Three coincident planes. x=0 y=5 z=3

[Back to exercise questions] 3. Inconsistent equations no solution Three parallel planes.

6.

Inconsistent equations no solution Two parallel planes; one plane intersecting.

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Exercise 5 Forming a system of equations Question 1 A + B + C = 75; A B + 2C = 0; 30A + 10B +40C = 1000 [Back to exercise questions]

Question 2 5T + 2C + 3P = 54; T C = 2; 4P = T + C

Question 3 D L = 4; 3W + D = 82; W = 1.5 (D + L); 40 games

Question 4 E = C + S 42; Question 5 ; A + P = 0.6S; A = P + 28 ; SE=9

Exercise 6 Mixed questions Question 1 1. x = -1 y = -4 z =5 3. x=8 y = 11 z =3 Question 2 C + B + S = 100 000; C = B + S + 1600; B = 2S 4. 2. x=2 y=3 z =8 x = 82 y = 18 z = 23

[Back to exercise questions]

Solution is: C = $50 800; B=$32 800; S= $16 400

Question 3 Each plane is parallel to the intersection of the other two planes.

Question 4 Let Xiaos hourly rate be x, let Yongshans hourly rate be y. x y = 1.5; 8x + 9y = 241.5

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Question 5 Let x represent number of $50, y the number of $20 and z the number of $10. x + y + z = 75 5x 2y z = 0 (1) (2) (3) Substituting (3) into (1): Substituting (3) into (2): 2(4) + (5): 25z = 600; So Thomas has $1800, not enough to buy the laptop. Question 6 Let a be Fruit Punch; b be Key Lime and c Beach Sunrise. 8a + 3b + 6c = 145; a = 8 minutes 2a + 2b + 10c = 130; c = 10 minutes 5a + 8c = 120 x = 18; y = 33; z = 24. ( ) ; ; (4) (5)

b = 7 minutes

Beach Sunrise takes the longest to prepare.

Question 7 1. 2. NONE Two of the planes are parallel, the first and the third.

Question 8 The three planes form a triangular prism, the intersection of two of the planes is parallel to the third. OR The three planes do not all intersect at a common point or line and none are parallel.

Question 9 3P 10Q = 2 so one possible solution is : P = 4 and Q = 1. Alternatively, let P = k, Q = .

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Question 10 1. Cathy is correct, x = 3, y = -10, z = -4 is a solution to the system of equations. Verify by substituting the values for x, y and z into equations the equations (1), (2) and (3). 2(3) (0) + 3(-4) = 4 (3) 2(0) + 4(-4) = 7 4(3) + (0) + (-4) = -2 2. System of equations: 2x - y + 3z = 4 x - 2y + 4z = 7 4x + y + z = -2 (1) (2) (3) 3y 5z = -10 -9y + 15z = 30 0=0 (4) (5) (1) (2) (3)

Equation (1) 2 equation (2): 4 equation (2) equation (3): -3 equation (4) equation (5): * This is one of many possible options.

infinitely many solutions

Question 11 1. 2. m = -1, n = -34 The three planes meet along a common line.

Question 12 Eliminate z: equation (1) + 2 equation (2): Eliminate z: 2 equation (3) equation (2): For the set of equations to be dependent: So p = 2, q = 27. 6x + 5y = 42 (2p + 2)x + 5y = 2q - 12.

Question 13 The lines must be parallel and not coincident, so the ratios of the coefficients must be: (k + 1)(k + 2) = 0 so k (k+3) = -2 k = 1, 2. k + 3k + 2 = 0
2

Question 14 Adding equations (2) and (3): (k + 1)x + (k + 1)y = 5. For the set of equations to be consistent: k+1=5 k = 4.

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Question 15 (1) (2) (3) Rearrange equation (2) Substitute equation (4) into equation (1) (4) ( ) (5)

Substitute equation (4) into equation (3) Substituting for B and C into equation (1):

(6)

Solution: ( ) or

Question 16 a = 1, b = - 6

Question 17 1. If parallel to 1st plane If parallel to 2nd plane a = 10, b = -25, c 0 a = -10, b = -45/2, c -10

2.

There are many correct answers. Common one: a = 10, b = -25, c = 0 [Clearly other answers exist; e.g. -30, -20, -20, etc] All solutions are of the form: a = k,

Question 18 1. For equations (1) & (3) parallel: For equations (2) & (3) parallel: 2. Many values are ok. All values of p and q must be of the form: p = k, q = e.g. p = 0, q = 0.2, or p = -3, q = 2. , , p = -3, ,

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Question 19 1. 2. a = 3; b = -4 e.g. (0, 5, 4) or any one of (k, 8k + 5, -5k-4)

Question 20 1. Let the pay per hour for each person be a, b and c: a + b + c = 46 ab=3 2a + 2b + 3c = 107

2.

Solution: a = $17 per hour; b = $14 per hour: c = $15 per hour