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Electromagnetic radiation comes in a wide variety of energies, amplitudes, wavelengths, and frequencies.
is the number of
oscillations per second.
Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Some substances can absorb radiation in specific wavelengths of the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum and this is practical for obtaining quantitative chemical information through the use of a spectrophotometer or a colorimeter.
Colorimeter
For absorbing species, the intensity of visible light before passing through the chemical sample is higher than the intensity of visible light that has passed through the sample. This ratio of incident radiation (I) to outputted radiation (Io) is called transmittance (T). T = Io/I Transmittance (T) is a measure of the quantity of light that passes through a medium. Absorbance, A, is related to transmission by the equation A = log10 T I Io
Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Sample Problem Since absorbance is a unitless value, calculate the units of the molar absorptivity constant, .
deviations in absorptivity coefficients at high concentrations (>0.01M) due to electrostatic interactions between molecules in close proximity scattering of light due to particulates in the sample fluoresecence or phosphorescence of the sample changes in refractive index at high analyte concentration shifts in chemical equilibria as a function of concentration non-monochromatic radiation, deviations can be minimized by using a relatively flat part of the absorption spectrum such as the maximum of an absorption band stray light
Analyte is the substance being measured in an analytical procedure.