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Comparison Between Suppressing Approaches of Very Fast Transients in Gas-Insulated Substations (GIS)
Ahmad Tavakoli, Ahmad Gholami, Hassan Nouri, Senior Member, IEEE, and Michael Negnevitsky, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractIn this paper, rst transient waves in the gas-insulated substation (GIS) are analyzed and methods for suppression of very fast transients (VFTs) in GISs are introduced. For suppressing VFTs, four methods are presented, including suppression by terminal components, capacitance components, adopting a resistor-tted disconnector, and ferromagnetic rings. Finally, these approaches are compared with each other. These methods can be divided into two groups. The rst group contains the methods (such as terminal components and reconguration) that can be used after installation of the GIS and during the operation of the GIS. The second group contains the methods (such as the resistor-tted disconnector and ferromagnetic rings) that must be used as an extra limitation before installation and during the design of the GIS. Advantages of the rst group are simplicity and the low cost of implementation along with producing minimal changes in the installed GIS. The main advantage of the second group is estimation of all factors during the design of the GIS. Finally, the best approach for the suppression of VFTs is chosen based on the criteria of the transient waves and feasibility. Index TermsGas-insulated substation (GIS), suppression of very fast transient (VFT), switching, VFT.

I. INTRODUCTION UE TO rapid advancement in the industrial technologies and growth in population during recent years, energy demand has increased. Environmental constraints and the reliability of systems are the main reasons for the introduction of the gas-insulated substation (GIS). The GIS, which is lled with pressurized SF_6 gas for electrical insulation as well as arc extinction, has been widely used in electric power systems in recent decades due to its advantages, such as compact size, protection from pollution, reduced maintenance, and high reliability [1], [2]. Despite these merits, the GIS has its own unique problems. These problems include an increase of overvoltages caused by
Manuscript received February 22, 2012; revised July 21, 2012; accepted September 13, 2012. Date of publication November 19, 2012; date of current version December 19, 2012. Paper no. TPWRD-00183-2012. A. Tavakoli and A. Gholami are with the Center of Excellence for Power System Automation and Operation Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. H. Nouri is with the Faculty of Engineering, University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, U.K. M. Negnevitsky is with the School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2012.2221748

transient waves reected from different connections, low surge impedance, and the decreased length of the conductors in these substations. Considering these issues, the propagation of these waves along the conductor will increase compared with conventional substations [3], [4]. Very fast transients (VFTs) are generated during switching operations of circuit breakers (CBs) and disconnectors (DSs) within GIS. These transients have a very short rise time, in the range of 4100 ns, and are normally followed by oscillations having frequencies in the range of 100 kHz to 50 MHz [5], [6]. VFT waves cause stress on the insulators and the external equipment such as power transformers. Very fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs) are generated due to switching operations in GIS and the associated very fast transient currents (VFTCs) radiate electromagnetic (EM) elds during their propagation through the coaxial GIS bus section. The transient EM elds, in turn, leak out into the external environment through discontinuities and become coupled to the control equipment or data cables present in the GIS [7], [8]. In fact, the response behavior of zincoxide (ZnO) surge arresters to such VFTs is not well characterized and the turn-on time of ZnO surge arresters may be much longer than the rise times of the VFT. Therefore, the traditional ZnO surge arresters cannot suppress the wave steepness since surge arresters do not act rapidly enough to prevent the switching transients with steep front [9][11]. Few publications have been presented on the suppression of VFTs in GISs. Ferromagnetic rings can be mounted on the conductors linked to the disconnector from both sides in order to effectively suppress the steepness and the amplitudes of VFT [9]. In [12] and [13], suppression of VFTs via ferromagnetic rings has been explored. However, in these two references, the simulations and tests have been carried out only on low voltages (400 V) and only for a busbar of 3.5 m. In [14], VFTs have been limited by use of a resistor in the disconnectors. A method used to suppress the stresses created by VFT is via a resistor. This method has been used on an 1100-kV GIS to provide adequate space for a resistor to be tted in the disconnectors. Also, these methods can be made suitable before installing the substation and during the substation design period. This paper presents feasible methods for mitigation of the overvoltage magnitude of VFT and suppression of the resonant frequencies amplitude at the power transformer via the terminal and capacitance components. For suppression of VFT, four methods are presented: suppression of VFT by terminal

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TABLE I ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT PARAMETERS OF GIS COMPONENTS [12], [14]

Fig. 1. Single-line diagram of a 245-kV GIS.

components, capacitance components, adopting a resistor-tted disconnector, and ferromagnetic rings. Finally, these approaches are compared. II. MODELING OF GIS COMPONENTS Due to the traveling nature of transients, the modeling of the GIS utilizes the electrical equivalent circuits composed of distributed parameters. Surge impedances and traveling times have been used for dening the distributed parameter model. The inner system, which consists of the high-voltage bus duct and the inner surface of the encapsulation, has been thoroughly represented by line sections, modeled as the distributed parameter transmission lines [12] (1) (2) (3) (4) where and are, respectively, the capacitance and inductance of the GIS busbar; is the outside diameter of the GIS busbar; and is the inner diameter of the GIS busbar. Finally, is the surge impedance. VFT problems are of utmost concern for voltage levels above 245 kV where the isolated phase bus is normally used. Hence, a system with a nominal voltage of 245 kV has been selected to be studied and simulated. Fig. 1 shows the single-line diagram of a 245-kV GIS [8]. Table I shows the necessary information for modeling GIS components. Elbows, spacers, and spherical shields are modeled by a lumped capacitance of 15 pF. Here, the surge arrester is represented by a capacitance of 200 pF when simulating VFTs, resulting from DS [8][13]. A different model has been selected for open and closed states of switches. Open switches are modeled as two transmission lines in series with a capacitance in between whereas in the closed state, the mentioned capacitance is replaced by a transmission line with the same parameters. The most onerous condition in a switching operation occurs during a voltage collapse of 2 p.u. (1 p.u. on the source side and 1 p.u. on the load side) [12][14]. This has been simulated in the present study. During the closing operation of switches, the sparks are modeled by a xed resistance in series with an exponentially decreasing resistance [12][14] (5) is taken as is 1 ns, and 0.5 . where Computer simulation has been performed using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP), a widely used version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). The simulation of exponentially decreasing resistance has been calculated using transient analog control systems (TACS) and modeled in ATP/ EMTP. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is used to produce the frequency spectra from the time-domain current waveforms. The simulation time step has been set as 0.1 ns. III. SUPPRESSION OF VFTS Several factors may contribute to transformer failure due to VFTO, including: peak magnitude of the overvoltage; nonlinear voltage distribution along the winding, which could result in high voltage (HV) between turns; resonance or partial winding resonance in the HV winding if these coincide with the excitation frequencies [4], [5]. According to the factors mentioned before, the main purpose of this paper is the mitigation of VFTO according to the following criteria: decreasing the peak voltage; decreasing the maximum voltage change; decreasing the maximum rate of rise of the overvoltage; decreasing the predominant frequencies amplitude. The transient electromagnetic elds, in turn, leak out into the external environment through discontinuities and become coupled to the control equipment or data cables present in the GIS.

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It becomes necessary to estimate the magnitude and waveshape of the VFTC along with its frequency spectrum. Furthermore, knowledge of the VFTC characteristics would be required in the theoretical study of EM-eld coupling as well as shielding of the sensitive secondary equipment used in modern GISs. The parameters that characterize the VFTC are of more relevance for the mitigation of VFTO with criteria such as [7]: amplitude of VFTC; dominant frequency components of the VFTC; attenuation of the amplitude of VFTC with time [7], [8]. A. Suppression of VFT via Terminal Components The peak magnitude and frequency content of VFTs depends on the terminal component connected to the GIS. The terminal components can be a cable or a gas-insulated line (GIL). The attenuation of VFT with time is dependent on the switching conguration and terminal component connected to the GIS [8]. Therefore, the VFT can be mitigated by replacing the appropriate terminal. Simplicity, low-cost implementation, as well as minimum changes in the installed GIS (which are currently under operation) are the main advantages of this method. The detailed procedure of the proposed method can be explained as follows: simulating the selected substation and obtaining the VFT result from the nearest switch to the power transformer operating; extracting the VFT frequency spectrum around the resonant frequency; selecting high-risk frequencies; changing the length and type of the terminal to reduce the high-risk frequencies; selecting the most appropriate terminal. This procedure is a generalized method which considers different component characteristics and can be applied for various substations. For this case study, the GIL and cable terminals with different lengths (i.e., 3 , 10, and 30 m) are examined. The attenuation of VFTs at the source side of the switch depends on both source-side and load-side terminations. This is also true for the attenuation of VFTs at the load side [8]. This problem will be explained in detail in the following sections. Fig. 2 shows the magnitude waveform of the VFTO for different terminals at the power transformer. Fig. 3 represents the variation of the peak magnitude of the VFTO versus length for various terminals at the power transformer. Study of this gure suggests that the reduction in the peak magnitude of the VFTO for the cable termination with long length is high. The attenuation amplitude is high if the GIS is terminated with low impedance components and a long length, such as a 30-m cable. On the other hand, the attenuation amplitude is low if the GIS is terminated with high surge impedance elements such as 30-m GIL. If the GIS is terminated with a long length of GIL, the settling time of the VFTO will be longer. As an example, the longest settling time belongs to the GIL-30 m which can be seen in Fig. 2. Fig. 4 shows the frequency spectra of the VFTO for different terminals at the power transformer. In the frequency of 915 kHz,
Fig. 2. Magnitude waveform of the VFTO at the power transformer for different source-side terminals.

Fig. 3. Variation of the peak magnitude of the VFTO with the length for a different source side terminal at the power transformer.

Fig. 4. Frequency spectra of the VFTO at the power transformer for the different source-side terminal.

the voltage amplitude for a 30-m GIL terminal is (53 kV) higher than the amplitude of a 3-m cable (27 kV). Similarly, for the frequency of 1.83 MHz, a voltage amplitude of the 30-m GIL terminal is 50 kV. The VFT magnitude for this type of terminal is noticeably lower in comparison with a 10-m cable terminal, which is 80 kV. Assuming that the resonant frequencies in the power transformers are around 6 MHz [15], the frequency spectra of the VFTOs from 4.2 to 6.4 MHz for different terminals at the power transformer have been simulated and displayed in Fig. 5. An inspection of Fig. 5 reveals that the frequency amplitude of 5.1 MHz on the 10-m GIL terminal is minimized and on the 3-m cable terminal, it is maximized. On the other hand, for a 3-m

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Fig. 6. Inuence of the high-capacitance component on the VFTO and VFTC.

Fig. 5. Frequency spectra of the VFTO from 4.2 to 6.4 MHz for the different source-side terminal at the power transformer.

cable, the frequency amplitude of 5.4 MHz is the lowest compared to the other terminal components. The frequency amplitude of 5.7 MHz, on the 30-m cable side, has maximum value but the 30-m GIL has the minimum value. This suggests that the resonant frequency amplitude can be mitigated by replacing the suitable terminal. It should be noted that changing the terminal component can decrease the amplitude of a specic frequency and, at the same time, increase the amplitude of another frequency. Hence, one can conclude that no specic terminal exists which can denitely decrease the amplitudes of all frequencies. Therefore, the resonance frequency of GIS power transformers should already be determined to choose the sufcient terminal component. Referring to the aforementioned issues, the 30-m cable generates the lowest voltage for both side terminals (load and source terminals). Also, the 30-m cable terminal has the lowest frequency amplitudes compared with other terminals. As a conclusion for this case study, among the suggested terminals, the 30-m cable would result in the lowest voltage for both source- and load-side terminal components. Also, utilizing this terminal decreases the magnitude of the frequency components to the lowest value among the different terminals. By using 30-m cable in the load side, the magnitude of the frequency components will be further reduced in comparison with the source side. B. Suppression of VFT via Capacitor Components The extra capacitance components can damp the VFT waveforms front at transformer terminals and improve the VFT distribution along the transformer windings. It is also helpful for absorbing the sharp spikes of the VFT since surge arresters do not act quickly enough to prevent steep fronted switching transients. Therefore, installing an additional surge capacitor at the transformer HV terminal is highly useful to mitigate the effects of VFTs. However, a surge capacitor paralleled with the surge arrester may be used as a wave modier [16]. Fig. 6 describes the inuence of high capacitance components on the VFTO and VFTC. Clearly, by gradually increasing the capacitance, the VFTO, which has been caused by DS restriking,

Fig. 7. Frequency spectra of the VFTO for the different capacitances at the power transformer.

will be further reduced, whereas the peak magnitude of VFTC will be increased. Moreover, high-capacitance components can also mitigate the amplitude of the frequency spectra of the VFTO. This is illustrated in Fig. 7, which demonstrates the frequency spectra of the VFTO for the different capacitances at the power transformer. As an example, in the frequency of 610 kHz, the amplitude is 22 kV and 50 kV, respectively, for C equal to 0.1 and 5 nF, whereas for the frequency of 915 kHz, the amplitude is 80 kV for the same values of capacitance. It should be noted that the frequencies at which the resonant amplication of the overvoltage occurs within the transformer can vary signicantly, depending on a particular transformer. Also, for a specic power transformer, resonance can often be found at numerous other frequencies for different capacitances. With C-5 nF, the frequency amplitude of 4.57 MHz is the lowest compared to the other terminal components. In the frequency amplitude of 5.18 MHz, C-5 nF is minimized and C-0.1 nF is maximized. Since the resonant frequencies in this specic power transformer are around 6 MHz [15], the frequency spectra of the VFTO from 4.2 to 6.4 MHz for the different capacitances at the power transformer are shown in Fig. 8. By increasing the capacitance, transients due to DS and CB restriking will be further reduced. Fig. 7 provides a solution for choosing the optimum value of capacitance components which is the meeting point of both curves. In reality, employing this capacity is difcult in HV. However, the capacitive characteristics of the available equipment in the substation can be used instead. As an instance, adding an extra surge arrester, which

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Fig. 10. Equivalent circuit of the ferromagnetic rings.

Fig. 8. Frequency spectra of the VFTO from 4.2 to 6.4 MHz for the different capacitances at the power transformer.

Fig. 9. Frequency spectra of the VFTC for the different capacitance.

has the capacitance of around 0.2 nF, can help to achieve the optimum point for this case study. Fig. 9 shows the inuence of high capacitance components on the frequency contents of VFTC. As can be seen in this gure, the increment of the capacitance does not have any inuence on the high-frequency components. In the studied case, in order to decrease the VFT at the power transformer, the application of surge capacitors is a feasible alternative due to space limitation and cost, if the suitable capacitance value is selected. Due to the impracticality of adding capacitance in HV systems, the CCVT is utilized instead of PT. As an alternative solution, an extra surge arrester can be installed close to the switching terminal. C. Suppression of VFT by Adopting a Resistor-Fitted Disconnector The resistor-tted disconnector is designed to connect a resistor in series with the circuit in the event of restriking, having no mechanical contacts to connect the resistor, only a movable electrode [7]. The resistor-tted disconnector decreases the amplitude of VFTO and VFTC. This solution is known to be used in practice for solving the VFT problem as opposed to some methods that are still at the experimental stage. However, this solution has problems due to space limitations and cost. Also, it is not suitable for installed GISs (which are currently under operation) due to maximum changes and costs involved in GISs.

Fig. 11. Measurements (the left-hand side graphs: experimental [9]) at the end of the busbar. (a) Without ferromagnetic rings. (b) With ferromagnetic rings.

D. Suppression of VFT by Ferromagnetic Material In order to study the damp or suppression effect on VFTO, an LV simulation test is considered. Fig. 10 shows the circuit of the simulation test. Two coaxial conductors of 3.5 m are used to simulate the GIS busbar and its enclosure. The diameter of the simulated busbar is 14 mm and the internal diameter of the simulated enclosure is 46 mm. A mercury switch is used as the disconnector of the GIS. The source voltage is 400 V. When the mercury switch is switched on, the VFTO will be produced on the simulated busbar [8], [9]. The chosen ferromagnetic material for the suppression of VFT has high magnetic saturation characteristics ( 470 mT at 25 C) [9]. In the LV simulation test described before (Fig. 10), the parallel equivalent circuit of the ferromagnetic ring has the equivalent resistor and inductance ( ) of 70 and 0.02 mH, respectively, which is connected in series with the surge impedance ( ) of the GIS busbar [9][17]. The measurements at the end of the busbar are represented in Fig. 11. This gure shows a comparison of the simulation results with those of the experimental results. Where the ferromagnetic loop does not exist, the VFTO amplitude is 800 (V) (twice that of the source voltage). When the ferromagnetic loop is added, the VFTO is 400 V (near the source voltage).

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Fig. 12. Waveform of the VFTO at the power transformer for the different suppressive methods of VFTO.

Fig. 14. Frequency spectra of the VFTO from 4 to 7 MHz for the different suppressive methods of VFTO.

Fig. 13. Frequency spectra of the VFTO for different suppressive methods of VFTO.

Fig. 15. Waveform of the VFTO at the power transformer for the different suppressive methods of VFTO.

IV. VFTO WAVEFORMS AT THE POWER TRANSFORMER OBTAINED THROUGH DIFFERENT SUPPRESSIVE METHODS Referring to Figs. 1216, the following results can be derived: To compare waveforms of VFTO for different suppressive methods, criteria such as peak voltage, maximum variations of voltage, maximum rate of rise of voltage, and predominant frequencies are investigated individually. The peak voltage of VFTO in the normal state, ferrite, cable of 30 m at the source side, cable of 30 m at the load side, resistor 50 , and a capacitance of 5 nF are decreased, respectively. (See Fig. 12.) The maximum variations of VFTO in normal state, ferrite, cable 30 m at the load side, cable 30 m at the source side, resistor 50 , and a capacitance of 5 nF are decreased, respectively. (See Fig. 12.) The maximum rate of rise of VFTO in the normal state, cable of 30 m at the load side, 30-m cable at the source side, 50- resistor, ferrite, and 5-nF capacitance are decreased, respectively. (See Figs. 13 and 14.) The frequency spectrum of the VFTO depends on the resonance frequencies of the power transformer. However, when using a 50- resistor and 30-m cable at the source side, the frequency components amplitudes are lower. To compare waveforms of VFTO for different suppressive methods, criteria such as peak amplitude, time-varying peak attenuation, and frequency components are investigated as follows.

Fig. 16. Frequency spectra of the VFTC for the different suppressive methods of VFTC.

The peak amplitude of VFTC with 5-nF capacitance, 30-m cable m at the load side, normal state, 30-m cable at the source side, ferrite, and 50- resistor are decreased, respectively. (See Fig. 15.) The attenuation of VFTC in the 30-m cable at the load side, 5-nF capacitance, normal state, 30-m cable at the source side, ferrite and 50- resistor are decreased, respectively. (See Fig. 15.) The frequency components of VFTC when using the 30-m cable at the load side and 5-nF capacitance are more than for other cases. (See Fig. 16.) Finally, it should be noted that in addition to the mentioned suppressive approaches, criteria, such as the possibility of implementation, costs and economical aspects, building technology, and minimum variations at the substation should be considered. Therefore, according to the space limitations near the power

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transformer (load side), it can be concluded that using a 30-m cable at the source side is the best method, with respect to simplicity, low cost of implementation, and minimum variations at the operating substation, which can be a sufcient method for this specic substation. V. CONCLUSION Here, the VFT waves in the GIS and the related effective factors are analyzed, and approaches for the suppression of VFTs in GIS are presented. For the suppression of VFTs, four methods, such as suppression of VFT by terminal components, capacitance components, adopting a resistor-tted disconnector, and ferromagnetic rings are presented. The peak voltage, the maximum variations, the frequency components, and the maximum rate of rise of VFTO in 30-m cable at the load side, 50- resistor, and 5-nF capacitance are better than other cases. The peak amplitude, the attenuation, and the frequency components of VFTC in 30-m cable at the source side, ferrite, and 50- resistor are better than other cases. Finally, it should be noted that in addition to the mentioned suppressive approaches, criteria such as the possibility of implementation, costs, and economical aspects, building technology and minimum variations at the substation should be considered. Therefore, according to the space limitations near the power transformer (load side), it can be concluded that use of a 30-m cable at the source side is the best method, and that respecting simplicity, low cost of implementation, and minimum variations at the operating substation can be a sufcient method at this special substation. REFERENCES
[1] H. Elahi et al., Lightning overvoltage protection of the paddock 362-145 kV gas-insulated substation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 144150, Jan. 1990. [2] J. Meppelink et al., Very fast transients in GIS, IEEE Trans. Power Del., , vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 223233, Jan. 1989. [3] J. A. Martinez, Statistical assessment of very fast transient overvoltages in gas insulated substations, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Summer Meeting, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 882883. [4] M. M. Rao et al., Frequency characteristics of very fast transient currents in a 245-kV GIS, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 24502457, Oct. 2005. [5] A. M. Miri and Z. Stojkovic, Transient electromagnetic phenomena in the secondary circuits of voltage and current transformers in GIS (measurements and calculations), IEEE Power Eng. Rev., vol. 21, no. 7, p. 68, Jul. 2001. [6] M. Mohana Rao et al., Electromagnetic eld emission from gas-to-air bushing in a GIS during switching operations, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 313321, May 2007. [7] D. Xuzhu, S. Rosado, L. Yilu, W. Nien-Chung, E.-L. Line, and G. Tzong-Yih, Study of abnormal electrical phenomena effects on GSU transformers, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 835842, Jul. 2003. [8] L. Qingmin and W. Minglei, Simulation method for the applications of ferromagnetic materials in suppressing high-frequency transients within GIS, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 16281632, Jul. 2007. [9] L. Jin et al., Characteristic parameter analysis on the suppressing VFTO in GIS by ferrite, in , Proc. Int. Symp. Elect. Insul. Mater., 2005, vol. 3, pp. 825828. [10] Y. Yamagata et al., Suppression of VFT in 1100 kV GIS by adopting resistor-tted disconnector, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 872880, Apr. 1996.

[11] V. V. Kumar, J. T. M., and M. S. Naidu, Inuence of switching conditions on the VFTO magnitudes in a GIS, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 539544, Oct. 2001. [12] D. Povh et al., Modeling and analysis guidelines for very fast transients, IEEE Power Eng. Rev., vol. 17, no. 13, pp. 7171, Oct. 1996. [13] Z. Haznadar et al., More accurate modeling of gas insulated substation components in digital simulations of very fast electromagnetic transients, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 434441, Jan. 1992. [14] D. Xuzhu et al., Transients at GSU transformer terminals. I. Historical case analysis, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meeting, 2001, vol. 1, pp. 312317. [15] L. Guishu, S. Haing, Z. Xile, and C. Xiang, Modeling of transformer windings under very fast transient overvoltages, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 621627, Nov. 2006. [16] A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1991. [17] J. Lijun et al., Estimating the size of ferrite for suppressing VFTO in GIS, in Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Prop. Appl. Dielect. Mater., 2006, pp. 388391. Ahmad Tavakoli was born in Esfahan, Iran, in 1985. He received the M.Eng. degree in power systems from the University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, and is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in power engineering and computational intelligence at the University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. His research interests include smart grids, power quality, renewable energy, optimization and modeling, high-frequency modeling, power systems protection, electrical transients in power systems, and electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility.

Ahmad Gholami is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. His current research interests are power systems, high-voltage systems, and isolators.

Hassan Nouri (SM04) is currently Reader in Electrical Power and Energy and Head of the Power Systems, Electronics and Control Research Group, Department of Engineering Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol, U.K. He has more than 25 years of involvement in academic life with experience of research, departmental teaching, and administration in U.K. universities. He was Chairman of the European Electromagnetic User Group (20042010) and has served as an Advisor on numerous electrical power engineering journals. Applications have been in the traditional power industry, and renewable power industry. He is the author of many refereed technical publications and contributor to the Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringVolume 3 (Wiley, 1999) and Engineering Superconductivity (Wiley Inter-Science Press, 2001). He is an Editorial Board member of many international journals, and has acted as Guest Editor for the international journal of Modeling, Identication and Control. His extensive research interests have spanned several areas, including power systems analysis, power system modeling, power electronics, electric arc modeling, fault locations, power quality, and electrical technology. Dr. Nouri regularly contributes to international activities through the International Power Engineering conference organization and committee. Over the years, his research has been funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the European Union, the Royal Society, the British Council, and the power industry. In 2004, he received the IEEE Power Engineering Society Chapter Outstanding Engineer Award in recognition of his service to power engineering research and to the UKRI Chapter.

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Michael Negnevitsky (M95SM07) received the B.S.E.E. (Hons.) and Ph.D. degrees in power electrical engineering from the Byelorussian University of Technology, Minsk, Belarus, in 1978 and 1983, respectively. Currently, he is Chair Professor in Power Engineering and Computational Intelligence and Director of the Centre for Renewable Energy and Power Systems, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. From 1984 to 1991, he was a Senior Research Fellow and Senior Lecturer in the Department of

Electrical Engineering, Byelorussian University of Technology. After arriving in Australia, he was with Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. His interests are power system analysis, power quality, power economics, and intelligent systems applications in power systems. Dr. Negnevitsky is a Chartered Professional Engineer, Fellow of the Institution of Engineers Australia, and Member of CIGRE AP C4 (System Technical Performance), Member of CIGRE AP C6 (Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation), Australian Technical Committee, and Member of CIGRE Working Group JWG C1/C2/C6.18 (Coping with Limits for Very High Penetrations of Renewable Energy), International Technical Committee.