Coastal Zone Management: A Framework to Tackle Environmental Issues

Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) or Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) is a planning and management process which aims to balance multiple human activities and demands on coastal space and resources with the protection of dynamic and vulnerable coastal systems ensuring the maintenance of the functions and services which they provide.

Sustainability:
This concept was born in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio De Janerio. The policy regarding ICZM is set out in the proceedings of the summit within Agenda 21, Chapter 17. Coastal zones are subject to geographically far-ranging environmental and socio-economic influences, many of which transcend the boundaries of local, regional and even national administrations. Sustainable management of coastal and marine resources is essential for long term economic growth and to ensure the equilibrium between economic development and the protection of the environment. The distance upto which development along rivers, creeks and back-waters is to be regulated shall be governed by the distance upto which the tidal effect of sea is experienced in rivers, creeks or back-waters, as the case may be, and should be clearly identified in the Coastal Zone Management Plans.

A Brief Research Regarding the Implementation of ICZM:

The Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management is essentially necessary because the enormous expansion of industrialization for a kind of usurping money from our country has taken its toll. The enormous exploitation of land resources which is already very high, especially in state of Andhra Pradesh, The Court themselves have found fault with the land allotment procedure of the state. The State Government of Andhra Pradesh specifically two months back completely taking the overview has overhauled the actual process of land acquisition and have tighten the rule to give all to industrial area. Once upon a time, it was highly annexed that the state of Andhra Pradesh was alleged to be corrupt and their allegations of central government is being corrupt had resulted in a huge uproar. There is a famous slogan Think Globally but act locally. As students of a National Law University, we are more concerned about the ongoing in our own society i.e. Visakhapatnam.

The Global perspective in Visakhapatnam is commendable. Now coming specifically to Visakhapatnam, the heart of Andhra Pradesh, with so many problems arising, land acquisition matter has always been criticized by the Court of Law. Time and again, people including the son of the Ex-Chief Minister are facing Imprisonment and charges in various inquiries. Now in this political instability in this state and various other states where most of the government are facing allegation of corruption, Integrated Coastal Management will be a respite to those people and to those fishermen who are facing a hell lot of difficulties due to the enormous globalization and rise in expansion. Integrated coastal management is necessary practically because we have to put a hold on the governments policy of looting and discriminating peoples. Coastal Zone management is necessary because as the primary beneficiary of this act are the innocent fishermen and the peoples living in the nearby areas of those coastal zone. In this global era, we are talking about Atomic Centre, Industrialization, Effluent Treatment plants etc. Highly termed English word is nice to hear, but how many of us know about the functioning of this effluent treatment plants. When we say about Effluent Treatment Plants and their role in any industry, do we have the mechanism and the practical will to check the Effluent Treatment Plant from any of the industries who are allotted lands under Special Economic Zones. Taking an example, there is a large pharmaceutical company right in the coastal corridor of Visakhapatnam. This is Ramkys Pharmacy, a bulk drug producing company set up by Ramky Group. Ramky group is a large group with a turnover of Rs.1000Crore.In the name and scope of Special Economic Zones; they have been allotted land in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Locals had threatened to close it as it was straining the life of those people. The District Magistrate on the view of Law and Order had to rush there immediately and close it down because the locals were outrageously ready to burn that office into ashes. So, in such case when we use the word Effluent Treatment Plant, the innocent fishermen dont even understand what it means. Does that company ever tried to give any insight to those fishermen about this plant under their Corporate Social Responsibility. We the common masses of this country dont have the mechanism of this Effluent Treatment Plant. Do we have any concrete rules and regulations for these high-profile peoples who run these companies? The answer is a straight NO. For these peoples/Businessmen, the fishermens are suffering. The activities of the companies are directly responsible to the sufferings of the fishermens as: 1. They are degrading the Natural Resources by allowing untreated water in the coastal belt. 2. These Businessmen have no right to ask these fishermens to go 1000 of nautical miles away to the sea for their daily chores. But what these fishermens can do. The coastal belt is already polluted, thanks to these Effluent Treatment Plants. For them only, there is scarcity of fish near to the coastal belt. Then how the government can even think that these fishermens can ache out a living by all such hypocrite ideas. 3.Especially in the wars between traditional Fishermens and motorized Fishermens, when we have welcomed the Foreign Direct Investment in India nearly in each and every sectors, then what will be the plight of India when there will be FDI in the whole retail sector??In case all our multibrand retail goes up, then most of the Supermarkets and the Marts will force the

Government to allow them to enter into the fisheries trade. Then they will start hiring Motor Boats with improvised modern equipments and will start looting our natural resource-rich sea coast. This will lead to development or degradation of our economy? If there is no regulation to protect our own common fishermens, how can we depend on our government for regulating norms and conditions for multi-national companies setting up their bases nearby to the coastal areas? Apart from that, we are allowing FDI to enter into each and every sector in the state. Now if they will enter into one sector, then will they stop from getting into another? If all these sort of things will happen, these foreign babuss will try to control the system internally and the whole mechanism of our government will be under their adjudication. Once these outsiders will get into our country and become influential by the passing time, they will surely take our country for granted. And just give a think, if these peoples will get into the Fisheries trade, then what will happen to the fishermens who are still depending on rowing Boats and using traditional nets. The concept of protecting the fishermens should be the sole idea because apart from talking about nature, the most important aspect of human right is Right to Life. It is a fundamental right awarded by the Constitution of India. But here, the government is itself usurping the fundamental right of these fishermen. Firstly, the natural resources are getting degraded in the name of modernization and expansion. Secondly, the land acquisition is going on. Normally, the hamlet of the fishermen, if taken in a strategical point, they can go to the sea, get some fish and sell them to earn a living. But after this land acquisition i.e. the process of allotting land to multinational companies, the government is itself uprooting the fishermens from their own habitat. The government is constructing good houses some 10-20kms away from the sea and asking the poor fishermen to live their life luxuriously there and come to the plant and do some sort of labour work. But one thing is entangling the whole theme of the subject, why the government is trying to uproot these traditional fishermen who have lived their life from their very forefathers time. The Government is trying to enroll these persons in such type of jobs in which they are not interested. Apart from that, we have a great economy policy called FDI. Apart from uprooting them from their traditional occupation, the most important problem will be when these English babus will get into the coastal administration. Now, if there is no check in the fish catch, then in the next 10years, there will be no fish available in the coastal belt of India. Now most of the FDI peoples are not from our country, they dont care about our economy. Their main intention is just to raise the economy of their country staking the future of our country. We will face another era of Colonization linked with FDI. So, to curb these problems our country has to stand strong and implement ICM in a better way taking in stringent rules for everyone. 1. Coastal areas are gathering greater importance in the recent years, Owing to increase urbanization, human population and fast developmental activities. These activities endanger colossal pressure in fragile coastal environment by its complex nature including chemical, biological, physical and ecological aspects. In India and in many other developing countries, the

pressure for economic upliftment is unrelenting in the face of high widespread poverty and in such practices often it overrides environmental concerns. Generally, approaches on coastal area are spectral and temporary basis. Even if the solutions are formed in an ad-hoc manner, it does not last long. Setting clear goals for planning and decision making structures and processing them in such institutions is a tough task to perform, particularly in those countries where the government functionary is weak. ICZM is considered as a holistic management tool working across disciplinary, spectral and institutional areas (Devraj Asir Ramesh and Arumugam Senthil vel, 2011).ICZM is the Central concept of organizing sustainable coastal development. ICZM was just lying in the folds of paper that was in the initial phase of discovery. Following UNICED, the functions and theme of ICZM was further brought into limelight in international events such as the 1992 World Coast Conference in Noordwijk, Netherlands, and Johannesburg summit, 2002.Today, ICZM has been accepted as an organized project for advancing societies toward long term goals of sustainable coastal development. Why capacity building on Integrated Coastal Zone Management? Concern is growing that the current state of the coastal and marine areas requires immediate action and attention. Many scientists and policy experts believe that solutions based on an integrated management approach hold the greatest promise for delivering effective results. Integrated management incorporates social, cultural, environmental and economic values into the development and implementation of plans to guide and coordinate human activities. The ultimate goal of integrated management is to reach general agreement on the best mix of conservation, sustainable resource use and economic development for coastal and marine areas. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is new to our coastal governance aspect hence; capacity development in ICZM is very imminent. Under the World Bank assisted ICZM project, capacity development on ICZM has been initiated through the Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM). Considering different target group of coastal stakeholders of India, SICOM has identified ICZM refresh course, short courses and training programme. The above capacity development activities have been targeted to address important milestone of coastal governance in India including policy design, implementation of Coastal Regulation Notification 2011, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) preparation, Hazard Map, Shoreline processes, Critically Vulnerable Coastal Areas (CVCAs), and supportive technical and financial mechanisms to implement the ICZM. The training program will be conducted by National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Anna University Campus, and Chennai in association with international training expert consultancy organizations and event management firm employed for this endeavor. 2. Effectiveness

and Gap in ICZM

The notion of effectiveness is defined as the ability of organizations or individuals to perform functions efficiently. This implies that effectiveness is not a passive state but part of continuing

process, and that human resources are subject to human development. ICZM and the functionaries which implements ICZM in the central and state have identified key weaknesses such as lack of capacity for planning, no collaboration amongst institutions, and chronic shortage of skills, inadequate management incentives, and negligent organizational structure. In addition to the above skills, knowledge skills such as scientific data which can be undertook as a basis for making in coastal management an essential tool. Without knowledge, there is no perceived problem, no public awareness and no policy making process.

3. Quality

Assessment

The primary factor limiting the progress in coastal management is neither the availability of funds nor the knowledge of the social and ecosystem process, but the quality of the institutions who are costly directly involved in sustaining integrated forms of management. A quality assessment provides a detailed study and perspective on capacities which are critical and mostly needed to determine and achieve a countrys development objectives. It is an analysis of desired future against the present, and it offers a systematic way of gathering important and most needed knowledge and information on quality needs. UNDP has identified four core issues in quality assets and needs. 1. Institutional arrangements 2.leadership 3.knowledge 4.accountability (Jennifer Colville, 2008). If done in the initial stage, this quality assessment serves as an input to define quality development responses to those areas where national or local qualities could be implemented and strengthened which can optimize the existing qualities that are weak and unrevised. This can help for the ongoing monitoring of progress and can help create a full proof foundation for long term planning and sustainable results. Recognition of quality limitations is also a part of ICZM.

4. Literature

as a gateway to measure knowledge and Quality Assessment

To guide a well defined idea for coastal zone management, systematic knowledge and understanding is a must. It helps in resolving human-made problems and improving the governmental system. If we will consider the paralleled development of analysis tools and scientific developments, knowledge of the environmental process must constitute the scientific and technical basis for every decisive procedure. In various agencies, administrations and institutions, various classified informations are still available and are under the possession of the individuals of those foreign agencies. Even further data is collected in a wide variety of formats.So; we can say that efforts were focused on rationalizing the different phases of gathering valuable information.

5. Literature as the source of knowledge assessment of environment and state

A thematic study took place between January 1998 and February 1999 as part of the Indian Demonstration Programme (IDP) on Integrated Coastal management (ICM). The main aim of this survey was to establish the The role of information in delivering ICM in Europe solely based on the datas and the findings of the 35 projects made by the IDP.Outcome of the report has provided a broader capacity of capacity assessment on ICM which indicated the need and provisions of information at all spatial scales from international to regional levels (1). AndraS Schubert & Istva N La Ng (2005) stated that a statistical overview on literature shall provide a vital information about the trends and patterns revealed by scientific analysis of the subject.

6. ICM Knowledge Prevailing in India

Data Mining is one step at the core of the knowledge discovery process which deals with the extraction of patterns and relationships from large amounts of data (2) Knowledge discovery in data in database in such a field which is growing very rapidly, whose development is regulated and driven by strong research interests as well as social, economical and practical interests. Knowledge discovery is broadly defined as the automated discovery of useful information for commercial database. To access the knowledge capacity on ICM, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) was used for data collection and data mining. Since all the coastal and marine related publications have been catalogued in ASFA, it is a suitable database for this ICM data analysis purpose. ASFA was established in 1970 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Overall objective of ASFA corporation is to develop and maintain a service for the collection, linking up the information on the science with the world, technology and management of marine life, brackish and fresh water environments, organisms and resources which includes economic, sociological and legal aspects, in a form easily accessible to the user community. Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts offers more than 800,000 citations and abstracts from the worlds published research in aquatic sciences. Through data storming from databases and surveying published literatures, capacity assessment on integrated coastal zone (ICM) in India has been conducted. Between 1977 and 2010, 7356 indexed research papers have been published in Indias coastal areas for the capacity need assessment purpose. The Literatures were classified into 16 subjects viz, physical oceanography, coastal geology/geomorphology, coastal engineering, chemical oceanography, biological oceanography, fishery, coastal

ecology/environment, coastal society, uses and issues, politics, economics, legal, governance, policies/strategies, ICM, and sustainable coastal management. The above 16 major contemporary subjects are basics for developing ICM framework, planning, implementation and sustainable management of the coast. Sustainable Development is the goal of ICM planning. To know about different sources, function, uses and management options, Sustainable coastal zone management is required. The levels of content of the literature were classified into five different levels viz. A. Introductory Level B. Process Level C. Decision Level D. Sustainable Management Level E. Innovative Level. In the introductory level, literatures shall describe about the resources (such as list of fish species in particular area); in the process level literatures, contents are covering information about measures of the resources uses, issues and management options (such as quantity of fish species available in particular area and mechanism of efficient harvesting techniques); in decision level, literatures shall provide information to direct a policy decision (such as harvestable limit of the particular species in relation to fecundity and local / regional market demand); in sustainable coastal management level literatures shall provide information covering futuristic information (such as forecast, trends and impacts on other fish species considering coastal and marine system as a whole); The innovative level literatures are expected to provide information on new scientific / social / management contributions to coastal management.

6. Capacity Assessment Results

The Marine and coastal area researching institutions are sharing about 2.3% of the Indias educational institutions. The coastal and marine related 7356 publications were contributed by 704 institutions which shall be considered that they are involved in coastal and marine related research.

7. Conclusion
The CRZ Notifications of 1991 is only a beginning for the protection and conservation of the Seacoasts, the sea and the biodiversity of the resources and the fishing community. The seaward Component is not included. Nor does it takes into account of the diversity of the long coast and The coastal livelihoods, rather it standardizes the entire coast with one single rule of protection. It needs site specific regulation and management strategies taking into account of the local needs and issues for a sustainable development. In order to have a sustainable environment, fish-wealth and the fishing community - the Campaign initiated by the World Forum of Fish workers and Fish harvesters (WFF) should Become a reality. The sea, water bodies, rivers, lakes and their wealth should be owned by the Fishing community. The fishing families who are solely depended on fishing for livelihoods should own the fishing implements. The fishing co-operatives having fishing families as members should manage the fish catch and its distribution. They should have major role in managing the coastal zone and the water bodies. Following are some of the suggestions for the improvement of the CZMP and thereby the coastal environment: 1. Regulation and Enforcement: In order to ensure long-term conservation of the coastal habitats And the sustainable use of the coastal resources, it is pertinent to regulate the developmental Activities in the coastal zone. As the coasts offer wide variety of opportunities for various Interest groups from tourism and resort developers to industrial and land developers there Is every chance for the traditional and artisanal communities to be side tracked and marginalized? Since the real stakeholders are identified in the CRZ Notification to be the fishing communities, the regulation as such should be made applicable to all other interest groups. 2. Research: It is important that academics and researchers are involved not only to take stock of the present situation of our coasts, but also to investigate the pros and cons of every single human intervention and the consequent impact to the natural systems. Even the physical and human geography of our coasts is understood poorly and the informations available are so fragmented. Moreover, coastal problems and phenomena are inadequately understood. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an in-depth Coastal Information System. 3. Co-ordination: A proper CZM requires co-ordination of various state agencies and NGOs. It should be only through co-ordinate efforts that activities on our coasts could be regulated. Often responsibilities of various agencies overlap, resulting in actual or potential conflicts among them, or in some cases, it is not clear which agency is responsible for the management of some activities that result in adverse impacts on coastal resources. Therefore, due to these Jurisdictional gaps or overlaps there should be co-ordinate efforts especially among Urban Development Authorities, Municipal Corporations, Public Works Departments, Industrial Financiers and Development Corporations, Tourism Development Corporations, fisheries Departments and departments dealing with Ports and Harbours. Fisheries Co-operatives, MPEDA etc.

4. Education: Educating the coastal communities is an important component for a sound

Coastal Zone Management. So far the state initiatives were only in raising the literacy. But being literate alone is not enough. To improve their living conditions and to be equipped to face external threats from Developers, it is imperative to b be educated. Moreover, the benefits of Mapping The Extent of Coastal Regulation Zone Violations of the Indian Coast 69 any management initiatives would be successful when education programs mobilize public support.

5. Plan and Policy Development: CZM bears fruit only when planning eftorts focus on
developing objectives and implementing actions for the coastal problems. Area-specific Management Plans referring to existing legislation etc. should be the priority. Unless plans are Formulated as consequence to the coastal conservation policy, the validity of such activities and their legitimacy will be questioned.

6. Role of Local Bodies: The 72nd and 73rd Amendments to the Indian Constitution consider
the issues of larger involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions in management of Natural Resources. The decentralization so far meant only political decentralization and not the issues of natural resource management by Panchayati Raj Institutions. Making use of the 11th schedule to the constitution (73rd Amendment) Act 1992, coast conservation should be Vested and management options should be worked out with local governing bodies. 7. The need to appoint a Coastal Zone Management Authority in each Coastal State to guide and direct the CRZ Management Plan and implement the CRZ Notification. 8. The traditional fishing community having traditional and customary rights should be accommodated in the CRZ-II and III as far as their residences and work places are concerned. The CRZ Notification should be amended to this effect.

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