Book 4 Brasas Teacher Rachel Pinheiro

Form
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3r column of irregular verbs

Example: ! " #ou " $e " the# have spoken he " she " it has spoken

form of 'have' + been + verb + ing

Example: ! " #ou " $e " the# have been speaking he " she " it has been speaking

regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + e

Example: ! " #ou " $e " the# have $orke he " she " it has $orke

Exceptions Exceptions when adding 'ed' : $hen the final letter is e% onl# a
love & love

Exceptions when adding 'ing' : d

Example:

silent e is roppe + (but: oes not appl# for -ee* ',ample: come & coming aber: agree & agreeing after a short% stresse vo$el% the final consonant is ouble
Example:

ouble

after a short% stresse vo$el% the final consonant is

',ample: sit & sitting after a vo$el% the final consonant l is ouble in British 'nglish (but not in )merican 'nglish*+ ',ample: travel & travelling final ie becomes y+ ',ample: lie & l#ing

a mit & a mitte

final l is al$a#s ouble in British 'nglish (not in )merican 'nglish*

Example: travel & travelle

after a consonant% final y becomes i (but: not after a vo$el*

Example: $orr# & $orrie but: pla# & pla#e

See also e,planations on Present Perfect Simple an Present Perfect Progressive

Use
Both tenses are use to e,press that an action began in the past an is still going on or has -ust finishe + !n man# cases% both forms are correct% but there is often a ifference in meaning: .e use the Present Perfect Simple mainl# to e,press that an action is complete or to emphasise the result+ .e use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the uration or continuous course of an action+

Result or duration?

/o #ou $ant to e,press $hat has happene so far or ho$ long an action has been going on #et0

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

Duration (how long)

Result (what / how much / how often)

! have $ritten 1 letters+ " ! have been to 2on on t$ice+

! have been $riting for an hour+

ertain !er"s
The follo$ing verbs are usuall# onl# use in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form*+ state: be% have (for possession onl#* ',ample: .e have been on holi a# for t$o $eeks+ senses: feel% hear% see% smell% taste% touch ',ample: 3e has touche the painting+ "rain wor#: believe% kno$% think% un erstan ',ample: ! have kno$n him for 3 #ears+

Emphasis on completion or duration?

/o #ou $ant to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (ho$ has somebo # spent his time*0

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

Emphasis on duration

Emphasis on completion
! have one m# home$ork+ (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)

! have been oing m# home$ork+ (Meaning: hat!s how " have spent my time. "t does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Result or side effect?

/o #ou $ant to e,press that a complete action le to a esire result or that the action ha an un$ante si e effect0

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

unwanted side effect

desired result
! have $ashe the car+ (#es$lt: he car is clean now.)

.h# are #ou so $et0 & ! have been $ashing the car+ (side effect: " %ecame wet when " was washing the car. "t does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

$ime % negation: last time or "eginning of an action?

!n negative sentences: /o #ou $ant to e,press ho$ much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action0

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

since the last time

! haven't pla#e that game for #ears+ (Meaning: "t!s years ago that " last played that game.)

since the "eginning

! haven't been pla#ing that game for an hour% onl# for 45 minutes+ (Meaning: "t!s not even an ho$r ago that " started to play that game.)

&ermanent or temporar'?
!f an action is still going on an $e $ant to e,press that it is a permanent situation% $e $oul usuall# use the Present Perfect Simple+ 6or temporar# situations% $e $oul prefer the Present Perfect Progressive+ This is not a rule% ho$ever% onl# a ten enc#+

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Progressive

permanent
7ames has live in this to$n for 45 #ears+ (Meaning: &e is a permanent resident of this town.)

temporar'
7ames has been living here for a #ear+ (Meaning: his sit$ation is only temporary. May%e he is an exchange st$dent and only here for one or two years.)

(ignal words
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

ho$ often +++ times

ho$ long since for

Exercises on &resent &erfect (imple and &resent &erfect &rogressi!e

Result or uration: ',ercise 4% ',ercise 8 9ertain verbs:',ercise 3 9ompletion or uration: ',ercise 4% ',ercise 1 Result or si e effect: ',ercise :% ',ercise ; Since the last time or since the beginning: ',ercise <% ',ercise = >i,e ',ercises: ',ercise 45% ',ercise 44

$ests on &resent &erfect (imple and &resent &erfect &rogressi!e

Test 4 Test 8

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&ositi!e (entences
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+ 4+
1+

! (practise* Bob (run* The chil ren (be* The og (bark* .e (miss*

the piano for 35 minutes+ 45 km+ on holi a# for si, a#s+ since mi night+ the bus t$ice this $eek+

)egati!e (entences
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+ 4+
1+

Cou (eat " not* 3e (speak " not* The# ($ork " not* .e (kno$ " not* She (hang " not*

up #et+ on the phone for half an hour% -ust a couple of minutes+ since 1 o'clock+ The# -ust starte an hour ago+ them for a long time+ up all the pictures #et+

*uestions
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+
4+

3o$ long ($ait " she* 3o$ man# times (tell " !* 3o$ often (clean " #ou* 3o$ man# months (take " #ou*

for us0 #ou0 the $in o$s this #ear0 piano lessons0

1+

(sta# " #ou " ever*

in a castle0

$ext
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+ 4+ 1+ :+ ;+
<+

Tom: 3i )na+ ! (tr#* )na: ! (be* phone ring+ Tom: (#ou " clean* )na: Do% not #et+ ! (ti # " not*

to ring #ou several times to a#+ .here (#ou " be* at home all the time+ But ! (clean*

the house all a#% so ma#be ! i n't hear the

ever#thing no$0 up the kitchen #et+ But $h# are #ou here0 us to her birth a# part# an $e (bu# " not* a

Tom: /on't #ou remember0 7ane (invite * present for her #et+ )na: Eh% that's right+ (#ou " fin out " alrea #* Tom: .ell% she (learn* get her a gui e book+

$hat she $ants0

Spanish for a #ear an $ants to spen her ne,t holi a# in >e,ico+ >a#be $e coul

)na: That's a goo i ea+ There is a goo bookshop in the big shopping centre+ ! (see* >e,ico there recentl#+
Check answ ers

some nice books about

Use
.hen to use $hich tense0

4+ 8+
3+

'1 times' is a signal $or for +++ Present Perfect Simple 'for t$o hours' is a signal $or for +++ Present Perfect Progressive 'since = o'clock' is a signal $or for +++ Present Perfect Progressive

&ositi!e (entences
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+ 4+
1+

! have been practising Bob has run 45 km+

the piano for 35 minutes+

The chil ren have been The og has been barking .e have misse

on holi a# for si, a#s+ since mi night+

the bus t$ice this $eek+

)egati!e (entences
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+ 4+
1+

Cou have not eaten

up #et+ on the phone for half an hour% -ust a couple of minutes+ since 1 o'clock+ The# -ust starte an hour ago+

3e has not been speaking

The# have not been $orking .e have not kno$n She has not hung

them for a long time+

up all the pictures #et+

*uestions
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+
4+

3o$ long has she been $aiting 3o$ man# times have ! tol 3o$ often have #ou cleane

for us0

#ou0 the $in o$s this #ear0 piano lessons0

3o$ man# months have #ou been taking 3ave #ou ever sta#e in a castle0

1+

$ext
6ill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive*+

4+ 8+ 3+ 4+ 1+ :+ ;+
<+

Tom: 3i )na+ ! have trie to ring #ou several times to a#+ .here have #ou been )na: ! have been at home all the time+ But ! have been cleaning Tom: 3ave #ou cleane ever#thing no$0 up the kitchen #et+ But $h# are #ou here0

the house all a#% so ma#be ! i n't hear the phone ring+

)na: Do% not #et+ ! have not ti ie

Tom: /on't #ou remember0 7ane has invite us to her birth a# part# an $e have not bought )na: Eh% that's right+ 3ave #ou alrea # foun out Tom: .ell% she has been learning a gui e book+ $hat she $ants0

a present for her #et+

Spanish for a #ear an $ants to spen her ne,t holi a# in >e,ico+ >a#be $e coul get her some nice books about >e,ico

)na: That's a goo i ea+ There is a goo bookshop in the big shopping centre+ ! have seen there recentl#+ Table of Tenses

hec# out the following lin#s to read a"out and practise important aspects of this test