CRYSTAL STRUCTURES

Crystalline Solids:in a solid, if the atoms are arranged regularly in three dimensions and the environment about any atom is same then that solid is called crystalline solid Or A crystal is defined as a periodic three dimensional array of atoms. This 3D array is called the lattice and it can be generated from its unit cell Amorphous solid: If the atoms are arranged irregularly in three dimensions and environment about any atom is not same that type of solids is called Amorphous Solids. COMPARISION BETWEEN CRYSTALINE AND AMARPHOUS SOLIDS: CRYSTALINE SOLIDS 1. Crystalline solids have regular arrangement of atoms 2. Crystalline materials have very sharp melting point. 3. Crystalline materials have different properties in different directions. i.e., they are anisotropic. 4. The cooling curve of crystalline material has breaks. 5. Crystalline materials have long range order of interactions. 6. Example for crystalline materials are Si, Ge, Nacl,CsCl etc AMORPHOUS SOLIDS 1. Amorphous solids have random arrangement of atoms. 2. These materials are not having sharp melting point. 3. Amarphous solids show same properties in different directions. i.e., they are Isotropic. 4. The cooling curve of amorphous solids is smooth curve. 5. Amorphous materials have short range, i.e., limited to few atomic distances. 6. Example for Amorphous solids is Glass.

Lattice Point: An Imaginary point which represents the position of an atom or molecule in a crystal. Each lattice point in the crystal will have the same environment as the other lattice point. Space Lattice: The Geometrical representation of the crystal structure in terms of imaginary points in the space is called Space lattice. Basis or (Motif): The Basis is the atom or molecule which replaces the lattice point. To represent Crystal we associate every lattice point with identical atoms or molecules called Basis. Lattice Point + Basis = Crystal structure Unit Cell: The unit cell is the smallest geometrical figure, the repetition of which in three dimensions will give the actual crystal structure. Primitive Cell: The Primitive cell is an unit cell which contains lattice points at the corners only or The primitive cell is an unit cell which contains only one atom inside the unit . Non-Primitive Cell: Non primitive cell contains more than one lattice point or one atom inside the unit cell. Ex: Body centered Cubic (BCC), Face Centered cubic (FCC) and Base Centered Cubic (C).

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Name of the Faculty: P.V.V.Satyanarayana

Lattice Parameters: The lines drawn parallel to the lines of intersection of any three faces of the unit cell which do not lie in the same plane are called crystallographic axes. A unit cell can be completely described by three fundamental vectors a, b and c called lattice vectors. The angle between b and c is , the angle between c and a is and the angle between a and b is . These angle , , and are called interfacial angles. The lattice vectors (a b, c) and inter facial angles (, , and ) are called Lattice parameters. This is shown in the figure.

Where a, b, and c are Primitives along X, Y, and Z axis and , , and are Interfacial angles subtended by bc, ca and ab respectively.

Bravais Lattice: If all the atoms at lattice points are identical the lattice is called as Bavais Lattice Crystal systems and Bravais Lattices in three Dimensional: Depending upon variations of Lattice Parameters i.e., (a, b, and c) & (, , and ) we can classify the crystal systems into Seven different ways. Further in 1848, on the base of possible Primitives and Non-Primitives Bravais showed that there are 14 different types of space lattices in three Dimensions.

For Hexagonal: Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Quartz (SiO2) For Trigonal: Calcite (CaCo3), Arsenic (As), Bismuth (Bi)

Gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O)

Potassium Chromate (K2CrO7)

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Name of the Faculty: P.V.V.Satyanarayana

Examples

NaCl, Ag, Au,Cu, Zinc Sulfide etc..

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Name of the Faculty: P.V.V.Satyanarayana