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Traumatology rehabilitation
Ankle Trauma
MAJDE
Table of Contents
I. 1. 2. II. 1. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. c. d. e. f. III. IV. V. VI. VII. 1. 2. 3. 4. a. b. c. VIII. Over View of ankle trauma: .................................................................................................................. 3 Ankle Anatomy .................................................................................................................................. 3 Types of ankle trauma: ...................................................................................................................... 4 Ankle Sprains:........................................................................................................................................ 6 Classification: .................................................................................................................................... 6 History and Assessment: ................................................................................................................... 7 History ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Assessment .................................................................................................................................... 8 Treatment: .......................................................................................................................................12 Goals: ............................................................................................................................................12 Acute Phase (first 2-4 days) ..........................................................................................................13 Sub-Acute stage (days 3 to 14) ......................................................................................................14 Early Rehab (week 3) ....................................................................................................................14 Late Rehab (week 4) .....................................................................................................................16 Functional Rehab (week 5+): ........................................................................................................25 High Ankle Sprain Injury ...................................................................................................................27 Lisfranc Joint Injury...........................................................................................................................27 Plantar Fasciitis ....................................................................................................................................28 Os Trigonum Syndrome ....................................................................................................................31 Ankle fracture:..................................................................................................................................32 Signs & Symptoms ............................................................................................................................32 Classification: ...................................................................................................................................32 Assessment:......................................................................................................................................36 Treatment: .......................................................................................................................................38 Phase I: 0 6 weeks ......................................................................................................................38 Phase II: 6 9 weeks .....................................................................................................................39 Phase III: 9 weeks to release .........................................................................................................40 Conclusion: .......................................................................................................................................41
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I.
Ankle injuries can happen to anyone at any age. However, men between 15 and 24 years old have higher rates of ankle sprain, compared to women older than age 30 who have higher rates than men. Half of all ankle sprains occur during an athletic activity
1. Ankle Anatomy
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fracture
bone
sprain
ligament
strain
muscle tendon
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b. Assessment
Pain:
Location Type Degree Stimulators Relieving agents
Observation:
Standing alignment Shoe wear Swelling or effusion Skin color, texture, temperature, moisture, and scars
ROM:
test active dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Supination pronation Inversion eversion right passive active Left passive Active # passive
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Muscle Assessment:
muscle Gastrocnemius Peroneals Anterior tibialis Posterior tibialis Extensor hllucis longus Extensor degetorom longus Flexor hllucis longus Flexor degetorom longus right Left notes
Special tests:
a) Anterior drawer test b) Thompson test c) Homan`s test d) Tinel`s test e) Leg lengths
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Purpose: To test for ligamentous laxity or instability in the ankle. This test primarily assesses the strength of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament. Test Position: Supine or Sitting. Performing the Test: The examiner stabilizes the anterior distal leg with one hand & grasps the patient's calcaneus and rear foot with their second hand. The examiner then places the patient's foot into 10-15 degrees of plantar flexion and translates the rear foot anteriorly. A positive test results if the talus translates forward. Positive test results are often graded on a "0 to 3 scale", with 0 indicating no laxity & 3 indicating gross laxity.
b-
Thompson test
Purpose: to examine the integrity of the Achilles' tendon Position: With the patient lying prone on the table with his or her foot extended beyond the end of the table the examiner squeezes the calf. Results: A normal non-injured response to this maneuver is slight plantar flexion of the ankle. Lack of ankle movement can indicate a rupture of the Achilles' tendon.
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c- Homan`s test: Purpose: to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombophlebitis Position: the patients knee is in an extended position and the examiner forcefully dorsiflexes the patients ankle. However, some individuals seem to have a different opinion on how this test should be applied,they believe to assess properly Homans sign, the patients knee must be in a flexed position instead of an extended position.
Results: A positive sign is indicated when pain in the popliteal region and the calf is elicited as the foot is dorsiflexed. A positive sign doesnt automatically conclude a DVT. In fact, a positive Homans sign can be elicited due to factors such as superficial phlebitits, Achilles tendonitis, and injury to the gastroc and plantar muscles. Further conditions such as herniated intervertebral discs and shortened heel cords can also result in a false positive. A negative Homans sign, on the other hand, doesnt automatically conclude an absence of DVT. d- Tinel`s test: Purpose: to detect irritated nerves Position: It is performed by lightly tapping (percussing) over the nerve Result: a positive test is when a sensation of tingling or "pins and needles" in the distribution of the nerve
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3. Treatment:
a. Goals:
Short term :
o o o Injury Protection Pain Relief Control Inflammation
Long term:
o Strengthen your Ankle and Calf Muscles o Restore Joint Proprioception & Balance o Restore Normal Function
Walking Running Jumping & Landing Speed & Agility Sport-Specific Skills
o Resume Sport
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Compression: A compression bandage, tubigrip compression stocking or kinesiology supportive taping will help to both support the injured soft tissue and reduce excessive swelling. Elevation: Elevating your injured ankle above your heart will assist gravity to reduce excessive swelling around your ankle. Other treatments may include: TENS Joint mobilization Light massage Acupuncture
The patient also mustn`t do any HARM: Heat Alcohol Running Massage
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Exercise 5: This exercise is designed to strengthen the evertor muscles that enable the foot to turn outwards.
Standing up, the base of the foot is turned outwards, held for 2 seconds and then relaxed. 20 repetitions, 5 times daily.
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rate of 5 repetitions in 5 seconds, before these exercises are commenced. The athlete should be able to stand on one leg, with eyes both open and shut, for 30 seconds and should be able to long jump the distance of their own height. Ideally, plyometric training should be done under the supervision of a trainer or chartered physiotherapist.
Quick feet drills using a rope ladder are a form of plyometric activity. Lateral (sideways)
The progression is to multi-directional patterns using the rope ladder, moving from left to right
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Continuing the sideways pattern. Note the muscle work in the quads to control the movement. This lateral exercise puts a controlled load through the collateral ligaments of the knees and ankles.
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Forward jump drills: Double footed forward jumps over a 30cm barrier.
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Cross jump drills: Cross jumps help to train power. The starting position is with one leg in front and the other behind.
with the front leg moved back and the back leg moved forward to land.
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Box jump drills : Double footed box jumps encourage explosive power. Note the use of the arms to help generate force.
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then off.
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Multi-directional jump drills; The progression from straight line jumps is multi-directional jumps and, as an advanced exercise, multi-
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Exercise 1
Variable pace running with the gradual introduction of turns. This involves running round a 20m diameter figure-of-eight course. The figure-of-eight course puts very gentle stress on the ankle and prepares the player for later turning drills. The pace is limited to walk, jog or half pace running and is determined by the physiotherapist who shouts out the desired pace. The physiotherapist also shouts the commands stop and start. This re-introduces the player to the variable demands of a game of football. The session should last about 25 minutes.
Exercise 2
Variable pace running with gradual turns and various starting positions. The player starts at one end of the course and makes a 30m run up to a 20m diameter semicircle, around which they gently turn before completing another straight 30m run back to the finish. The pace of the run is dictated by the physiotherapist and is either a jog or half pace. The starting position should be different for each run (standing, lying on back, lying on front, sprint start position, squatting, right side lying, left side lying, jumping, hopping, facing backwards).
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Exercise 3
A progression of exercise 1 - variable pace running with slightly tighter turns. Run round a 10m diameter figure-of-eight course. The figure-of-eight course puts stress on the ankle and prepares the player for later turning drills. The paces used are walking, jogging, half pace running, and three-quarter pace running, as determined by the physiotherapist who shouts out the desired pace. The physiotherapist also shouts the commands stop and start. The session should last about 25 minutes.
Exercise 4
A progression of exercise 2 - variable pace running with gradual turns and various starting positions. The player starts at one end of the course and makes a 30m run up to a 20m diameter semicircle, around which they gently turn before completing another straight 30m run back to the finish. The pace of the run is either three-quarter or full pace, as dictated by the physiotherapist. The starting position should be different for each run (standing, lying on back, lying on front, sprint start position, squatting, right side lying, left side lying, jumping, hopping, facing backwards). The player should aim to complete 20 runs.
Exercise 5
Two 5m diameter circles are placed 30m apart. Travelling at full pace the player makes a run, with a football at the feet, goes around the far circle and then back to the finish. This should be repeated 20 times.
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Six cones are placed 5m apart in a straight line. The player completes a shuttle run, at full pace, turning alternately to the left and right. This should be repeated 10 times.
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III.
A sprained ankle is the most common ankle injury in sport. A High Ankle Sprain refers to soft tissue damage to the ligaments of the ankle Syndesmosis, which is the joint between the Tibia (shin bone) and Fibula (splint bone). This ankle ligament damage is characterised by ankle pain and a swollen ankle. Severe High Ankle Sprains may need surgery although physiotherapy treatment is effective for moderate injuries. In the early stages it is important the follow the PRICE protocol for treatment of a sprained ankle protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation.
A history of ankle trauma. Pain just above the ankle. Swollen ankle.
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Common Lisfranc Joint Injury signs & symptoms: A history of trauma to the top of the foot. Foot pain on separating the Metatarsals. Foot pain when walking, running and turning.
V. Plantar Fasciitis
Explanation :
Plantar Fasciitis is a common foot condition that causes heel pain and pain in the sole of the foot. Plantar Fasciitis is inflammation of the Plantar Fascia. During walking and running, as you 'toe-off', the Plantar Fascia becomes taut and helps the foot act as a lever to pus h off with force. It is one of the primary stabilizing structures of the arch on the inner side of the foot.. Inflammation of the Plantar Fascia usually occurs at the point where it attaches to the heel bone. Plantar Fasciitis is reasonably common in older individuals, where the movement in the joints of the foot has become restricted and strain on the Plantar Fascia is increased. It may also occur in individuals who do a lot of standing, walking or sporting activities, usually as a result of overuse. It tends to be more common in females and in people who are overweight.
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In some cases of Plantar Fasciitis there may be a problem with the biomechanics of the foot, contributing to the problem. The usual findings are a foot that 'over pronates', where the inner arch of the foot rolls over too much during walking an d running. This can lead to tightness in the Achilles tendon and recent research has suggested that a tight Achilles tendon can increase strain on the Plantar Fascia. Conservative treatment, such as physiotherapy, aims to reduce local inflammation and address any biomechanical problems. While the Plantar Fascia is still painful it may be treated with Ice Packs and antiinflammatory drugs prescribed by a doctor. Once the pain has subsided, stretching the Plantar Fascia is effective in encouraging the tissue to regain its normal alignment. This helps the healing process and can relieve the symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis. Prolonged stretching of the Plantar Fascia can be achieved using a Night Splint which is worn during sleep. Research indicates that night splinting can significantly reduce Plantar Fasciitis symptoms in over 80% of cases - particularly pain on the first few steps after waking up each morning. Stiff joints around the foot and ankle can be treated using mobilisation, where the physiotherapist gently moves the joints manually to remove the stiffness and restore the normal range of movement.
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Taping has been shown to be an effective treatment for Plantar Fasciitis. The tape supports the Plantar Fascia and removes some of the strain that can aggravate the condition. Plantar Fasciitis settles with conservative treatment in 95% of cases.
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Rest from the activities that aggravate the condition is required for 4 to 6 weeks, to allow the soft tissues to settle down and heal. Physiotherapy treatment consists largely of ice therapy. Ice Packs applied for twenty minutes every couple of hours may help with the pain. The Aircast Ankle Cryo/Cuff is the most effective method of providing ice therapy as it can provide continuous ice cold water and compression for 6 hours and significantly reduce ankle pain and swelling. A doctor may prescribes anti-inflammatory medication, or administer acorticosteroid injection to reduce the soft tissue inflammation. If there are persistent symptoms of ankle pain and swelling from Os Trigonum Syndrome, an orthopaedic consultant may operate to remove the offending bony prominence. Rehabilitation with a physiotherapist following this procedure usually takes between 4 and 8 weeks before full sports activities can be resumed.
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In individuals who have a bony prominence at the back of the Talus bone, then success in preventing Os Trigonum Syndrome may be limited. However, using an Ankle Brace that prevents excessive ankle plantar flexion (pushing the foot down, like pressing the pedals of a car) may help to prevent soft tissue impingement and the development of Os Trigonum Syndrome.
2. Classification:
According to Weber and Lauge-Hansen Classification Basically there are three main types of ankle fractures. Weber classified them as:
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type A
infrasyndesmotic
Occurs below the syndesmosis, which is intact. According to Lauge-Hansen, it is the result of an adduction force on the supinated foot.
Stage 1 - Tension on the lateral collateral ligaments results in rupture of the ligaments
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type B
transsyndesmotic
This is a transsyndesmotic fracture with usually partial - and less commonly, total - rupture of the syndesmosis. According to Lauge-Hansen, it is the result of an exorotation force on the supinated foot. Stage 1 - Rupture of the anterior syndesmosis Stage 2 - Oblique fracture of the fibula (this is the true Weber B fracture) Stage 3 - Rupture of the posterior syndesmosis
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type C
suprasyndesmotic
This is a fracture above the level of the syndesmosis. Usually there is a total rupture of the syndesmosis with instability of the ankle. According to Lauge-Hansen, it is the result of an exorotation force on the pronated foot. Stage 1 - Avulsion of the medial malleolus
or - ligamentous rupture
Stage 2 - Rupture of the anterior syndesmosis Stage 3 - Fibula fracture above the level of the syndesmosis (this is the true Weber C fracture) Stage 4 - Avulsion of the malleolus tertius
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3. Assessment:
Observation:
o o o o o Gait Posture heel walking(L4-S1) toe walking((s1-S2) Heel raise
Pain assessment:
o o o o o Location Scale Type Aggravators Relievers
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Muscle assessment:
muscle Gastrocnemius Peroneals Anterior tibialis Posterior tibialis Extensor hllucis longus Extensor degetorom longus Flexor hllucis longus Flexor degetorom longus
right
Left
notes
Neurologic assessment:
left
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Reflexes :
right patellar Ankle jerk Babinski left
Palpation:
Dorsal pedal Posterior tibial artery pulses Soft tissue Bony landmarks
4. Treatment:
a. Phase I: 0
Goals for Phase I: 1. Pain and swelling control
2. Normal ROM of non-involved joints 3. Safe/functional gait with or without assistive gait device
6 weeks
A. Orthotics: Patient is immobilized in insert, cast or walking boot as directed by the physician. May remove walking boot for bathing and AROM B. Gait training: Weight-bearing to be determined by the physician. If WBAT, patient should be progressed from WBAT with crutches to FWB without crutches C. ROM: Work to restore normal ROM of non-involved joints. If in walking boot, may remove boot for gentle AROM of involved ankle/foot. Ankle Fx ORIF: AROM started during 1st post op visit (DF,PF, INV, EV), Achilles towel stretching as tolerated. Ankle Fx w/out ORIF: Pain free AROM (do not exceed 10 degrees of Dorsiflexion), PROM Dorsiflexion to neutral during 1st 2 wks, progress to 5 degrees of pain free PROM by 4 weeks, then 10 degrees by 6 wks. Avoid inversion/eversion ROM until 4 weeks post accident. Begin
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active Inv/Ev ROM at start of 5th wk. PROM Inv/Ev and joint mobs after 6th wk. Metatarsal /Foot Fx: Ankle AROM as tolerated, If passive Dorsiflexion is necessary, perform w/ foot supported on floor unweighted during gastroc/soleus stretch. Avoid towel roll stretching to prevent undistributed forces/torque throughout the metatarsals. D. Soft tissue management: wound monitoring (avoid getting stitches wet), swelling control, scar massage, desensitization E. Modalities: Utilize for pain, inflammation, swelling control, and muscle re-education as necessary
b. Phase II: 6
Goals for Phase II: 1. Functional ROM
2. Functional strength 3. Normal gait
9 weeks
A. Orthotics: Gradually discontinues use of walking boot when directed by physician, use air-cast, rocket-soc etc as ordered by physician B. Gait-training: If patient has been NWB, begin progressive weight-bearing, patient should be progressed from WBAT with crutches to FWB without crutches C. ROM: Work to restore full P/AROM of ankle and foot, including sub-taler joint mobility/mobs ics, thera-band, heel lifts etc), weightbearing activities, conditioning activities (bike, treadmill). If ankle ORIF, t-band strengthening may begin at beginning of 3rd week if ROM is progressing. E. Balance/Proprioception: Single leg stance activities, balance beam, BAPs board etc.
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G. Modalities: Utilize for pain, inflammation, swelling control, and muscle re-education as necessary
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VIII. Conclusion:
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