Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Natural dyes
Onecangetcoloringmatterfromalmostallvegetablematter.However,onlyafewofthesesourcesyield colorantswhichcanbeextractedandworkouttobecommerciallyviable.Similaristhecaseofcolorants obtainedfromanimalorigin. Basically,threeprimarycolorsarerequiredtogetanygivenhue(orcolor).Thistypeofapproachhas beenworkedoutforsyntheticdyes.Howeverinthecaseofnaturaldyes,thedyeingproceduresare differentfordifferentdyesandtheycannotbeblendedtogetrequiredcoloreasily
Blue dyes
Thecolorindexlistsonlyfournaturaldyes,thatisNaturalIndigo,sulphonated NaturalIndigo,Kumbh (Manipur)andtheflowersofJapaneseTsuykusausedmainlyformakingawobana paper. TheonlyviablechoiceamongthebluenaturaldyesisIndigo.Naturalindigoisobtainedbyfermenting theleavesofvariousspeciesofIndigofera,runningofftheliquorandoxidizingittoprecipitatethedye. Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.)isanotherimportantsourceofindigo.TheplantisgrownmostlyinNorth EuropeandBritishIsles. Withthesynthesisofindigoin1880anditssuccessfulcommercialexploitationin1897byBASF,the productionofnaturalIndigodecreased.Thekingofnaturaldyeswentintooblivion.Therearesome signsofitsrevival.ThecurrentdemandofIndigoinUSisestimatedtobearound800tonnes peryear, pricedataround$20million.Themainingredientsofnaturalindigoareindigotin (I)andindirubin (II)
Red Dyes
Thecolorindexlists32rednaturaldyes.Theprominentamongthemaremadder(Rubia tinctorum L.), manjistha (Rubia cordifolia L.),brazilwood/sappan wood (Caesalpina sappan L.),Alormorinda (Morinda citrifolia L.)cochineal (Coccus cactiL.)andlac dye (Coccus laccae). Manjistha orIndianmadderisanthraquinone basedreddye.Themostimportantcolorantsinmadder aretheanthraquinones,alizarin(III),purpuroxanthin (IV),rubiadin (V),manjistin (VI),purpurin (VII)and pseudopurpurin (VIII).
Lacisperhapsoneoftheoldestofallknownreddyes.However,cochinealandkermeswerewidelyused inthewesternworldfortheproductionofbrightpurpleandredcolors. Thelac dyeisextractedfromlac,theresinousprotectivesecretionoftinyinsect,Luccifera lacca,whichis apestonanumberofplantsbothwildandcultivated.Itsecretesathickresinousfluidwhichenvelopes theirbodies:andsecretionfromahardcontinuousencrustationoverthetwigs.Theycontainonly12% dye.Therearefourcoloringcompoundsinlac,designatedaslaccaic acidA,B,CandE(XI).Laccaic acid (A)beingthemostabundant.Laccaic acidisalsocalledXanthokermesic acid,anditcloselyresembles Kermesic acidinstructure.Lacdyebeinganaciddyecanbedirectlydyedonproteinfibersuchaswool andsilk.Italsoproducesverydarkshadesonnylon.Thehuescanbemodifiedbypostmordanting treatmentwithmetalsalts.Thedyehasverygoodlightandwashingfastness.
(XI)
Laccaic acid A B C E
Yellow Dyes
Yellow[Mayerandcook,1943;Goodwin,1976;Cardon andChatenet,1990andSinghetal.,2001]isthe mostcommoncolorinthenaturaldyes.Howevermostoftheyellowcolorantsarefugitive.Thecolor indexlists28yellowdyes.Someoftheimportantyellowdyesareobtainedfromberberry (Berberis aristata),tessu flowers(Butea frondosa,monosperma) andkamala(Mallotus philippensis). Othersourcesofyellowdyeareblackoak(Quercus velutina),turmeric(Curcumalonga), weld(Reseda luteola) andhimalalayan rhubarb (Rheumemodi). Somecoloringmattersareberberine (XII),itsderivatives(XIII),chrysophanic acid(XIV)andluteolin (XV).
(XII)
(XIII)
(XIV)
(XV)
OH HO O OH
HO
D ih y d r p y r a n
Anthracyanidines
O OCH3
HO CH3
Anthocyanidine
- Carotene
Basic Dyes
Basicdyesarecationicandwillstain/color anionicoracidicmaterialssuchascarboxylates,sulphates (manycomplexcarbohydratesaresulphated)andphosphates(particularlythephosphatesinnucleic acids).Mostareusedasnuclearstainsandstainingofcytoplasmic carboxylgroupsisdeliberately suppressedbyusingaslightlyacidpH. Acidicsubstancesthatstainwithbasicdyesaretermed basophilic.
Amphoteric dyes
Amphoteric dyesalsohavebothanionicandcationicgroups,buttheseareonthesameion. Amphoteric dyeshavebothpositivelychargeablegroupsandnegativelychargeablegroupspresenton themolecule.Dependingonthechargeactuallypresent,thesedyesmayinteractaseitherpositively chargedionsbasicdyes ornegativelychargedionsaciddyes
Natural dyes
Naturaldyesaresimplydyesubstancesextractedfromnaturalsources.Althoughthemainsourceof dyesforearlytimes,theyhavelargelybeenreplacedbysyntheticdyes,whichareusuallymorereliable, cheaperandcanbesuppliedmorereadily.Naturaldyesstillinuseincludehaematoxylin,carmine,orcein andlitmus,althoughsyntheticvarietiesarealsoavailableforsomeofthese.