Unit 7 Reproduction Sesiones programadas: Incidencias: Fecha inicio: Fecha finalizacin:

Biology and Geology 3 ESO N sesiones reales:

UNIT 7: REPRODUCTION FUNCTION PART 1: 0. Introduction: Reproduction, Sex and Sexuality 1. Puberty and Adolescence. Climateric 2. Male Reproductive System: 2.1 Anatomy 2.2 Physiology 3. Female Reproductive System: 3.1 Anatomy 3.2 Physiology 4. Gametogenesis 4.1 Spermatogenesis 4.2 Oogenesis 5. Female or menstrual cycle PART 2: 1. Fertilization 2. Gestation 3. Childbirth 4. Reproduction and health 4.1 Methods of contraception 4.2 Assisted reproduction 4.3 Sexually-transmited diseases (STDs) (ETS) 5. Healthy habits

0. Introduction: REPRODUCTION, SEX AND SEXUALITY

Reproduction is the vital function by which living beings produce descendents with similar characteristics to maintain the species on the Earth, this is, genetic information is transmitted from parents to children to conserve the characteristics of the species in the future. Human reproduction is sexual. This means that: Two specialized cell the gametes whose role is to produce gametes. The female gamete contains genetic information from the mother (OVULE, OVUM, EGG) and the male one contains genetic information from the father (SPERMATOZOID). The gametes join together during the fertilization to create the first cell of the new living being: ZYGOTE. The new individual will have a unique combination of genes, so they are unique individuals. Thanks to nutrition, the individual survives Thanks to reproduction, the specie perpetuates

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SEX AND SEXUALITY: the sex of an individual is a biological condition determined by the sex chromosomes (pair number 23): XY: male sex; XX: female sex. Sexuality is a wide concept that includes biological features and feelings, behavior, emotions and experiences who are destined, or not, to the reproduction

1. PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE. CLIMATERIC

Generalmente cuando nos referimos a cambios corporales nos centramos en la poca de la pubertad, pero realmente estos cambios comienzan antes, concretamente en los primeros meses de vida fetal con la diferenciacin gonadal. Durante los primeros 2-3 meses de vida fetal no existe un aparato genital diferenciado para cada sexo. Es a partir de aqu (8 semana, aprox) cuando en funcin del sexo del feto (condicionado por la dotacin cromosmica XX, XY), esa gnada indiferenciada comienza a evolucionar a ovario o testculo Tras el nacimiento y os primeros aos de vida, un descenso del nivel de hormonas sexuales, hace que no existan diferencias notables en ambos sexos. Durante la pubertad, transito a la madurez biolgicoreproductora, se producen grandes cambios fisiolgicos relacionados con la secrecin de factores reguladores (por parte del hipotlamo) que activaran la produccin de hormonas (LH y FSH) Both concepts refer to the period of transition between childhood and adulthood or reproductive life. Puberty is related to the physical changes (body changes) whereas adolescence refers to psychological and social changes. With the puberty primary sexual characteristics become functional and secondary sexual characteristics specific to each sex appear. During puberty several changes occur because of sex hormones produced by the testes in boys and by the ovaries in girls: the changes: The primary sexual characteristics: the reproductive organs (formed from birth), will become functional (fully working) Boys (aprox from 10 to 18) The gonads (testicles) increase their size and start the production and maturing of spermatozoa (300-400106/day) This occurs because during the puberty the Hypothalamus and pituitary gland start producing hormones: (remember unit 5) Hypothalamus releases substances which travel to the pituitary gland. This one releases another hormone which travels to the testicles which produce testosterone (which carry out the development of the spermatozoa) Girl (aprox from 9 to 18) The gonads (ovaries) increase their size and start the production and maturing of ovules (1/ 28 days) This occurs because during the puberty the Hypothalamus and pituitary gland start producing hormones: remember unit 5: Hypothalamus releases substances which travel to the pituitary gland. This one releases another hormone which travels to the ovaries which produce Estrogens and progestogens (which carry out the development of ovules

The secondary sexual characteristics specific to each sex appear (due to the production of hormones, too): Boys (aprox from 10 to 18) The genitals get bigger Hair grows on the pubis and under the arms 2 Girl (aprox from 9 to 18) The genitals get bigger Hair grows on the pubis and under the arms

Unit 7 Reproduction Body hair starts to grow in face and chest The skeletal and muscles develop The voice becomes deeper (lower voice) The sebaceous glands start to secrete more sebum: sweating increases and acne appears on the face, chest and back Body smell gets stronger Growth rate increases

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Hips get wider and breasts develop The voice results higher The sebaceous glands start to secrete more sebum. Although not as much as in boys Body smell gets stronger Growth rate increases

The period of life when fertility and sexual activity are in decline is called climateric (climaterio), because of the fall in the production of sex hormones (or because the body reduces the sex hormones production). In women 45-50 year, it is called menopause; 60 years in men)

2. Male reproductive system:

2.1 Anatomy:
Male reproductive system is formed by: a. Testicles or testes b. Sex glands c. Spermatic ducts d. Penis

a. Testicles or testes. Two male glands located outside the abdominal cavity, inside a skin sac called scrotum (2 degrees C minus than the body: 35oC). They contain many seminiferous tubules: coiled tubes (1000 tubes/testicle) where the cells that produce spermatozoa are placed. Between the tubes there are other cells called Leydig cell, responsible for the production of testosterone (female hormones too).

b. Sex glands: they are in charge of feeding and protecting to spermatozoa during its journey. (Semen or sperm: set of spermatozoa and substances secreted by sex glands.) They are: 3

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Seminal vesicles secrete many of the substances found in semen such as proteins, mucus and substances to feed spermatozoa in order that they can survive until they find the ovule. (The liquid produced by the seminal vesicles contains proteins and mucus. This liquid also contains fructose to feed sperm cells so that they can survive long enough to fertilize the oocyte) Cowpers glands secrete a lubricant that facilitates sexual intercourse. Prostate is located under the bladder. It secretes a milky white fluid which contains substances to protect spermatozoa and has suitable pH (alkaline) to help sperm survive in the acidic environment of the vagina. The prostate also contains smooth muscle tissue that can constrict to prevent the flow of urine or semen. c. Spermatic ducts (vas genitales): they drive the sperm (or semen: set of spermatozoa and fluid substances that reproductive male system produces) from testicles to the exterior of the body. They are: The epididymis (epiddimo) is a coiled tube (aprox 7 cm) placed on the tester. Spermatozoa produced in the testes moves into the epididymis to mature before being passed on through the male reproductive organs. There, the spermatozoa get mobility. Vas deferens (conductos deferentes): is a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to urethra. Previously, vas deferens joins with seminal vesicles. Urethra: is an 8 to 10 inch long muscular tube through which semen passes to reach the exterior of the body. The urethra passes through the prostate and ends at the external urethral orifice located at the tip of the penis. Urine leaves the body through this conduct too. d. Penis: The penis is the male external sexual organ. The penis contains the urethra and the external opening of the urethra. Its internal structure is made up of 2 mass of erectile tissue: the corpora cavernosa, above the urethra, which can be filled with blood and as a consequence, penis becomes erect. The erection of the penis causes it to increase in size and become turgid. The urethra is surrounded by another tissue: corpus spongiosum which widen at the end of the penis to form the glans penis. Foreskin or prepuce is the skin surrounding the glands when the penis is not erect The function of the penis is to deliver semen into the vagina during sexual intercourse. In addition to its reproductive function, the penis also allows for the excretion of urine through the urethra to the exterior of the body.

2.2 Physiology:
These organs work together to produce spermatozoa (the male gametes) and the other components of semen. The objective of these organs is to deliver semen into the vagina to fertilize the ovule and form the first cell of a new individual.

3. Female Reproductive System.

3.1 Anatomy:
Female reproductive system is formed by: a. The ovaries b. Reproductive ducts c. External genitalia 4

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a. The ovaries: they are the female gonads, located in the abdominal cavity. They produce ovules and hormones: estrogens, progesterone (and testosterone). The external part of each ovary is called the cortex and is filled with ovarian follicles. Each follicle contains one developing eggs surrounded by other cells. The closer the follicles are to the ovary surface, the bigger they are. Those closest to the surface (the biggest one) are called Graafian follicles (folculos de Graaf). Each one contain a mature egg that is ready to be released. b. Reproductive ducts: these ducts play a role in fertilization and gestation (transport ovule and contain the embryo): Fallopian tubes: these two tubes collect the mature eggs released by the ovaries to drive them to the uterus. Fertilization (the union of male and female gametes, during sexual reproduction, to form a zygote) takes place in fallopian tubes. Uterus: it is the cavity lead from Fallopian t. Into the uterus. The wall of the uterus is made up of a muscular layer (miometrium, miometrio) covered by a mucous layer (endometrium, endometrio) where foetus will be implanted. The uterus narrows at its bottom where it is connected to the vagina, this narrowing is called cervix (cuello del utero) Vagina is an elastic, muscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the body. The vagina is the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse (it secretes lubricant substances to make it easier for the penis to be inserted) and the carrier of sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes. It is also the birth canal. During menstruation, the menstrual flow is expelled via the vagina. (Urethra is a different duct in women!!!) c. External genitalia: The vulva is the collective name for the external female genitalia located in the pubic region of the body. The vulva surrounds the external ends of the urethral opening and the vagina and includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris (a small mass of erectile tissue that contains many nerve endings for sensing sexual pleasure.

3.2 Physiology:
These organs are involved in the production and transportation of gametes and the production of sex hormones. The female reproductive system also facilitates the fertilization of the ovule by a spermatozoid and supports the development of embryo during pregnancy.

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4. Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the process that takes place in the gonads (testicles and ovaries), by which the gametes are produced. The gametes come from other usual human cells that contain 46 chromosomes. However, these cells suffer a process called Gametogenesis, by means of which, they reduce their chromosomes to half (their chromosomes are reduced to half): 23 chromosomes, due to a special type of cell division called meiosis La ovognesis se inicia en la mujer el tercer mes del desarrollo intrauterino. En el hombre, la espermatognesis, cuando ste alcanza la pubertad. En la ovognesis se produce slo un gameto funcional. Al contrario, en la espermatognesis se producen cuatro.) 4.1. Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis or spermatozoa production takes place in the walls of the seminiferous tubules of the testicles. Spermatozoa are formed from cells called spermatogonia (46 chromosomes). This process takes approximately 70 days long and it occurs during puberty It is developed in three stages: 1. Proliferation stage (Fase de proliferacin o multiplicacin): the number of spermatogonia increases (46 chromosomes). Mitosis. 2. Growth stage: spermatogonia increase their size. (46 chromosomes) 3. Maturation stage: this is the most important stage in which each cell gives rise to 4 spermatozoa with half the chromosomes (23) thanks to meiosis process. After meiosis, spermatozoa suffer some changes to get its final shape and structure. En resumen, la espermatognesis tiene una duracin de 70-75 das, lapso de tiempo necesario para la diferenciacin de espermatogonias en espermatozoides. Se inicia en la madurez sexual y se mantiene casi hasta el final de la vida. A partir una clula germinal diploide se generan cuatro clulas sexuales haploides producto de divisiones por mitosis y meiosis. Por lo tanto, la espermatognesis consta de tres etapas: reproduccin, crecimiento y maduracin. REGULACIN HORMONAL ESPERMATOGNESIS DURANTE LA

Esta regulacin se produce por retroalimentacin negativa, desde el hipotlamo, el que acta en la hipfisis, y finalmente en el testculo. Las hormonas responsables son: Testosterona: responsable de las caractersticas sexuales masculinas, es secretada en el testculo por las clulas de Leydig o instersticiales. Esta hormona tambin es secretada por la mdula de la corteza suprarrenal pero en menores cantidades en comparacin al testculo, tambin se secreta en las mujeres pero en mnimas cantidades. FSH u hormona folculo estimulante: secretada por la hipfisis, acta sobre las clulas de Srtoli de los testculos que nutren a los espermatozoides y favorecen su desarrollo. LH u hormona luteinizante: secretada por la hipfisis, acta sobre las clulas de Leydig o instersticiales para que secreten testosterona. 6

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Inhibina: secretada las clulas de Srtoli o nodrizas, acta sobre la hipfisis inhibiendo la secrecin de FSH y con ello deteniendo la espermatognesis. Espermatogenisis need three hormones: testosterone (Leydig cells, in the testicles), and two hormones produced by pituitary gland (hipfisis): FSH (hormona estimulante del folculo) and LH (hormona luteinizante) The spermatozoid: they are highly specialized and mobile cells made up of three main parts: head, midpiece and tail (flagellum) Head: it contains the nucleus, which has 23 chromosomes. Besides, the head contains the acrosome, an organelle that secretes the required substances (enzymes) to fertilize the ovule. Midpiece: it is located between the head and the tail. It contains lots of mitochondria which provide the necessary energy for movement. The midpiece also contains a centriole, which controls the spermatozoids movement. The tail: it is a flagellum made up of proteins. It is the structure that allows the spermatozoa to move

3.2. Ovogenesis (egg cell, ova: plural, ovum: sing) Oogenesis or ovogenesis production takes place in the ovaries (female glands). Ovules are formed from cells called ovogonia or oogonia (46 chromosomes). En la etapa de formacin embrionaria femenina, las clulas germinales se reproducen por mitosis sucesivas. Al llegar a las gnadas (ovarios) las clulas germinales continan dividindose por mitosis donde se producen millares de ovogonias, que son clulas madres del ovario con toda la dotacin gentica de la especie (diploides). Las ovogonias dan origen por divisin mittica a ovocitos primarios, tambin diploides. Los ovocitos primarios se rodean de clulas foliculares y epiteliales planas, formando el folculo primordial. Alrededor del sptimo mes de gestacin, los ovocitos primarios comienzan a dividirse por meiosis I, pero al llegar al diploteno de la profase I, se detiene la divisin meitica. Este prolongado lapso de inactividad, llamado dictiotena, culmina cuando se alcanza la pubertad, momento en que se reinicia el proceso de ovognesis por accin hormonal. Las nias nacen con folculos primarios que encierran a todos los ovocitos primarios en dictiotena, hasta que llega la madurez sexual. En ese momento empiezan a madurar los folculos y los ovocitos primarios aumentan de tamao. Un poco antes de que la mujer ovule, concluye la meiosis I y se genera un ovocito secundario haploide y el primer cuerpo polar. Cabe sealar que esta divisin no es proporcional en cuanto a volumen, ya el cuerpo polar, que ms tarde se atrofia, es muy pequeo respecto del ovocito secundario, que obtiene casi todo su citoplasma. En la medida que exista fecundacin, el ovocito secundario reanuda la meiosis II hasta el final, formndose un ovocito haploide maduro y un segundo y pequeo cuerpo polar que ms tarde involuciona. Si no se produce la fecundacin, el ovocito secundario es eliminado durante la menstruacin. Cerca de dos millones de ovocitos primarios se forman en los ovarios durante la etapa embrionaria, aunque esa cantidad se reduce aproximadamente a 400000 al nacimiento. Al llegar la pubertad, la gran mayora se atrofia, puesto que solo 7

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400-500 ovocitos primarios diploides se transformarn en ovocitos secundarios haploides a lo largo de toda la vida reproductiva. Con la ovulacin de cada ciclo sexual de 28 das, el ovocito secundario pasa del ovario a la trompa de Falopio, madurando de a uno por vez. Las hormonas segregadas por la hipfisis (gonadotrofinas) ejercen su accin sobre los ovarios. La hormona folculo estimulante (FSH) estimula al ovocito primario para que se convierta en secundario, mientras que la hormona luteneizante (LH) provoca la ovulacin.

1. Proliferation stage (Fase de proliferacin o multiplicacin): the number of oogonia increases and they grow in size. (Embryonic life) 2. Growth stage: During embryonic life, some oogonias increase their size by accumulation of nutrients. Then, they are called primary oocyte (46 chromosomes) 3. Maturation stage: the primary oocyte starts meiosis (embryonic life) which stops until puberty. In the puberty meiosis process finishes, giving rise to resulting in an ovum which has 23 chromosomes.

The ovum: they are highly specialized and immobile cells Nucleus: it contains 23 chromosomes. Cytoplasm: it contains nutrients (deutoplasm) to feed the zygote for the first few days after fertilization: vitellus (vitelo). Membranes: the ovum has several layers to protect the zygote

Hormones: well study the involved hormones in the next section

Unit 7 Reproduction Diferencias entre espermatognesis y ovognesis:

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SPERMATOGENESIS Se realiza en los testculos Se inicia a partir de una espermatogonia Cada espermatogonia origina 4 espermatozoides Comienza en la pubertad

OOGENESIS Se realiza en los testculos Se inicia a partir de una ovogonia Cada ovogonia origina 1 vulo Comienza en la vida embrionaria. Se detiene hasta la pubertad. El ovulo no termina de formarse hasta que no ocurre la fecundacin La mujer nace con un nmero de clulas destinadas a convertirse en vulos (400.000 aprox). El proceso se repite cada 28 das

Se realiza durante toda la vida adulta de forma ininterrumpida

5. Female or Menstrual Cycle

During puberty, ovogenesis continues regularly in women approximately every 28 days. Female cycle is the set of process that occur every 28 days, approximately, which involve hormonal changes, the liberation of an immature ovum and the liberation of endometrium. Phases: 1. Maturation of ovum: pituitary gland secretes hormones which travel to the ovary. Its function is that primary oocyte continues the meiosis process. These hormones are FSH and LH. Estrogens and progesterone are involved too 2. Ovulation: about midway through the menstrual cycle, an immature ovum is released from the ovary to the Fallopiam tube. This is produced because of an increasing of LH production by pituitary gland. 3. Menstruation: during the cycle, the endometrium becomes thicker to guest the zygote if the fertilization has occurred. If it hasnt occurred, the endometrium will be release (detached) and expelled through the vagina. The cycle in days: Da 1: el primer da del ciclo menstrual es el da de inicio de la menstruacin o regla. La menstruacin suele durar entre 4-5 das durante los cuales se expulsa el endometrio que se haba engrosado durante parte del ciclo para alojar al cigoto en caso de que se hubiese habido fecundacin. Si la fecundacin no existe se eliminar el endometrio: menstruacin A partir del da 5-6 comienza la regeneracin del endometrio. Da 14: hacia la mitad del ciclo tiene lugar la Ovulacin, es decir la liberacin de un vulo (ovocito) por el ovario. Los das que rodean al da 14 son los das frtiles de la mujer ya que durante estos das el vulo avanzar por las trompas de Falopio donde podr ser fecundado por un espermatozoide. La regeneracin del endometrio contina. Los das siguientes debemos diferenciar: 9

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a. Si ocurre la fecundacin: se formar el cigoto y originar el embrin que se desarrollar en el tero durante 9 meses en los que no existir menstruacin, ya que existe un cambio en la secrecin de hormonas para que esto no ocurra. (2 parte del tema) b. Si no ocurre la fecundacin, el vulo se elimina durante la menstruacin que es el primer da del ciclo. Actividades Pg 129 (3, 4, 5, 6) Pg 133 (9) Pg 134 (3) Pg 136-137 (3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14) Define: ficha ingls qu dos procesos ocurren en la pubertad? Explcalos. Cul es la causa que desencadena esos procesos? Nombra las hormonas relacionadas con el ciclo menstrual. De dnde procede cada una de ellas? Ficha ingls 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9

UNIT 7: REPRODUCTION FUNCTION PART 2: 6. Fertilization 7. Gestation 8. Childbirth 9. Reproduction and health 9.1 Methods of contraception 6. Fertilization
Fertilization is the union of the nucleus of the spermatozoid and the nucleus of the ovum to produce the new beings first cell, called zygote. Among 200-300 millions of spermatozoa are deposited in a w0mans vagina by means of ejaculation. Approximately, only thousands of them survive the female barrier. The survivors reach Fallopiam tubes where the fusion must take place. Only one spermatozoid will introduce its nucleus into the ovum thanks to the enzymes placed in acrosome. In this moment, the ovum produce an external layer, corona radiate, to prevent more spermatozoa introduce their nucleus. The fusion of both nucleus (each has 23 chromosomes) will result in a zygote of 46 chromosomes. From that moment on, the menstrual cycle is altered to prevent the menstruation (period) for 9 months.

9.2 Assisted reproduction 9.3 Sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) (ETS) 10. Healthy habits

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7. Gestation (embryonic development)

Gestation is the period of time between fertilization and childs birth. It lasts around 270 days (9 months) Since fertilization, the zygote starts to divide into 2, 4, 6 cells. Approximately 3 days after, the zygote is made up of 32 cells, it reaches the uterus and it is called morula. We must distinguish three important events during gestation:

Implantation (nidacin): the morula (morula), now called blastula, is attached on the endometrium (which is increasing its size). Blastula feeds on the vitellus during this stage. (vitelo) (Nutritive material of an ovum stored for the nutrition of an embryo (for example the yellow mass of a bird or reptile egg). Endometrium increases its thickness and a mucous plug is formed in the cervix. The First trimester: the embryo is surrounded and protected by a sac full of liquid, the amnion. Its nutritious requirements increase, in such a way that the placenta is formed. This organ allows the exchange of substances between mother and embryo. The placenta is connected to the embryo through the umbilical cord. The second trimester (fetus): the organs are formed, during the second trimester, they must improve, get perfect. The third trimester: the fetus organs are already sufficiently developed for it to survive outside the mother. From this moment on until the ninth month, the fetus gains weight and positions its head to fit in the neck of the uterus. It is ready to be born.

8. Childbirth
In the eighth month of pregnancy, the fetus turns in the uterus so that the head points downwards. It is getting ready to be born, and come out of the mothers body. This happens around the 270th day (ninth month) of gestation The mucous plug is expelled from the cervix, signaling (indicating) the start of labour, which takes place in three phases: Dilation of the cervix: this lasts between 3 and 12 hours. When the cervix dilates, the miometrium undergoes a series of contractions which become more and more intense and frequent, pushing the fetus towards the vagina. At the end of this phase, the amnion breaks and the amniotic fluid flows out (she breaks her water) Fetal expulsion: this can last between 30 minutes and 1 hour. The fetus head comes out head first. Once it has come out, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving a scar known as the navel or belly button.

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Delivery of the placenta: after the baby is born, the uterus undergoes (carries out more contractions) further contractions to expel the placenta.

During the first few days after birth, the mothers mammary glands produce a substance called colostrum (first milk), which is very nutritious and rich in antibodies. On the third day, they start to produce milk Gemelos y mellizos Mellizos o gemelos bivitelinos o dicigticos: ocurre cuando la mujer en el mismo ciclo menstrual libera dos vulos que sern fecundados por dos espermatozoides. Se desarrollarn en diferentes sacos amniticos con diferente placenta y diferente cordn umbilical. Son seres fenotpicamente diferentes y pueden tener el mismo sexo o diferente Gemelos (idnticos, univitelinos o monocigticos): una vez que el cigoto se ha formados (un vulo ha sido fecundado por un espermatozoide), despus de las primeras divisiones, se divide en dos (), originando dos embriones que pueden estar en el mismo saco o en dos. Generalmente se alimentan de la misma placenta. Son casi idnticos fenotpicamente (tienen los mismos genes) y tienen el mismo sexo.

9. Reproduction and health 9.1 Methods of contraception

Tanto la paternidad como la maternidad suponen una gran responsabilidad por lo que siempre deberan ser deseadas y producirse en el momento ms adecuado. Los mtodos anticonceptivos son diferentes tipos de estrategias cuya misin en impedir el encuentro vulo espermatozoide o la nidacin del cigoto. No todos tienen la misma eficacia, ni todos protegen de ETS. Podemos clasificarlos en: a. Mtodos anticonceptivos naturales: se basan en el conocimiento del ciclo femenino, es decir, en conocer el momento de la ovulacin, con el fin de evitar el coito durante esos das. Inconveniente: muy poco fiables debido a los ciclo cambiante de la mujeres y su dificultad para calcular el periodo frtil. Adems no ofrecen proteccin contra ETS. Entre este tipo de anticoceptivos podemos destacar: Mtodo Ogino: calcular el periodo frtil de la mujer haciendo un seguimiento de los ciclos durante varios meses. Fiabilidad mnima Temperatura basal: medir diariamente la temperatura corporal y PREDECIR los das frtiles por la subida de esta (durante la ovulacin la temp aumenta 0,2-0,5 C y se mantiene as durante varios dias). Fiabilidad mnima. Billing: observar cambios en el flujo vaginal. Fiabilidad mnima. Coitus interruptus: retirar el pene de la vagina un momento antes de la eyaculacin para evitar que el semen penetre en ella. Fiabilidad nula. El liquido preseminal puede contener espermatozoides.

b. Mtodos anticonceptivos artificiales: diferenciamos Mtodos barrera: impiden la llegada de los espermatozoides al vulo. Se incluyen en este grupo: alta eficacia i. Preservativo masculino: funda de lates que se coloca sobre el pene erecto y recoge el semen eyaculado. Adems evita ETS ii. Preservativo femenino: funda que se coloca en el interior de la vagina e impide que los espermatozoides pasen al tero.

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Biology and Geology 3 ESO iii. Diafragma capucho de goma que se coloca en la entrada del utero para cerrar el paso a los espermatozoides. iv. DIU (dispositivo intrauterino): dispositivo de plstico y cobre con forma de T. se coloca en el tero para impedir que se implante la blstula. Adems el cobre es txico para los espermatozoides. Deber ser manipulado por el gineclogo ya que puede producir hemorragias

Mtodos qumicos: consiste en el uso de diversos productos qumicos i. Espermicidas: son sustancias que aplicadas en la vagina destruyen los espermatozoides. Se presentan en frmulas distintas (geles, espumas). Su eficacia no es elevada por lo que debe utilizarse junto a otros mtodos como coadyuvante. ii. Contraceptivos hormonales: son compuestos de hormonas sexuales femeninas que alteran el ciclo ovrico e impiden la ovulacin. Existen presentaciones diversas: pldoras, parches, anillos vaginales, inyectables iii. Mtodos quirrgicos: consisten en sencillas intervenciones quirrgicas que impiden la fecundacin de forma permanente y definitiva. - Ligaduras de trompas: las trompas de Falopio se cortan y se ligan para impedir que el vulo llegue al tero. Es un mtodo de esterilizacin femenina permanente. - Vasectoma: se seccionan y ligan los conductos deferentes para evitar que los espermatozoides pasen al semen, por lo que este no tiene capacidad de fecundacin. Provoca una esterilidad masculina irreversible.

9.2 Assisted reproduction

En algunas ocasiones no es posible la reproduccin por medios naturales. Este problema se denomina esterilidad o infertilidad (12%-15% de la poblacin). Actualmente se disponed de tcnicas de reproduccin asistida para solucionarlo: Inseminacin artificial: el semen (de la pareja o de un banco de semen) se introduce en el tero de la mujer con una jeringuilla, los das prximos a la ovulacin. La mujer suele tomar previamente un tratamiento hormonal para estimular la ovulacin. Fecundacin in vitro: la fecundacin se realiza fuera del cuerpo de la mujer: se extraen vulos de la mujer, se ponen en contacto con los espermatozoides y una vez formado el cigoto se implanta en el tero de la mujer (blstula). Generalmente se implanta ms de uno pro seguridad y el resto se congela. (nios probeta)

9.3 Sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) (ETS)

Las infecciones de transmisin sexual (ITS) tambin conocidas como enfermedades de transmisin sexual (ETS), y antes como enfermedades venreas son un conjunto de afecciones que se transmiten de persona a persona por medio de contacto sexual, durante las relaciones sexuales (el sexo vaginal, el sexo anal y el sexo oral). Sin embargo, pueden transmitirse tambin por uso de jeringas contaminadas o por contacto con la sangre, y algunas de ellas pueden transmitirse durante el embarazo o el parto, desde la madre al hijo Los agentes: pueden ser producidas por bacterias, protozoos, virus, u hongos
AGENTE Bacterias Virus EJEMPLO DE EFERMEDAD Sfilis. Gonorrea SIDA. Herpes. Hepatitis

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Unit 7 Reproduction
Protozoos Hongos Tricomoniasis Candidiasis

Biology and Geology 3 ESO

Modo de transmisin:
DIRECTO Por contacto directo con fluidos de la persona infectada De la madre al hijo a travs de la placenta, de la leche o en el momento del parto INDIRECTO Por el uso de utensilios contaminados: Jeringuillas, cuchillas afeitar, cepillo dientes.

Prevencin:
Utilizar preservativo en las relaciones sexuales Lavarse las manos a menudo y siempre antes y despus de una relacin sexual. Evitar compartir toallas, cuchillas de afeitar, cepillos de dientes, ropa interior. ya que adems de no ser higinico a veces pueden ser un foco de contagio. Realizarse pruebas analticas en caso de haber mantenido relaciones de riesgo

Actividades Pg 146 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Pg 148 (9) Pg 151 (11) Pg 154-155 (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 12)

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