Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Shen-Yuan Kuo, Tzung-Lin Lee, Chien-An Chen, Po-Tai Cheng, and Ching-Tsai Pan CENTER FOR ADVANCED POWER TECHNOLOGIES DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY HSINCHU, TAIWAN.
Abstract- Significant harmonics amplification in industry facilities has been reported. This phenomenon is identified as harmonic resonance between power factor correction capacitor banks and system inductors. Conventional active filter techniques aimed at harmonic current compensation are not effective under this resonance situation. This paper proposes a distributed active filter design for harmonics damping within industry facility. In this system, the active filter operates as a harmonic conductance with a droop characteristic. A droop control bewteen the harmonic volt-ampere reactive consumption of the active filter and its harmonic conductance is developed to coordinate the operation among individual active filters, so that each unit can share harmonic filtering workload in proportion to the rated capacity without any communications. Simulation results of a typical industry facility is implemented in this paper, and harmonic filtering performances discussed in detail. Laboratory prototype is conducted to valid the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Index Terms- active filter, harmonic resonance, power factor correction.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the advance of power semiconductor technologies, power electronic devices are increasingly used in industrial applications, such as adjustable speed drives and uninterruptable power supplies. Most applications use diode or thyristor rectifiers to convert AC to DC. However, these rectifiers draw distorted current from the utility, and the power quality
degrades. Conventionally, capacitor banks are required to improve the power factor in large industry facilities. With the addition of nonlinear loads, harmonic resonance due to system inductors (power line inductor and transformer leakage inductor) and power factor capacitor banks may cause amplification of harmonic current from non-linear loads if resonant frequency is near the dominant harmonic frequencies[l], [2], [3]. Replacing capacitor banks with tuned passive filter is a simplest approach to address this concern while providing var support. For example, a filter bank, which composes of many of the power factor correction capacitors and a series reactor, is tuned to lower frequency than dominant resonant frequency to reduce the amplification of harmonics[l], [4], [5]. However, this method
This research is funded by the National Science Council of Taiwan under grant NSC 94-2218-E-007-053 and grant NSC 95-2218-E-007-022.
lacks flexibility, usually occupies lots of spaces, requires extra engineering work to calibrate filtering performances due to parameter variation. Akagi et. al propose a hybrid active filter to suppress the harmonic resonance between the utility and passive filter[6]. Bhattacharya et. al propose a series active filter to isolate the harmonic resonance between power source and harmonic source[7]. Due to the configuration of the hybrid active filter and series active filter, they are not suitable for the application of distributed installation active filters. In case of high power nonlinear loads, a large active filter is required but its high bandwidth requirement will come at a very high cost. This paper proposes multiple small-sized voltage detection active filters to suppress the harmonic voltage in industrial facilities. The installation can be referred to figure 1. Each individual active filter unit (AFU) in the system operates as a harmonic conductance with droop characteristic for harmonics[8]. A droop relationship between the harmonic conductance command and volt-ampere consumption is implemented into the droop controller of each AFU. Therefore, each small-sized AFUs with high switching frequency can deliver harmonic damping capability, and share the filtering workload in a truly distributed fashion without any communications. This is a significant advantage, in terms of filtering performance and cost-effectiveness, compared to a single installation of a high power active filer. The operation principle is explained in this paper. Test results based on computer simulations and prototype experiments validate the proposed approach.
------
capacitor bank
Kf
proposed active filter
non-linear load
391
The control block diagram of the proposed distributed AFUs is shown in figure 2. Multiple AFUs are installed in the same location or various locations in an industrial facility. The control of each AFU consists of the droop controller and the voltage controller. The droop controller is to obtain the harmonic conductance command of the AFU according to the volt-ampere consumption. The voltage controller extracts the harmonic voltage component, determines current command of the AFU, and then operates the inverter following those commands to suppress voltage harmonics. In the following, these two controllers are explained in detail.
Syo
Sy
A. The droop controller Assume two AFUs are installed at the same or different points. In order to share the harmonic filtering workload among the two AFUs, a droop relationship between the conductance command and the volt-ampere of an AFU is programmed into the controller:
where v is the fundamental part of the line voltages v, and X is the harmonic part of the AFU current i. Then S is obtained for balanced system.
S
=
Go + b(S-SO)
(1)
where G is conductance command, Go is initial conductance commands, So is volt-ampere rating. With droop control method and proper parameter b, the volt-ampere of each AFU can be proportional to its volt-ampere rating even at different operation points. This can be illustrated as following equation and in figure 3. To obtain the volt-ampere S of an AFU, the RMS values of voltage and current are calculated:
VRMS
B. The voltage controller The three-phase line voltages Va, Vb and vc are measured and transformed into v' and v' in the synchronous reference frame. The fundamental parts, vq and v', are extracted by lowpass filters. The ripples of vq and vM, which represent the line voltage harmonics, are obtained by the differences between ve q and ve, Vq and vM d' M. d The voltage harmonics vq d are then q' ve multiplied by the conductance command to generate current commands i6* and id of the AFU:
iq* =G eq
ie
=
(5)
vM
(6)
fLT(dt
(2)
fI=T
tRMS
T
t ((t)
The synchronous reference frame current commands are transformed back to three-phase current commands taS tb' and i*. Based on the current commands i*, j*, and i*, and the measured currents ia, ib, and ic, the current regulator calculates the voltage commands va, vb*, and v* as given:
V
(3)
392
vV-KAF(i -i)
(7)
LAF
AT
(8)
The equivalent impedance Zth seen by the harmonic current source connected at the PCC can be expressed as follows:
where LAF is the ac inductor of the inverter, and AT is the sampling period of the digital controller.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, time domain simulations of the proposed distributed AFUs are performed to demonstrate their harmonic filter performances and volt-ampere balancing characteristics. In addition, a frequency scan shows how AFUs affect the equivalent impedance across the spectrum, and illustrates AFUs harmonic damping capability. Figure 4 shows an equivalent circuit model in a typical industry facility. The power factor correction banks CCB are intended for compensating the reactive power of inductive linear load, but harmonic resonance due to source inductor LS occurs near the seventh harmonic frequency. This scenario is discussed in [9]. The parameters in the simulation are given as follows, * Power system: 480V (line-to-line), 60Hz, 1500kVA. LS = 2.36 ,uF(5.75%). * Linear load: 994.27kVA (66.28%), PF=0.9. * Non-linear load: A diode rectifier with lmH of inductor and load resistor initially rated at 500kVA (33.33%) is installed. * AFU: Two AFUs are installed. Cd, = 5000,F, LAF = 0.1mH. The frequency of PWM operation is fpwm = 20kHz. * Capacitor bank: CCB : 500kVAR (33.33%). The droop parameters are G,o = Gyo = OQ-1, b, = by = 0.005V-2, and S,o = Syo = 90kVA (6%).
VP0 1 G 1 (13) IS + IAF + ICB + Gtotal + Z Zs Z~CB Figure 6(a) shows the impedances seen at the PCC by the non-linear load. Since the dominant harmonic frequencies are the 5th and 7th, attention is paid to the frequency range between 50 Hz and 500 Hz. For G = 0, the equivalent impedance of proposed circuit seen from non-linear load is extremely high around the resonant frequency. As G goes up, the equivalent impedance near the resonant frequency reduces more, and the voltage harmonics at PCC can be reduced. Figure 6(b) illustrates the frequency scan of ratio 1sl"h in figure 5(b). For G = 0, the source current is severely amplified, e.g. Is is 10 times the magnitude of Ih at the 7th harmonic. As G goes up, the AFUs can absorb more harmonic currents, therefore the harmonics of Is reduces and so does its THD.
Zth
=
pc'h
994.27kVA
Vdcx
A. Frequency domain Analysis To analyze AFU's harmonic filtering capability, a simplified equivalent circuit at the harmonic frequencies is established. The linear load is excluded, and the nonlinear load is represented by a harmonic current source. The transfer function of the high pass filter in figure 2 can be expressed as
Vdcy
THPF
S-JW
s JW+Wc
(9)
where w is the fundamental angular frequency and wo is the cut-off angular frequency of the HPF. The effect of the time delay in digital controller is represented as e-ST. The transfer function of a certain AFUi is given by:
sS J
s
W+Wbc
Gi e-ST
Figure 5(a) shows a single-phase equivalent circuit of figure 4 at harmonic frequencies. Two identical AFUs are assumed, so equivalent AFU transfer function is shown as follows,
T
=
T1 +T2
S
s- J
Gtotal
Gl + G2
B. Time domain simulations The circuit in figure 4 is implemented in ATP-EMTP platform. The operations of AFUs and their filtering performance are explained in detail. 1) Before AFUs are in operation: Before t = 0.3s, AFUs are not engaged. The line voltages are severely distorted as shown in figure 7(a), the THD reach 14.25% as given in Table II. The source current also contains significant harmonics as in figure 8(a) with THD of 36.269% in Table III. The voltage THD at the PCC is severe due to harmonic amplification. 2) AFUs with the droop control are in operation: Both droop-controlled AFUs are engaged at t = 0.3s. The
393
Bode Diagram
10
k
<v -
G=o
G=5 10
--G=10
CG=1i5
G=20
0o
a)
<,10
'E
(a) Single-phase equivalent circuit with respect to harmonics.
.2
10
Zs VPcc Is
I
ICB
50 100 150 200 250 300 Frequency (Hz) 350 400 450 500
Gtotai(s)
.L
IAF
.D-lh
I
ZCB
102E
t
(b) Simplified circuit for harmonic analysis. Fig. 5. Single phase analysis.
10
W >G=10
3 -DG= 1 5
G=20
steady state conductance command of each AFU reaches approximately 22Q -1. Refer to figure 9, the steady state 10 volt-ampere consumption of each AFU is about 85.6kVA (5.71%). The voltage waveform and its harmonics in front of the diode rectifier are shown in figure 7(b) and table I respectively. The output current of an individual 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Frequency (Hz) AFU is displayed in figure 10. It can be observed that the AFUs can damp harmonic resonance and voltage THD (b) Is/ Ih is significantly reduced from 14.25% to 1.6748%. The source current THD drops to 4.1988% as in table III. Fig. 6. Frequency scan. 3) Step increase of the non-linear load: The loading diode rectifier rises from 500kVA to 75OkVA at t = 0.6s. The steady state conductance command of each AFU transformer rated at 5kVA with turns-ratio of 1:1 sits between becomes about 8.5Q-1. As in figure 9, the steady state the grid and the load. Two prototype AFUs are implemented volt-ampere consumption of each AFU is about 88.3kVA by conventional voltage source inverters switching at 20 kHz. (5.89%), which is closer to the maximum setting of The droop settings of both inverters are Go = OQ-1, b1 = b2 volt-ampere consumption. The voltages in figure 7(c) = 0.005V-2, S10 = = 400VA. S20 becomes slightly more distorted with THD of 4.7788% as given in table II. Due to the load increase of the diode rectifier, AFUs absorb more harmonic VAR, and their A. Damping Performance droop controllers reduce the harmonic conductance comFigure 12(a) shows both source current waveform and mand. The source current THD also rises to 10.848% as voltage waveform at the PCC before AFUs are in operation. given in table III. The source voltage is highly distorted with THD of 7.87% as in table IV. Due to harmonic current from the diode IV. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS rectifier and harmonic amplification from the utility, the source The test bench in figure 11 is constructed to verify the current THD is very severe at 48.1544%. When AFU1 is performance of proposed distributed AFUs. The linear load engaged, the power quality is improved. Table IV shows that is excluded to demonstrate the worst situation, ie. without the voltage THD drops to 3.2917% and the current THD drops to 21.9695%. Such improvement can be seen in figure 12(b). any linear load as a form of damping. The circuit parameters are given as LS = 0.4mH, CCB = 300,uF, Rd = 93.3Q, Once both AFU1 and AFU2 are engaged, the power quality LAF1 = LAF2 = 5mH, and Cd,j = Cd,2 = 2800,uF. The is improved even further. The voltage THD drops to 2.8396%, utility grid voltage contains 5th harmonic voltage of 2.5%. A and the current THD drops to 13.2191% as illustrated in
394
9.935 7.1
THD (%)
THD (%)
3000[A] 15000-1500-3000
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
[s]
0.30
0.60
(c) After increase of the non-linear load. Fig. 7. Voltage waveforms at the PCC. Fig. 8.
figure 12(c). Figure 13 shows the output current and its command of AFU1. The PWM current regulator of the AFU can accurately track the current command to accomplish the desired filtering characteristics.
TABLE IV LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
*103
90807060
0.00
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.75
[s]
0.90
Fig. 9.
Voltage-ampere consumption.
Figure 14(a) shows the volt-ampere consumption and conductance command of AFUs. The operation is explained as follows, t < To: Both AFUs are not operational. To < t < T1: At t = To, AFU1 is started. t > T1: At t = T1, AFU2 is engaged. Figure 14(a) indicates that the droop characteristics can
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balance volt-ampere consumption of both AFUs. After both AFUs reach steady state, the volt-ampere consumption Si and S2 are almost equal due to the droop control. The starting transient of AFU1 is given in figure 14(b).
V. CONCLUSIONS
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Multiple installation of small-sized voltage detection active filters is proposed in this paper. AFUs operating as a harmonic conductance can suppress the harmonic resonance resulting from the power factor correction capacitor and the system inductance. The droop relationship between the harmonic conductance command and volt-ampere consumption is developed to accomplish de-centralized operation and even-sharing of the harmonics volt-ampere consumption among AFUs. Computer simulations and laboratory test results validate the effectiveness of the proposed voltage detection active filter systems. The test results show that the voltage harmonics can be suppressed effectively, even under the worst scenario of strong harmonic excitation from source and load and without any damping from linear loads. The droop control effectively distribute the harmonic filtering workload evenly among AFUs as illustrated by the test results. Based on the proposed approach, various small-sized active filters can operate in a more flexible and economical manner than a single bulky active filter to reduce the harmonic distortion in industrial facilities.
REFERENCES
[1] R. H. Simpson, "Misapplication of power capacitors in distribution systems with nonlinear loadsxthree case histories," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 134-143, 2005. [2] E. J. Currence, J. E. Plizga, and H. N. Nelson, "Harmonic resonance at a medium-sized industrial plant," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 682-690, 1995. [3] C. Pongsnwat and S. Premrudeepreechacharn, "Harmonic resonance assessment in low voltage distribution system," in International Conference on Power System Technology, vol. 1, 2004, pp. 264-269. [4] G. Lemieux, "Power system harmonic resonance-a documented case," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 483-488, 1990. [5] R. L. Almonte and A. W. Ashley, "Harmonics at the utility industrial interface: A real world example," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1419-1426, 1995.
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[6] H. Fujita, T. Yamasaki, and H. Akagi, "A hybrid active filter for damping of harmonic resonance in industrial power systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 215-222, 2000. [7] S. Bhattacharya and D. Divan, "Synchronous frame based controller implementation for a hybrid series active filter system," in IEEE-IAS 13rd Annu. Meeting, vol. 3, 1995, pp. 2531-2540. [8] P. T. Cheng and Z. L. Lee, "Distributed active filter systems (dafs): A new approach to power system harmonics," in IEEE-IAS 39th Annu. Meeting, 2004, pp. 94-101. [9] P. Steciuk, K. Puskarich, and W. Reid, "Harmonic considerations on low voltage systems," in Textile, Fiber, and Film Technical Conference, vol. 6, 1991, pp. 1-8.
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