Natalie Li 3.3.

14

Lecture 1

Anatomy of the Human Body

History Egyptian embalming Hippocrates Aristotle (location of heart) Herophilius (duodenum) AD/Galen (anatomic dissection) 1300s: diagrams showed clear understandings of internal organs/functions dissections Da Vinci (access to bodies for anatomical details) Jacobus Sylvius increasing importance of anatomical dissections (follower of Galen) Andreas Vesalius (father of modern anatomy) many of his drawings are still considered some of the best anatomical drawings) Anatomy Study of structure (Greek: to cut up) anatomists study relationship among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs Often anatomy of specific body parts suggests their functions Physiology Study of the function of body structures Anatomy structure, Physiology function (related and cannot be separated)

Anatomy consists of a number of subdisciplines, commonly grouped under the headings of microscopic anatomy: cytology (cells), histology (tissue); and gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy: *developmental anatomy: development from first cells to end of growth *embryology zygote to birth *regional anatomy: related to regions of the body *surface anatomy: appreciation for anatomical features that give rise to surface features *systemic anatomy different systems e.g. digestive, cardiovascular, etc. Specialised branches of anatomy include: *pathologic anatomy disease (to know when somethings gone wrong, cellular or structural) *surgical anatomy discipline that underpins surgery (what is the underneath structure, i.e. what are you going to hit if you cut too wide of too far?)

Natalie Li 3.3.14 *radiographic anatomy image e.g. X-ray, CT scan. Picture of anatomy that must be made sense of to understand the anatomical wrongs/rights of the image

External Challenges (challenges on the body) *physical forces *mobility *temperature extremes *drought Internal Priorities *pH *concentration of solutions *temperature *oxygen supply Levels of Organisation Understand from chemical cell tissue organ organ system body level

Anatomical Terminology Synonymous terms: *Superior cranial *Inferior caudal E.g. Heart is superior to stomach (i.e. above but in humans, only when upright) stomach is inferior to heart *Posterior dorsal (back) *Anterior ventral (front)

Natalie Li 3.3.14 *Sagittal (Median) Divides the body into right and left halves. *Parasagittal not the Median, but is parallel to the Median *Frontal (Or Coronal) Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. *Transverse (Or Horizontal) Plane Divides the body into superior and inferior halves. *Right and left Refers to the Patients right or left side *Superior Above, Over Inferior Below, Under *Anterior In front of, front Posterior Behind, toward the rear *Lateral Toward the side, away from the mid-line Medial Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side *Proximal Near, closer to the origin Distal Away from, farther from the origin *Superficial Near the surface Deep Beneath or below the surface *Ventral Toward the belly *Dorsal Toward the back *Anatomic Postion: specific body position in which an individual stands upright with feet parallel and flat on floor. Head is level, eyes look forward toward observer. Arms are at either side of body, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body *Extension increasing the angle between body parts (straightening movement) *Flexion decreasing the angle between body parts (bending movement) *Abduction (move away from the centre, relative to coronal plane) *Adduction (move closer to the centre relative to coronal plane) Body Regions *The human body is partitioned into 2 main regions, axial and appendicular *Axial region: includes head, neck, trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of the body *Limbs and appendages: Appendicular

Natalie Li 3.3.14 Body Cavities *Cranial *Vertebral cavity *Thoracic cavity *Abdominal cavity *Pelvis cavity