Biology of Cells 2 - 6 March 2014 - Point of reference - RBC is 7 micrometre - There are large amounts of membranes within a cell

Cell comprises of 70% water, with proteins and nucleic acids a concentration of 300mg/mL Extremely dense! Cells are extremely concentrated and complicated To keep all compartments in an orderly, organised, fashion, energy (ATP) is required to generate order out of chaos, i.e. entropy. - By-product of this energy production is heat (Body temperature) Nucleus Has 3 visible features (Slide 13): 1. Large, central, dark region of density, i.e. nucleolus - Ribosomes are made here - Has its own genetic code 2. Patches of dark material throughout the cell, clumped near the cell membrane - These are inactive DNA - Not transcribed 3. Open areas of DNA - DNA is active and is being transcribed Chromatin (slide 15) 1. Heterochromatin - Highly compacted/coiled/unavailable for transcription 2. Euchromatin - Uncoiled, used for transcription Human Genome - Most DNA are heterochromatin - Not used; no strong evidence to suggest its purpose of existence Coiled chromatin = chromosomes (Slide 16) - Metaphase? Complexity of 1 chromosome (Slide 17) - Transgenic medicine - Manipulation of chromosomes - 2m of DNA into a structure 4-5 micrometer in diameter Cytoplasm (aka Cytosol) Function (Slide 20) - Manufactures proteins - Proteins are made for intracellular use Rough endoplasmic Reticulum - Double membrane. An extension of the nucleus that contains a large number of ribosomes

that are involved in protein synthesis that is exported out of the cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Slide 22) - Synthesise steroid hormones (Adrenal glands, In testes) - Detoxifies drugs/alcohol in liver Golgi Apparatus Isnt all substances from RER used for transport out? Jeff.Kerr@monash.edu - Receives vesicles from Rough ER - Packages and forms vesicles with protein either for use within or outside the cell - Cytoskeleton transport vesicles from RER to GA, and GA to out of cell - Horseshoe shape - Convex area - Cis face that receives vesicles - Concave area - Trans face, where vesicles are released, ie. pinched off Slide 24: Large quantities of RER - Suggests production of large amounts of antibodies that are exported out of the cell Slide 25: Ovary cell - Large quantities of SER to produce steroids Slide 29: GA looks more dense than RER - Dark bands not linked to each other Mitochondria (Slide 31) Function - Produces large quantities of ATP: Cardiac muscle (Cardio myocytes) Lysosomes (Slide 33) - Derived from Golgi Apparatus - Contains large amounts of enzymes that breaks down unwanted material - Lyse, or split molecules - When a cell is aged/unwanted, enzymes released from lysosomes to kill cell Peroxisomes - Found in liver cell - Produces hydrogen peroxide in liver cells - Detoxify materials and kill bacteria Slide 34: Inclusion bodies - Not metabolically active - Glycogen - Stored in liver and muscle cells

Slide 35: Villi Microvilli (Cells lined up in columns) Junctions what kind of junctions?? Slide 39: Stained = Blue, In this case, blue stains in cytoplasm represent RNA (ribonucleic acid) and ribosomes (attached to RER) to synthesise proteins