Sistem Instrumentasi

Pengukuran Tekanan
(Measurement of Pressure)
Ir. Jos Pramudijanto, M.Eng. Jurusan Teknik Elektro FTI ITS Telp. 5947302 Fax.5931237 Email: jos@ee.its.ac.id
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Where do we need pressure measurements?

Pressure driven equipment (IC engines, turbines, etc.) Pneumatic or Hydraulic mechanical elements Biomedical applications (Blood Pressure, Barometric Chambers) Losses in pipes and ducts energy efficiency Atmospheric conditions (weather forecast, altitude) Indirect measurement of flow rate or velocity Scuba diving Many, many more ...

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Pressure Terminology (1)

Tekanan Gage (Gage Preasure) Tekanan yang diukur relativ terhadap tekanan atmosfir. Tekanan Absolut (Absolute Preasure) Pengukuran tekanan relativ terhadap titik nol tekanan. Vacum (Reduced Vacuum) Vacum diukur relativ terhadap tekanan atmosfir. Tekanan Differensial Pengukuran Tekanan relativ terhadap referensi tekanan.

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Pressure Terminology (2)

Tekanan Statis Tekanan termodinamik yang proporsional dengan tumbukan pada molekul fluida (sensor pada kecepatan lokal fluida). Tekanan Dinamis Tekanan pada permukaan atau objek sesaat pada tumbukan fluida (1/2!V2) Tekanan Stagnasi/Tekanan Total Jumlah Tekanan Satis dan Dinamis Ptotal = Pstatis+ Pdinamis

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Various types of pressure

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Bagaimana memilih Tranduser Tekanan?

Lingkungan Kerja
Range required
Absolute, gage, differential or vacuum

Burst strength and overpressure limits Working fluid chemical compatibility Operating temperature
Temperature compensation

Akurasi Sensivitas Kecepatan Respons/Frequency Response Output Sinyal yang dibutuhan

Analog, digital, manual

Biaya?
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Types of pressure transducers

Gravitational
Liquid Columns Manometers, pistons and weights

Mechanical
Bellow, bourdon tubes, diaphragms (equipped with displacement or strain sensors)

Electrical
Piezoelectic, Semiconductor elements (directly convert stress into voltage)
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Liquid Column Manometers

U-tube and inclined manometers are simplest pressure sensing devices.
Micromanometers

Advantages
Simple Inexpensive Can be highly sensitive (inclined)

Disadvantages
Poor dynamic response No remote sensing Limited pressure range
Not practical over 100 psi

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U Tube & Well Manometers

" p # ! gh

U tube manometer

Well-type manometer
9

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Liquid Column Manometers, continued

" p # ! gh # ! gL sin $
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Elastic Type Manometers

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Dial-type Manometer

Dial-type Manometer as a mini measurement system

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Bourdon Tubes

Bourdon Tubes (Accuracy to 0.1% FS)

C-type 100,000 psi limit Spiral and Helical Increase sensitivity 1000 psi limit

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Bellows Gages

Bellows (Accurate to 0.5% FS) Bellows gage not adequate for transient measurements Typically used for small pressures

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Diaphragm Gages

Can be used for very small to very large pressure differences. Can have rather fast response. Can use a strain gage or displacement sensor to have a voltage output.

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Strain gauges used with Diaphragm

Foil strain gage

Strain gage is attached to elastic membrane. Narrrow span sensors Rugged sensors

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More Elastic types...

Two dummy gages mounted elsewhere

Why do we not put 4 active gages?

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LVDT used with Diaphragm

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
Operates under inductance ratio principle Magnetic coupling depends on position of coil. As iron core changes position voltages change Restricted to low vibration applications 0.5 % FS accuracy available Operating ranges from 0 to 10,000 psi

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Capacitive used with Diaphragm

Capacitive
The displacement between two plates produces a change in capacitance. Wide operating range (vacuum to 10,000 psi) Differential pressures as low as 0.01 inches H2O Fast response time 0.01% FS accuracy and 0.25% temperature effect

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Static Calibration

"p #

mg 2 % Rcyl

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Semiconductor-type Sensors

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Silicon used with Diaphragm

Silicon piezoresistive
Displacement compresses a silicon crystal. A charge is developed (lasting only a few seconds) which is proportional to the applied pressure. High frequency applications (400 kHz) Not well suited for static pressure measurements because charge decreases rapidly. Large pressure range (2 to 20,000 psi) Accuracy is typically 1% FS

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