Seminar

Ausgewhlte Kapitel der Nachrichtentechnik, WS 2009/2010

LTE:
Der Mobilfunk der Zukunft
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical
Layer Design
Burcu Hanta
02. December 2009
Abstract The Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer design is covered as the
main topic in this report. The main focus is on the single-carrier frequency division
multiple access (SC-FDMA) scheme which has been selected as the multiple-access
scheme of the LTE uplink. SC-FDMA and orthogonal frequency division multi-
ple access (OFDMA) are similar schemes except for a discrete Fourier transform
which is added to the SC-FDMA transmission which changes the way how the data
symbols are distributed over dierent subcarriers. The data symbols-subcarrier
mapping is not one-to-one but instead each subcarrier carries a part from each
data symbol transmitted at that time instant. The reason for the selection of SC-
FDMA comes mainly from its advantage to provide low a peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) for the transmit waveform. This results in less power consumption
in the mobile station compared to an OFDMA transmission. The uplink physical
channel of LTE, the structures of the transmitter and receiver of the LTE uplink
together with the criteria for the design of the transmitter and receiver are given
as the main focus of interest of this report.
2 Burcu Hanta
1 Introduction
In recent years, the need for a radio system with high data and throughput has been increasing
gradually. After the UMTS cellular system, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system under the
consideration of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is the next focus of attention.
Orthogonal frequency division multiple-access (OFDMA) is used for the downlink, and SC-
FDMA is used for the uplink as multiple-access schemes in the LTE system. SC-FDMA is a
modied form of the OFDMA due to some additional requirements for the uplink of the LTE
system. Some of these requirements are:
Support for wide range of data rates.
Suciently low PAPR of the transmitted waveform, to avoid high power consumption in
the mobile terminal (transmitter for the uplink).
Enhanced uplink system throughput.
To support these requirements, SC-FDMA is selected as the multiple-access scheme for the
uplink of LTE. In terms of the generation of the transmit signals, SC-FDMA and OFDMA are
similar schemes except for the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) performed on the modulated
data symbols in SC-FDMA. DFT changes the logic of the transmission to a large extent. This
will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 2. SC-FDMA transmit data frame and the compo-
nents of the physical transmission channel are shortly explained to support the understanding
of the distribution of the data symbols onto the resource grid.
The allocation of the subcarriers of dierent users to the entire frequency band along with
the frequency diversity techniques such as channel dependent scheduling (CDS) is important in
terms of supporting the frequency and multi-user diversity. By changing between the subcarrier
allocation modes (with CDS), system throughput and PAPR reveal dierences. These allocation
modes and CDS operation are investigated in light of given performance criteria. Pulse shaping
is another operation comes after the cyclic prex addition. In this part of the report, the eects
of this operation on the system performance is depicted as well.
In Chapter 5, generally, the transmission chain of the SC-FDMA scheme is covered. SC-
FDMA signal generation and decomposition in the transmitter and receiver respectively are
investigated.
2 SC-FDMA vs. OFDMA
In this part, the dierence between the structures of SC-FDMA and OFDMA is depicted.
Besides, the PAPR problem is studied in more detail.
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical Layer Design 3
2.1 OFDMA
Figure 1 illustrates the structure of the OFDMA signal generation.
2)'0$
CP: CycIIc PreIIx, PS: PuIse SIupIng
SubcurrIer
MuppIng
CIunneI
SubcurrIer
De-
muppIngJ
EquuIIzuLIon
N-
poInL
DT
DeLecL
Remove
CP
N-
poInL
DT
{ }
n
x
Add CP
J PS
DAC
J R
R
J ADC

Figure 1: Transmitter and receiver structure of OFDMA [1].
OFDMA is a multiple-access scheme which provides multiple channels for dierent users. The
data symbols of each user are spread over the entire frequency band. Each subcarrier is orthog-
onal to the others and carries the data symbol of one user. Since the time domain transmit
symbols of each user are not transmitted in serial as for time domain multiple access (TDMA)
but in parallel, each user has not the entire frequency band but some portion and the symbol
duration is longer. Therefore, an OFDMA system is robust to time delays caused by multipath
fading i.e. frequency selectivity of the radio channel. However, the subcarrier orthogonality
should be ensured to avoid inter-symbol-interference (ISI).
While OFDMA has important advantages compared to the multiple-access schemes of previous
mobile communication systems and is used in the LTE downlink, it does not meet the challenges
of the LTE uplink channel. Since the transmitter is the mobile station in this case, the transmit
power should be below some certain threshold. This requirement follows from the need of
eciency and safety of users. To avoid high power consumption or high signal distortion,
the PAPR should be limited to some extent. Although it would have been attractive to use
OFDMA both for the uplink and downlink for full uplink-downlink commonality, SC-FDMA
is more advantageous when PAPR and system throughput is considered. The PAPR is dened
as:
PAPR =
P
peak
P
avg
, (1)
where P
peak
is the power of the transmit symbol with the peak amplitude value, and P
avg
is
the average power of the transmit symbols. This ratio is high for the OFDMA system since
the independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) complex symbols are directly assigned to each
subcarrier and a linear inverse DFT (IDFT) operation is performed over these subcarriers. This
4 Burcu Hanta
overall process is a linear transform over a large number of i.i.d. QAM-modulated complex
symbols. This causes that the amplitudes of the transmit symbols directly depend on the
constellation points of the modulation scheme. Considering the central limit theorem, the time
domain OFDMA signal can be approximated as a Gaussian waveform. This waveform holds
the property of having large variations in the amplitudes of each transmit symbol, which leads
to a high PAPR.
In case of high variations in the amplitudes of the transmit symbols, the output power ampliers
of the transmitter no longer operate in their linear region. As a result, either a signicant
distortion occurs in the transmit signal due to non-linear clipping or the transmitter dissipates
much more power in order to operate in linear region and prevent distortions. When the focus
of consideration is the uplink (the transmitter is the mobile terminal), power eciency becomes
of crucial importance. Therefore SC-FDMA is the multiple-access scheme for the LTE uplink.
2.2 SC-FDMA
Similar to OFDMA, SC-FDMA divides the transmission bandwidth into multiple parallel sub-
carriers maintaining the orthogonality of the subcarriers by the addition of the cyclic prex
(CP) as a guard interval. However, in SC-FDMA the data symbols are not directly assigned
to each subcarrier independently like in OFDMA. Instead, the signal which is assigned to each
subcarrier is a linear combination of all modulated data symbols transmitted at the same time
instant. The dierence of SC-FDMA transmission from the OFDMA transmission which is an
additional DFT block before the subcarrier mapping can be seen in Figure 2. Following from
this fact, this system is not a multi-carrier but a single-carrier system.

6XEFDUULHU
0DSSLQJ
&KDQQHO
M
SRLQW
,')7
6XEFDUULHU
'H
PDSSLQJ
(TXDOL]DWLRQ
N
SRLQW
')7
'HWHFW
5HPRYH
&3
M
SRLQW
')7
N
SRLQW
,')7
{ }
n
x
$GG &3
36
'$&
5)
5)
$'&
6&)'0$
{ }
{ }
k
X
{ }
m
x
{ }
l
X

Figure 2: Transmitter and receiver structure of SC-FDMA [1].
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical Layer Design 5
3 Uplink Time and Frequency Structure
As depicted in Figure 3, one SC-FDMA frame constitutes 20 slots, each being 0.5 miliseconds
long. Two slots are called a subframe or transmission time interval.
One subIrume = TT (TrunsmIssIon TIme nLervuI)
#o #1 #z # #18 #1q
One sIoL = o. ms
One rudIo Irume = 1o ms
Figure 3: Type 1 Frame structure [2].
The structure of one slot can be more clearly understood by looking at the resource grid
structure in Figure 4.
SIoL #o #1q
One rudIo Irume
S
u
b
c
u
r
r
I
e
r

(
I
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
ODMJSC-DMA symboI (LIme)
RB
RB sc
N N
12
RB
sc
N
=
symb
N
Resource bIock
Resource eIemenL
RB
symb sc
N N = resource eIemenLs
Figure 4: Uplink resource grid for one slot [3].
The transmit signal in each slot is described by a resource grid with N
RB
N
RB
sc
subcarriers
and N
symb
SC-FDMA symbols. The number of subcarriers for each resource block, N
RB
sc
, is
6 Burcu Hanta
standardized as 12 for the LTE uplink. N
RB
depends on the uplink transmission bandwidth
determined for that cell but should always be between 6 and 110. These numbers correspond
to the smallest and largest uplink bandwidth [2].
When the time domain is considered, the number of the SC-FDMA symbols for each slot is 7
for the normal cyclic prex. However, when the long cyclic prex is used, this number decreases
to 6.
Each resource element in the grid has two indices which stand for the time and frequency
axes, respectively. The resource element corresponds to a complex value which is the linear
combination of all the data symbols transmitted at that time.
4 Uplink Physical Channel
The components of the physical uplink shared channel are depicted in Figure 5.
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Transform
precoder
Resource
element mapper
SC-FDMA
signal gen.
Figure 5: Uplink physical channel [2].
The elements of the uplink physical channel and their inuence are:
Scrambler: Scrambles the coded bits in order to randomize the interference and thus
ensure that the processing gain provided by the channel code can be fully used.
Modulation mapper: Performs the 4QAM or 16QAM modulation on data blocks.
Transform precoder: Supports multi-layer transmission in MIMO systems.
Resource element mapper: Assignment of the data blocks to the suitable physical resource
blocks.
SC-FDMA signal generation: Is investigated in the subsequent part of the report.
5 SC-FDMA Transmission
5.1 Subcarrier Allocation Methods
The allocation of the subcarriers to each user is an important issue which has an inuence on
the system performance of the LTE uplink data transmission. In Figure 6 the two most common
techniques can be seen embedded into a transmitter scheme. These techniques are localized
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical Layer Design 7
f0
f1
fM- 1
f0
f1
f
M- 1
Subcarrier
Mapping
N-point
IFFT
Add cyclic
prefix
Parallel to
Serial
converter
M-point
DFT
Spreading
f0
f1
fM- 1
f
0
f
1
f M- 2
Localized
Subcarrier
Mapping
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
f
2
f
3
f M- 4 f
f M- 1
f
f M- 3 f
Localized
0 1 2 3 4
Frequency
Frequency
f0
f1
fM-
f
0
f
1
f
M-
Distributed
Subcarrier
Mapping
f
2
f
f
3
f
f
M-
f
f
M-
f
f
M-
f
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Distributed
1
2
3
4
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
Incoming Bit
Stream
m bits
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
m bits
m bits
x(0,n)
x(1,n)
x(M- 1, n)
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
Bit to
Constellation
Mapping
-
Transmission
circuitry
Figure 6: SC-FDMA transmitter for localized and distributed subcarrier mappings [5].
carrier assignment mode (localized mode) and distributed carrier assignment mode
(distributed mode). In the localized mode, each terminal uses a set of adjacent subcarriers to
transmit its symbols. In the distributed mode, the subcarriers used by a single terminal are
distributed over the whole frequency band. Figure 7 shows a representation of the dierent
modes in the frequency domain.
subcurrIers
TermInuI 1
TermInuI z
TermInuI
subcurrIers
'LVWULEXWHG 0RGH /RFDOL]HG 0RGH
Figure 7: Subcarrier allocation methods for multiple users (3 users, 12 subcarriers, and 4
subcarriers per user) [1].
8 Burcu Hanta
Although distributed mode provides high frequency diversity as the subcarriers are spread over
the dierent parts of the frequency band and the subcarrier data transmitted over dierent
channels are subject to dierent fading, with channel dependent scheduling (CDS), localized
mode oers higher system throughput.
5.2 Comparison Criteria for Dierent Carrier Modes
The criteria for the comparison of these carrier allocation schemes are:
System throughput which can be measured by the channel capacity formula of Shannon:
C = BW log (1 +SNR), where BW is the channel bandwidth and SNR is the signal-to-
noise ratio.
PAPR.
PAPR is a major issue in the mobile terminals, but system throughput is even a stronger
indicator of the system performance. Regarding the transmission errors, distributed mode is
robust against frequency selective fading because the data symbols for each user are spread over
the entire transmission band. Therefore it oers high frequency diversity. On the other hand, in
case of high channel gain for each user, localized mode can achieve multi-user diversity. In the
localized mode channel dependent scheduling (CDS) of the subcarriers is also required. When
the system is monitored and the channel quality is obtained as a function of the frequency for
each user, with CDS, the system adapts subcarrier assignments according to the channel quality
data. The problem occurs due to the tradeo between the PAPR and system throughput.
Because when PAPR is decreased, system throughput decreases as well. Thus, the required
allocation method should be determined separate for dierent systems. But due to its higher
performance in total, the localized mode is standardized for the LTE uplink.
5.2.1 Eect of CDS on the System Performance
As already mentioned, with CDS, the system monitors the frequency band and determines which
portion of the frequency band belongs to which terminal for that time interval. Therefore the
optimization problem to be solved by CDS can be stated as:
How to allocate time and frequency resources among users to reach the maximum user
utility in each transmission time interval while achieving multi-user diversity and fre-
quency diversity?
With CDS, the system throughput is increased signicantly for the localized mode, but since
the distributed mode already has frequency diversity, coming from its nature, CDS does not
have a big inuence on the system throughput for the distributed mode.
When the distributed and localized mode are compared in terms of the capacity of the number
of terminals, the localized mode with CDS has considerably higher performance [4].
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical Layer Design 9
5.2.2 Eect of Pulse Shaping on the System Performance
Pulse shaping is another signal processing operation performed after the cyclic prex addition.
One of the commonly used pulse shaping lter is the raised-cosine lter. The frequency and
time domain graphical representation of this lter is given in Figure 8. The general aim of
pulse shaping is to mitigate the out-of-band signal energy, thus to conserve more power and
cause less interference. On the other hand, pulse shaping causes distortion in the signal which
causes an increase in PAPR. The level of this distortion depends upon the rollo factor of the
pulse that is convolved with the transmit signal. The decrease in PAPR does not mean that
the PAPR of the SC-FDMA signal is higher than the OFDMA signal because even in the worst
case, the PAPR of the SC-FDMA signal is lower than that of an OFDMA signal.

( ) ( )
2 2 2
sin / cos /
/ 1 4 /
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Frequency
P(f)
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
p(t)
Time
= 0
= 0.5
= 1
= 0
= 0.5
= 1


Figure 8: Depending on the rollo factor , the frequency domain and time domain appearance
of the pulse-shaping lter [1].
Figure 9 shows the relationship between the complementary cumulative distribution function
(CCDF) and the rollo factor. As the rollo factor of the pulse increases, CCDF decreases
as well. Although PAPR of the localized FDMA is higher than the distributed FDMA, the
selection of dierent schemes is based on system throughput.
10 Burcu Hanta
0 2 4 6 8 10
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
P
r
(
P
A
P
R
>
P
A
P
R
0
)
PAPR
0
[dB]
CCDF of PAPR: QPSK, N
fft
= 256, N
occupied
= 64
Solid lines: without pulse shaping
Dotted lines: with pulse shaping
IFDMA
LFDMA
=0.4
=0.6
=0.2
=0
=0.8
=1

0 2 4 6 8 10
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
P
r
(
P
A
P
R
>
P
A
P
R
0
)
PAPR
0
[dB]
CCDF of PAPR: 16-QAM, N
fft
= 256, N
occupied
= 64
Solid lines: without pulse shaping
Dotted lines: with pulse shaping
IFDMA
LFDMA
=0.4
=0.6
=0.2
=0
=0.8
=1
D E

Figure 9: Comparison of complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of PAPR
for distributed FDMA and localized FDMA with 256 system subcarriers, 64 subcarriers per
user and rollo factor of {0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1} [1].
All of these results explain why localized FDMA is preferred for the LTE uplink.
5.3 Transmitter Structure
a
1
[k]
a
2
[k]
MDFT
MDFT
W
W
A
1
[]
A
2
[] Subcarrier
Subcarrier
Mapping
Mapping
K
K
B
1
[]
B
2
[]
NIDFT
NIDFT
V
H
V
H
b
1
[]
b
2
[] CP
CP
extension
extension
b
c1
[]
b
c2
[]
P
in
P
in
Figure 10: Transmitter structure of LTE uplink [6].
The properties for the transmitter structure depicted in Figure 10 are listed:
Single user MIMO transmission with 2 transmit antennas.
Data streams are divided into blocks of length M.
a
i
[k]: 4QAM or 16QAM coded complex data symbols.
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical Layer Design 11
The channel matrices that are in the incoming operations are assumed to have MIMO ISI
channel characteristics.
Block by block explanation of the transmitter:
In the rst block M-point DFT is applied to the data sequences which can be represented as
follows:
A
i
= Wa
i
where, a
i
are the time domain modulated data symbols matrices represented as:
a
i
= [a
i
[0] a
i
[1] ... a
i
[M 1]]
T
,
A
i
are the matrices consisting of the frequency domain data symbols, and represented as:
A
i
= [A
i
[0] A
i
[1] ... A
i
[M 1]]
T
,
W is unitary M-point DFT matrix with entries w
mn
=
1

M
exp (
j2mn
M
), m, n {0, 1, 2, ..., M 1}.
The subcarrier mapping operation is performed in the second block.
=HURV
0
X
=HURV
1
X
2
X
1 N
X

0
X
1 N
X

1
X
=HURV
=HURV
'LVWULEXWHG 0RGH /RFDOL]HG 0RGH
0
X

1 M
X

0
X

1 M
X

=HURV
Figure 11: Subcarrier Mapping in Distributed and Localized Mode [1].
Figure 11 is a more mathematical representation of the dierent subcarrier mapping methods
mentioned before. Subcarrier mapping is performed as the second operation following the
discrete Fourier transform. At the output of this block, the frequency domain mapped symbols
are obtained. From a resource allocation point of view, static and channel-dependent scheduling
(CDS) methods are the possible selections. CDS assigns subcarriers to users according to the
12 Burcu Hanta
channel frequency response of each user. Since the transmitted signal is spread over the entire
bandwidth, distributed subcarrier mapping provides frequency diversity. That is the reason for
the dierence of the eect of CDS on dierent subcarrier allocation methods. The vector B
i
in frequency domain is then:
B
i
= [0 ... 0
. .

0
A
i
[0] A
i
[1] ... A
i
[M 1] 0 ... 0
. .
NM
0
]
T
= KA
i
with frequency shift
0
,
the assignment matrix K is:
K =
_
_
0

0
M
I
M
0
(NM
0
)M
_
_
,
where I
M
is M M size identity matrix and 0
ab
represents a matrix with a rows, b columns
and all zero entries.
Third block is an inverse DFT block. N-point inverse DFT is applied to the frequency domain
data symbols that are mapped to dierent subcarriers. In the output of this block, there are
the time-domain transmit sequences, b
i
= V
H
B
i
where V is a unitary N-point DFT matrix.
The function of the fourth block is cyclic prex extension of length L
c
q
h
, where q
h
is the
channel order. The transmission blocks are:
b
ci
= [b
i
[N L
c
] ... b
i
[N 1] b
i
[0] b
i
[1] ... b
i
[N 1]]
T
.
Cyclic prex (CP) is a copy of the last L
c
symbols of the block of interest which is pasted in
front of the block. This operation is illustrated in Figure 12. There are mainly two reasons
for CP extension. First, CP works as a guard interval between subsequent blocks, avoiding
the ISI due to multipath fading. Therefore, if the length of the CP is longer than the maxi-
mum delay spread of the channel, in other words, longer than the channel impulse response,
ISI is prevented. In addition the fact that the CP is a copy of the last L
c
symbols of the
block, converts a discrete time linear convolution to a discrete time circular convolution. Thus,
the received data can be presented as a result of the circular convolution between the chan-
nel impulse response and the transmit data block along with additive white Gaussian Noise
(AWGN). In fact, this operation brings us to a one-to-one multiplication of frequency domain
data symbols and channel frequency response in the frequency domain. This yields a simple
frequency equalization scheme to remove the channel distortion, which is the division of the
DFT of the received data by the DFT of the channel impulse response. Therefore frequency
domain equalization is possible to be employed here which is simpler to implement.
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical Layer Design 13
CP
copy
b
i
b
ci
Figure 12: Addition of cyclic prex [6].
5.4 Receiver Structure
In the receiver for the LTE uplink, the received symbols are processed in the reverse manner as
in the transmitter. With the eect of the circular convolution between channel impulse response
and transmit data symbols, low complexity frequency domain equalization schemes (zero-forcing
(ZF) linear equalization or linear minimum-mean-squared error (MMSE) equalization) could
be employed after subcarrier demapping. On the other hand, it is possible to employ a time
domain equalization scheme (e.g. succesive interference cancellation (SIC)) after the IDFT
operation.
.

.

.
.

.

.
r
1
[]
r
N
R
[]
MIDFT
MIDFT
W
H
W
H
Y
1
[]
Y
N
R
[] Subcarrier
Subcarrier
Demapping
Demapping
K
H
K
H
R
1
[]
R
N
R
[]
NDFT
NDFT
V
V
y
1
[k]
y
N
R
[k] CP
CP
deletion
deletion
r
c1
[]
r
cN
R
[]
P
out
P
out
Figure 13: System model of the LTE Base Station [6].
When the system given in Figure 13 is considered, the properties could be listed as follows:
N
R
-fold receive antenna diversity.
Received signal at lth antenna is:
r
cl
[] =

2
i=1

L1
=0
h
l,i
[]b
ci
[ ] +n
l
[].
14 Burcu Hanta
where, h
l,i
[] is the discrete time channel impulse response of length L (channel order
q
h
= L1) from i th transmit antenna to the l th receive antenna, and n
l
[] is the discrete
time AWGN of l th receive antenna.
Block by block explanation of the receiver:
In the rst block, the cyclic prex is removed as seen in Figure 14. In other words, the rst L
c
values in r
cl
[] are removed, which results in r
l
[]
CP
deletion
r
l
r
cl
Figure 14: Deletion of cyclic prex [6].
After this operation. the following matrix model is obtained:
r
l
= H
l,1
b
1
+H
l,2
b
2
+n
l
with the circulant channel matrices:
H
l,i
=
_

_
h
l,i
[0] 0 0 h
l,i
[q
h
] h
l,i
[q
h
1] h
l,i
[1]
h
l,i
[1] h
l,i
[0] 0 0 h
l,i
[q
h
] h
l,i
[2]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 0 h
l,i
[q
h
] h
l,i
[2] h
l,i
[1] h
l,i
[0]
_

_
Second block is the N-point DFT block. DFT is applied to r
l
, and the frequency domain
representation of the data symbol sequence is obtained. The operation is:
R
l
= V r
l
=

2
i=1
V H
l,i
V
H
B
i
+N
l
H
l,i
is already dened as a circulant matrix, this results in H
l,i
V
H
= V
H

l,i
, where
l,i
=
diag{H
l,i
[0], H
l,i
[1], H
l,i
[N1]}. Since the columns of V
H
are the eigenvectors of H
l,i
, (V H
l,i
V
H
=

l,i
), the following equation is obtained:
R
l
=

2
i=1

l,i
B
i
+N
l
.
SC-FDMA and LTE Uplink Physical Layer Design 15
Third block performs the subcarrier demapping operation. At the output of this operation,
there are frequency domain symbols which are linearly combined by a DFT operation at the
transmitter. However these symbols are distorted due to the overall channel eect. To overcome
this eect, as mentioned before, either a frequency domain equalization is applied or the IDFT
operation is performed and equalization is applied afterwards in time domain. The operation
is as shown with K
H
as the demapping matrix:
Y
l
= K
H
R
l
.
In the fourth block, M-point IDFT is applied on demapped symbols as follows:
y
l
= W
H
Y
l
The eect of all blocks in SC-FDMA signal generation then can be presented as follows:
y
l
=
2

i=1
W
H
K
H
V P
out
H
l,i
P
in
V
H
KWa
i
+W
H
K
H
V P
out
n
l
, (2)
where P
in
and P
out
are the CP extension and deletion matrices, respectively.
6 Conclusion
To sum up the context of this report, the main points of SC-FDMA scheme and LTE uplink
physical layer are covered. Some of those main points are:
Although the PAPR is higher than in case of distributed FDMA, localized FDMA with a
scheduling algorithm (most often CDS) provides higher throughput. Therefore, localized
subcarrier assignment has been chosen for the LTE uplink.
On the other hand, SC-FDMA provides a lower PAPR and higher system throughput in
any case compared to OFDMA.
The pulse shaping operation that comes after the CP extension might cause performance
degradation if not carefully designed. The design parameter which should be taken into
account is the rollo factor of the pulse shaping lter.
High power consumption at the mobile station is avoided by applying equalization at the
base station. In other words, with complicated signal processing tools in the receiver
(base station), it is possible to produce transmit symbols with low PAPR which helps the
transmitter (mobile station) to reduce the power dissipated on the power ampliers.
16 Burcu Hanta
References
[1] H. G. Myung: Single Carrier Orthogonal Multiple Access Technique for Broad-
band Wireless Communications, Dissertation, Jan. 2007.
[2] 3GPP TS 36.211 V8.3.0, 2008.
[3] H. G. Myung: Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE, Internet, May 2008.
[4] H. G. Myung, J. Lim, D. J. Goodman: Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless
Transmission, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Sep. 2006.
[5] S. Sesia, I. Touk, M. Baker: LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From
Theory to Practice, John Wiley, 2009.
[6] M. Ruder: Multiuser MIMO Receiver for the Uplink of Long Term Evolution
(LTE), Nov. 2008.