Topic 1: Quantitative Chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and quantitative chemistry 1.1.

1 Apply the mole concept to substances. 1.1.2 Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance (in moles). 1.2 Formulas 1.2.1 Define the terms relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass. 1.2.2 Calculate the mass of one mole of a species from its formula. 1.2.3 Solve problems involving the relationship bet een the amount of a substance in moles! mass! and molar mass. 1.2." Distinguish bet een the terms empirical formula and molecular formula. 1.2.# Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition or from other e$perimental data. 1.2.% Determine the molecular formula hen given both the empirical formula and e$perimental data. 1.3 Chemical equations 1.3.1 Deduce chemical e&uations hen all reactants and products are given. 1.3.2 'dentify the mole ratio of any t o species in a chemical e&uation. 1.3.3 Apply the state symbols (s)! (l)! (g)! and (a&). 1.4 Mass and gaseous volume relationships in chemical reactions 1.".1 Calculate theoretical yields from chemical e&uations. 1.".2 Determine the limiting reactant and the reactant in e$cess hen &uantities of reacting substances are given. 1.".3 Solve problems involving theoretical! e$perimental! and percentage yield. 1."." Apply Avagadro(s la to calculate reacting volumes of gases. 1.".# Apply the concept of molar volume at standard temperature and pressure in calculations. 1.".% Solve problems involving the relationship bet een temperature! pressure and volume for a fi$ed mass of an ideal gas. 1.".) Solve problems using the ideal gas e&uation *+,n-.. 1."./ Analy0e graphs relating to the ideal gas e&uation. 1. !olutions 1.#.1 Distinguish bet een the terms solute! solvent! solution and concentration (g dm13! mol dm13) 1.#.2 Solve problems involving concentration! amount of solute and volume of solution.

Topic 2: "tomic structure 2.1 The atom 2.1.1 State the position of protons! neutrons and electrons in the atom. 2.1.2 State the relative masses and relative charges of protons! neutrons and electrons. 2.1.3 Define the terms mass number(A)! atomic number(2) and isotopes of an element. 2.1." Deduce the symbol for an isotope given its mass number and atomic number 2.1.# Calculate the number of protons! neutrons and electrons in atoms from the mass number atomic number and charge. 2.1.% Compare the properties of the isotopes of an element. 2.1.) Discuss the uses of radioisotopes. 2.2 The mass spectrometer 2.2.1 Describe and e$plain the operation of a mass spectrometer. 2.2.2 Describe ho the mass spectrometer may be used to determine the relative atomic mass using the 12C scale. 2.3 #lectron arrangement 2.3.1 Describe the electromagnetic spectrum. 2.3.2 Distinguish bet een a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum. 2.3.3 3$plain ho the lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen are related to electron energy levels. 2.3." Deduce the electron arrangement for atoms and ions up to 2,24.

Topic 3: $eriodicity 3.1 The periodic ta%le 3.1.1 describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number. 3.1.2 Distinguish bet een the terms group and period. 3.1.3 Apply the relationship bet een the electron arrangement of elements and their position in the table up to 2,24. 3.1." Apply the relationship bet een the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level for an element and its position in the periodic table. 3.2 $hysical properties 3.2.1 Define the terms first ionization energy! and electronegativity. 3.2.2 Describe and e$plain the trends in atomic radii! ionic radii! first ioni0ation energies! and electronegativities and melting points for the al5ali metals! and the halogens. 3.2.3 Describe and e$plain the trends in atomic radii! ionic radii! first ioni0ation energies! and electronegativities for the elements across period 3. 3.2." Compare the relative electronegativity values of t o or more elements based on their positions on the periodic table. 3.3 Chemical properties 3.3.1 Discuss the similarities and differences in the chemical properties of elements in the same group. 3.3.2 Discuss the changes in nature! from ionic to covalent and from basic to acidic! of the o$ides across period 3.

Topic 4: &onding 4.1 'onic %onding ".1.16 Describe the ionic bond as the electrostatic attraction bet een oppositely charged ions. ".1.26 Describe ho ions can be formed as a result of ionic transfer. ".1.36 Deduce hich ions ill be formed hen elements in groups 1!2!3 lose electrons. ".1."6 Deduce hich ions ill be formed hen elements in groups #!%! and ) gain electrons. ".1.#6 State that transition elements can form more than one ion. ".1.%6 *redict hether a compound of t o elements ould be ionic from the position of the elements in the periodic table or negativity values.".1.)6 State the formula of common polyatomic ions formed by non1metals in periods 2 and 3. ".1./6 Describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds. 4.2 Covalent %onding ".2.16 Describe the covalent bond as the electrostatic attraction bet een a pair of electrons and positively charged nuclei. ".2.26 Describe ho the covalent bond is formed as a result of electron sharing. ".2.36 Deduce the 7e is (electron dot) structures of molecules and ions for up to four pairs of electrons on each atom. ".2."6 State and e$plain the relationship bet een the number of bonds! bond length! and bond strength. ".2.#6 *redict hether a compound of t o elements ould be covalent from the position of the elements in the periodic table or from their electronegativity values. ".2.%6 *redict the relative polarity of bonds from electronegativity values. ".2.)6 *redict the shape and bond angles for species ith four! three and t o negative charge centres on the central atom using the valence shell pair repulsion theory (+3S*-). ".2./6 predict hether or not a molecule is polar from its molecular shape and bond polarities. ".2.86 Describe and compare the structure and bonding in the three allotropes of carbon (diamond! graphite! fullerene). ".2.146 Describe the structure of and bonding in silicon and silicon dio$ide. 4.3 'ntermolecular (orces ".3.16 Describe the types of intermolecular forces and e$plain ho they arise from the structural features of molecules. ".3.26 Describe and e$plain ho intermolecular forces affect the boiling points of substances. 4.4 Metallic %onding ".".16 Describe the metallic bond as the electrostatic attraction bet een a lattice of positive ions and delocali0ed ions. ".".26 3$plain the electrical conductivity and malleability of metals. 4. $hysical properties ".#.16 Compare and e$plain the properties of substances resulting from different types of bonding.

Topic : #nergetics .1 #)othermic and endothermic reactions #.1.1 Define the terms e$othermic reaction! endothermic reaction! and standard enthalpy change of a reaction (9:;) #.1.2 State that combustion and neutrali0ation are e$othermic reactions. #.1.3 Apply the relationship bet een temperature change! enthalpy change! and the classification of a reaction as endothermic or e$othermic. #.1." Deduce! from an enthalpy level diagram! the relative stabilities of reactants and products! and the sign of the enthalpy change for the reaction. .2 Calculation o( enthalpy changes #.2.1 Calculate the heat change hen the temperature of a pure substance is altered. Students should be able to calculate the heat change for a substance given the mass! specific heat! and temperature change. #.2.2 Design suitable e$perimental procedures for measuring the heat energy changes of reactions. #.2.3 Calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction using e$perimental data on temperature changes! &uantities of reactants and mass of ater. #.2." 3valuate the results of e$periments to determine enthalpy changes. .3 *ess+s la, #.3.1 Determine the enthalpy change of a reaction hich is the sum of t o or more reactions ith 5no n enthalpy changes .4 &ond enthalpies #.".1 Define the term average bond enthalpy. #.".2 Calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction using bond enthalpies. <e able to e$plain in terms of bond enthalpies! hy some reactions are e$othermic and some reactions are endothermic.

Topic -: .inetics -.1 /ates o( reaction %.1.1 Define the term rate of reaction. %.1.2 Describe suitable e$perimental procedures for measuring rate of reactions. %.1.3 Analy0e data from rate e$periments. -.2 Collision Theory %.2.1 Describe the 5inetic theory in terms of the movement of particles hose average energy is proportional to temperature in 5elvins. %.2.2 Define the term activation energy! 3a. %.2.3 Describe collision theory. %.2." *redict and e$plain! using the collision theory! the &ualitative effects of particle si0e! temperature! concentration and pressure on the rate of a reaction. %.2.# S5etch and e$plain &ualitatively the =a$ ell1<olt0mann energy distribution curve for a fi$ed amount of gas at different temperatures and its conse&uences for changes in reaction rate. %.2.% Describe the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction. %.2.) S5etch and e$plain =a$ ell1<olt0mann curves for reactions ith and ithout catalysts.

Topic 0: #quili%rium 0.1 1ynamic equili%rium ).1.1 >utline the characteristics of chemical and physical systems in a state of e&uilibrium. 0.2 The position o( equili%rium ).2.1 Deduce the e&uilibrium constant e$pression (?c) from the e&uation for a homogeneous reaction. ).2.2 Deduce the e$tent of a reaction from the magnitude of the e&uilibrium constant. ).2.3 Apply 7eChatlier(s principle to predict the &ualitative effects of changes in temperature! pressure! and concentration on the position of e&uilibrium and on the value of the e&uilibrium constant. ).2." State and e$plain the effect of a catalyst on an e&uilibrium reaction. ).2.# Apply the concepts of 5inetics and e&uilibrium to industrial processes.

Topic 2: "cids and &ases 2.1 Theories o( acids and %ases /.1.1 Define acids and bases according to the <ronsted17o ry and 7e is theories. /.1.2 Deduce hether or not a species could act as a <ronsted17o ry and@or a 7e is acid or base. /.1.3 Deduce the formula of the conAugate acid (or base) of any <ronsted17o ry base (or acid). 2.2 $roperties o( acids and %ases /.2.1 >utline the characteristic properties of acids and bases in a&ueous solution. 2.3 !trong and ,ea3 acids and %ases /.3.1 Distinguish bet een strong and ea5 acids and bases in terms of the e$tent of dissociation! reaction ith ater and electrical conductivity. /.3.3 Distinguish bet een strong and ea5 acids and bases! and determine the relative strengths of acids and bases. 2.4 The p* scale /.".1 Distinguish bet een a&ueous solutions that are acidic! neutral! or al5aline using the p: scale. /.".2 'dentify hich of t o or more a&ueous solutions is more acidic or al5aline using p: values. /.".3 State that each change of one p: unit is a 14 fold change in the hydrogen ion concentration B:C(a&)D. /."." Deduce changes in B:C(a&)D hen the p: of a solution changes by more than one p: unit.

Topic 4: 5)idation and reduction 4.1 'ntroduction to o)idation and reduction 8.1.1 Define o$idation and reduction in terms of electron loss and gain. 8.1.2 Deduce the o$idation number of an element in a compound. 8.1.3 State the names of compounds using o$idation numbers. 8.1." Deduce hether an element undergoes o$idation or reduction in reactions using o$idation numbers. 4.2 /edo) equations 8.2.1 Deduce simple o$idation and reduction half1e&uations given the species involved in a redo$ reaction. 8.2.2 Deduce redo$ e&uations using half1e&uations. 8.2.3 Define the terms o$idi0ing agent and reducing agent. 8.2." 'dentify the o$idi0ing and reducing agents in redo$ e&uations. 4.3 /eactivity 8.3.1 Deduce a reactivity series based on the chemical behavior of a group of o$idi0ing and reducing agents. 8.3.2 Deduce the feasibility of a redo$ reaction from a given reactivity series. 4.4 6oltaic Cells 8.".1 3$plain ho a redo$ reaction is used to produce electricity in a voltaic cell. 8.".2 State that o$idation occurs at the negative electrode(anode) and reduction occurs at the positive electrode (cathode). 4. #lectrolytic cells 8.#.1 Describe! using a diagram! the essential components of an electrolytic cell. 8.#.2 State that o$idation occurs at the positive electrode (anode) and reduction occurs at the negative electrode (cathode). 8.#.3 Describe ho current is conducted in an electrolytic cell. 8.#." Deduce the products of the electrolysis of a molten salt.

Topic 17: 5rganic chemistry 17.1 'ntroduction 14.1.1 Describe the features of a homologous series. 14.1.2 *redict and e$plain the trends in boiling points of members of a homologous series. 14.1.3 Distinguish bet een empirical! molecular and structural formulas. 14.1." Describe structural isomers as compounds ith the same molecular formula but ith different arrangements of atoms. 14.1.# Deduce structural formulas for the isomers of the non1cyclic al5anes up to C%. 14.1.% Apply 'E*AC rules for naming the isomers of the non1cyclic al5anes up to C%. 14.1.) Deduce structural formulas for the isomers of the straight1chain al5enes up to C % . 14.1./ Apply 'E*AC rules for naming the isomers of the straight1chain al5enes up to C % . 14.1.8 Deduce structural formulas for compounds containing up to si$ carbon atoms ith one of the follo ing functional groups6 alcohol! aldehyde! 5etone! carbo$ylic acid and halide. 14.1.14 Apply 'E*AC rules for naming compounds containing up to si$ carbon atoms ith one of the follo ing functional groups6 alcohol! aldehyde! 5etone! carbo$ylic acid and halide. 14.1.11 'dentify the follo ing functional groups hen present in structural formulas6 amino (F: 2 )! ben0ene ring ( ) and esters (-C>>-). 14.1.12 'dentify primary! secondary and tertiary carbon atoms in alcohols and halogenoal5anes. 14.1.13 Discuss the volatility and solubility in ater of compounds containing the functional groups listed in 14.1.8. 17.2 "l3anes 14.2.1 3$plain the lo reactivity of al5anes in terms of bond enthalpies and bond polarity. 14.2.2 Describe! using e&uations! the complete and incomplete combustion of al5anes. 14.2.3 Describe! using e&uations! the reactions of methane and ethane ith chlorine and bromine. 14.2." 3$plain the reactions of methane and ethane ith chlorine and bromine in terms of a free1radical mechanism. 17.3 "l3enes 14.3.1 Describe! using e&uations! the reactions of al5enes ith hydrogen and halogens. 14.3.2 Describe! using e&uations! the reactions of symmetrical al5enes ith hydrogen halides and ater. 14.3.3 Distinguish bet een alkanes and alkenes using bromine ater. 14.3." >utline the polymeri0ation of al5enes. 14.3.# >utline the economic importance of the reactions of al5enes.

17.4 "lcohols 14.".1 Describe! using e&uations! the complete combustion of alcohols. 14.".2 Describe! using e&uations! the o$idation reactions of alcohols. 14.".3 Determine the products formed by the o$idation of primary and secondary alcohols. 17. *alogenal3anes 14.#.1 Describe! using e&uations! the substitution reactions of halogenoal5anes ith sodium hydro$ide. 14.#.2 3$plain the substitution reactions of halogenoal5anes ith sodium hydro$ide in terms of S F 1 and S F 2 mechanisms. 17.- /eaction $ath,ays 14.%.1 Deduce reaction path ays given the starting materials and the product.

*igher 8evel 1etails Topic 12: "tomic !tructure 12.1 #lectron con(iguration 12.1.1 3$plain ho evidence from first ioni0ation energies across periods accounts for the e$istence of main energy levels and sub1levels in atoms. 12.1.2 3$plain ho successive ioni0ation energy data is related to the electron configuration of an atom. 12.1.3 State the relative energies of s! p! d and f orbitals in a single energy level. 12.1." State the ma$imum number of orbitals in a given energy level. 12.1.# Dra the shape of an s orbital and the shapes of the p x ! p y and p z orbitals. 12.1.% Apply the Aufbau principle! :und(s rule and the *auli e$clusion principle to rite electron configurations for atoms and ions up to Z , #". Topic 13 $eriodity 13.1 Trends across period 3 13.1.1 3$plain the physical states (under standard conditions) and electrical conductivity (in the molten state) of the chlorides and o$ides of the elements in period 3 in terms of their bonding and structure. 13.1.2 Describe the reactions of chlorine and the chlorides referred to in 13.1.1 ith ater. 13.2 First ro, d9%loc3 elements 13.2.1 7ist the characteristic properties of transition elements. 13.2.2 3$plain hy Sc and 2n are not considered to be transition elements. 13.2.3 3$plain the e$istence of variable o$idation number in ions of transition elements. 13.2 " Define the term ligand. 13.2.# Describe and e$plain the formation of comple$es of d1bloc5 elements. 13.2.% 3$plain hy some comple$es of d1bloc5 elements are coloured. 13.2.) State e$amples of the catalytic action of transition elements and their compounds. 13.2./ >utline the economic significance of catalysts in the Contact and :aber processes. Topic 14: &onding 14.1 !hapes o( molecules and ions 1".1.1 *redict the shape and bond angles for species ith five and si$ negative charge centres using the +S3*- theory. 14.2 *y%ridi:ation 1".2.1 Describe G and H bonds. 1".2.2 3$plain hybridi0ation in terms of the mi$ing of atomic orbitals to form ne orbitals for bonding. 1".2.3 'dentify and e$plain the relationships bet een 7e is structures! molecular shapes and types of hybridi0ation (sp! sp 2 and sp 3 ). 14.3 1elocali:ation o( electrons 1".3.1 Describe the delocali0ation of H electrons and e$plain ho this can account for the structures of some species.

Topic 1 : #nergetics 1 .1 Standard enthalpy changes of reaction 1#.1.1 Define and apply the terms standard state, standard enthalpy change of formation ( ) and standard enthalpy change of combustion ( ) 1#.1.2 Determine the enthalpy change of a reaction using standard enthalpy changes of formation and combustion. 1 .2 &orn9*a%er cycle 1#.2.1 Define and apply the terms lattice enthalpy and electron affinity. 1#.2.2 3$plain ho the relative si0es and the charges of ions affect the lattice enthalpies of different ionic compounds. 1#.2.3 Construct a <ornI:aber cycle for group 1 and 2 o$ides and chlorides! and use it to calculate an enthalpy change. 1#.2." Discuss the difference bet een theoretical and e$perimental lattice enthalpy values of ionic compounds in terms of their covalent character. 1 .3 #ntropy 1#.3.1 State and e$plain the factors that increase the entropy in a system. 1#.3.2 *redict hether the entropy change (JS) for a given reaction or process is positive or negative. 1#.3.3 Calculate the standard entropy change for a reaction ( ) using standard entropy values ( ). 1 .4 !pontaneity 1#.".1 *redict hether a reaction or process ill be spontaneous by using the sign of . 1#.".2 Calculate for a reaction using the e&uation and by using values of the standard free energy change of formation! . 1#.".3 *redict the effect of a change in temperature on the spontaneity of a reaction using standard entropy and enthalpy changes and the e&uation. Topic 1-: .inetics 1-.1 /ate e)pression 1%.1.1 Distinguish bet een the terms rate constant! overall order of reaction and order of reaction ith respect to a particular reactant. 1%.1.2 Deduce the rate e$pression for a reaction from e$perimental data. 1%.1.3 Solve problems involving the rate e$pression. 1%.1." S5etch! identify and analyse graphical representations for 0ero1! first1 and second1order reactions. 1-.2 /eaction mechanism 1%.2.1 3$plain that reactions can occur by more than one step and that the slo est step determines the rate of reaction (rate1determining step). 1%.2.2 Describe the relationship bet een reaction mechanism! order of reaction and rate1determining step. 1-.3 "ctivation energy 1%.3.1 Describe &ualitatively the relationship bet een the rate constant (k) and temperature (T). 1%.3.2 Determine activation energy (E a ) values from the Arrhenius e&uation by a graphical method.

Topic 10: #quili%rium 10.1 8iquid9vapor equili%rium 1).1.1 Describe the e&uilibrium established bet een a li&uid and its o n vapour and ho it is affected by temperature changes. 1).1.2 S5etch graphs sho ing the relationship bet een vapour pressure and temperature and e$plain them in terms of the 5inetic theory. 1).1.3 State and e$plain the relationship bet een enthalpy of vapori0ation! boiling point and intermolecular forces. 10.2 The equili%rium la, 1).2.1 Solve homogeneous e&uilibrium problems using the e$pression for K c . Topic 12: "cids and %ases 12.1 Calculations involving acids and %ases 1/.1.1 State the e$pression for the ionic product constant of ater (K ). 1/.1.2 Deduce B: C (a&)D and B >: I (a&)D for ater at different temperatures given K values. 1/.1.3 Solve problems involving B: C (a&)D! B >: I (a&)D! p: and p>:. 1/.1." State the e&uation for the reaction of any ea5 acid or ea5 base ith ater! and hence deduce the e$pressions for K a and K b . 1/.1.# Solve problems involving solutions of ea5 acids and bases using the e$pressions6 Ka KKb ,K pK a C pK b , pK p: C p>: , pK . 1/.1.% 'dentify the relative strengths of acids and bases using values of K a ! K b ! pK a and pK b . 12.2 &u((er solutions 1/.2.1 Describe the composition of a buffer solution and e$plain its action. 1/.2.2 Solve problems involving the composition and p: of a specified buffer system. 12.3 !alt hydrolysis 1/.31 Deduce hether salts form acidic! al5aline or neutral a&ueous solutions. 12.4 "cid9%ase titrations 1/.".1 S5etch the general shapes of graphs of p: against volume for titrations involving strong and ea5 acids and bases and e$plain their important features. 12. 'ndicators 1/.#.1 Describe &ualitatively the action of an acidIbase indicator. 1/.#.2 State and e$plain ho the p: range of an acidIbase indicator relates to its pK a value. 1/.#.3 'dentify an appropriate indicator for a titration! given the e&uivalence point of the titration and the p: range of the indicator.

Topic 14: 5)idation and reduction 14.1 !tandard electrode potentials 18.1.1 Describe the standard hydrogen electrode. 18.1.2 Define the term standard electrode potentiall . 18.1.3 Calculate cell potentials using standard electrode potentials. 18.1." *redict hether a reaction ill be spontaneous using standard electrode potential values. 14.2 #lectrolysis 18.2.1 *redict and e$plain the products of electrolysis of a&ueous solutions. 18.2.2 Determine the relative amounts of the products formed during electrolysis 18.2.3 Describe the use of electrolysis in electroplating. Topic 27: 5rganic Chemistry 27.1 'ntroduction 24.1.1 Deduce structural formulas for compounds containing up to si$ carbon atoms ith one of the follo ing functional groups6 amine! amide! ester and nitrile. 24.1.2 Apply 'E*AC rules for naming compounds containing up to si$ carbon atoms ith one of the follo ing functional groups6 amine! amide! ester and nitrile. 27.2 ;ucleophilic su%stitution reactions 24.2.1 3$plain hy the hydro$ide ion is a better nucleophile than ater. 24.2.2 Describe and e$plain ho the rate of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoal5anes by the hydro$ide ion depends on the identity of the halogen. 24.2.3 Describe and e$plain ho the rate of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoal5anes by the hydro$ide ion depends on hether the halogenoal5ane is primary! secondary or tertiary. 24.2." Describe! using e&uations! the substitution reactions of halogenoal5anes ith ammonia and potassium cyanide. 24.2.# 3$plain the reactions of primary halogenoal5anes ith ammonia and potassium cyanide in terms of the S F 2 mechanism. 24.2.% Describe! using e&uations! the reduction of nitriles using hydrogen and a nic5el catalyst. 27.3 #limination reactions 24.3.1 Describe! using e&uations! the elimination of :<r from bromoal5anes. 24.3.2 Describe and e$plain the mechanism for the elimination of :<r from bromoal5anes. 27.4 Condensation reactions 24.".1 Describe! using e&uations! the reactions of alcohols ith carbo$ylic acids to form esters! and state the uses of esters. 24.".2 Describe! using e&uations! the reactions of amines ith carbo$ylic acids. 24.".3 Deduce the structures of the polymers formed in the reactions of alcohols ith carbo$ylic acids. 24."." Deduce the structures of the polymers formed in the reactions of amines ith carbo$ylic acids. 24.".# >utline the economic importance of condensation reactions. 27. /eaction path,ays 24.#.1 Deduce reaction path ays given the starting materials and the product.

27.-!tereoisomerism 24.%.1 Describe stereoisomers as compounds ith the same structural formula but ith different arrangements of atoms in space. 24.%.2 Describe and e$plain geometrical isomerism in non1cyclic al5enes. 24.%.3 Describe and e$plain geometrical isomerism in C 3 and C " cycloal5anes. 24.%." 3$plain the difference in the physical and chemical properties of geometrical isomers. 24.%.# Describe and e$plain optical isomerism in simple organic molecules. 24.%.% >utline the use of a polarimeter in distinguishing bet een optical isomers. 24.%.) Compare the physical and chemical properties of enantiomers.