Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.4, No.

+, 2 ,4

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The selection for high rubberwood yielding genotypes in 1995 Hevea germplasm, Rantau Panjang Forest Reserve
)ng -hin .ei "corres$onding author% /u00er /esearch Institute 1alaysia, 4+ Sungai Buloh, Selangor, 1alaysia 23ail4 cwong5lg3.go6.3y Sha3sul Bahri A./ Agrotechnology 7e$art3ent, 8aculty of Agrotechnology and food science 9ni6ersiti 1alaysia :erengganu, 2, 3 , ;uala :erengganu, 1alaysia 23ail4 sha3sul5u3t.edu.3y bstract /u00erwood has 0eco3e a 3a<or source of raw 3aterial for furniture 3anufacturing and wood-0ased $roduct industries in 1alaysia. :he increasing de3and for ru00erwood has triggered /u00er /esearch Institute of 1alaysia "//I1% search for the high ru00erwood yielding genoty$es a6aila0le in 1alaysia. Howe6er, there are not 3any genoty$es $lanted in co33ercial ru00er $lantations and s3allholdings in 1alaysia that can $roduce high wood 6olu3e to 3eet the de3and of furniture and wood-0ase industries. :here are also no Hevea wild relati6es a6aila0le in 1alaysia to $roduce ru00erwood e=ce$t the one and only s$ecies Hevea brasiliensis. 1oreo6er, the destruction of wild genetic resources of ru00er trees "Hevea s$$.% in A3a>on 0asin due to 3ass con6ersion of nati6e ha0itat to ur0an has resulted in irre$lacea0le loss of 3uch wild genetic resources such as the genoty$es that can $roduce high ru00erwood 6olu3e. :herefore, an atte3$t 0y //I1 in ,''& to $ut Hevea wild relati6es fro3 A3a>on 0asin into conser6ing genetic resources in 1alaysia and 3a?ing the3 a6aila0le for cro$ i3$ro6e3ent es$ecially to $roduce high ru00erwood genoty$es. @enoty$es and wild relati6es that are seen as 6igorous and generated high ru00erwood yield can 0e e=$loited as $ro3ising $lanting 3aterial in the //I1As 0reeding $rogra33es. :his study was intended to identify the 3ost $ro3ising ru00erwood yielding genoty$es and Hevea wild relati6es that conser6ed in ,''& Hevea ger3$las3, /antau #an<ang 8orest /eser6e, Batu Arang, Selangor, 1alaysia. !eywords4 selections, Hevea s$$., ger3$las3, genoty$es 1"# $ntroduction :here is a continuing and wides$read destruction of the wild genetic resources in A3a>on 0asin due to the con6ersion of the 6ast nati6e flora and fauna ha0itat into far3ing and ur0an acti6ities "Shu?la et al., ,'' B :he A3a>on, 9/C4 htt$4DDrainforests.3onga0ay.co3Da3a>onDdeforestationEcalculations.ht3l%. /u00er tree "Hevea s$$.% and its wild relati6es are the $lant s$ecies that are facing the deforestation $ro0le3 in A3a>on. 1eanwhile, the de3and for ru00erwood is increasing ra$idly in 1alaysia and 0eco3e the i3$ortant raw 3aterial for wood0ased industries such as furniture and car$entry "1ohd.Nasaruddin, 2 3B 1ohd. Johari, 2 &B 1/B 2 'B Shige3atsu et al., 2 , %. /u00erwood has its natural 3il?y crea3 in colour with fine wood te=ture is $leasant as the en6iron3entally friendly 3aterial of furniture $roduction, wood $anel $roducts and decorati6e use "/athasinga3 et al., 2 ,,B Fi et al., 2 ,,%. :he esta0lish3ent of the Hevea ger3$las3 in 1alaysia is ine6ita0le as an atte3$t to o6erco3e the lesser genetic resources a6aila0le for high ru00erwood yielding genoty$es with the deforestation continuing in A3a>on 0asin. %"# &aterials and &ethods %"1 1995 Hevea germplasm Baul?will ",'!'% and Schultes ",'' % ha6e coined that there are , Hevea wild relati6es distri0uted at different geogra$hical regions in the A3a>on 0asin. In ,''&, a 3ission to A3a>on 0asin searched for Hevea wild relati6es and s$ecies and 0ought 0ac? to 1alaysia was initiated 0y /u00er /esearch Institute of 1alaysia "//I1%, and su$$orted 0y 8orest /esearch Institute 1alaysia "8/I1% and 8orestry 7e$art3ent #eninsular 1alaysia "87#1%. :he e=$edition was ai3ed to collect the seeds of wild relati6es and trans$orted the3 0ac? to 1alaysia as conser6ation and ger3$las3 3aterials. :he e=$edition has co6ered at least ,3 different locations in A3a>on 0asin 3ainly in Bra>il viz. Acre, Atalia de Norte, Bele3, Bor0a, Ben<a3in -onstant, -#AA 1anaus, Irandu0a, 1anaus, 1anicore, Sao @a0riel, Sao #aulo de )li6encia, :a$a<os and :a0atinga. Seeds fro3 eight different wild relati6es were found and collected including H.brasiliensis, H.benthamiana, H.camargoana, H.guianensis, H.nitida, H.pauciflora, H.rigidifolia and H.spruceana. :hese seeds were trans$orted to //I1 for disinfectant, Guarantine treat3ents and ger3ination at the treated seed 0eds. Cater, seeds that successfully ger3inated into seedlings $lants were trans$lanted to ,''& Hevea ger3$las3, /antau #an<ang 8orest /eser6e, Batu Arang, Selangor ")ng et al., 2 +%.

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.4, No.+, 2 ,4

www.iiste.org

%"% 'enotype selection :he selection was carried out 3ainly on the 3easure3ent of wood 6olu3e at tenth-year after $lanting. A total of ,&,,,3 genoty$es were 3easured according to the girth growth "H and ,& c3 fro3 ground le6el%, 0ole height and esti3ated wood 6olu3e si3ilar to the 3ethod a$$lied in //I1As $lanting recoo3endations "//I1, ,''&B 1/B, ,''!B 1/B, 2 3%. :wo different 3easure3ents for girth growth fro3 ground le6el are reGuired to allow the calculation of esti3ated truncated wood 6olu3e using the for3ula 3.,42D,2 I"7,J72%2 - 7,72K C, where 7, is the dia3eter at H c3 fro3 ground le6el "3%B 72 is the dia3eter at ,& c3 fro3 ground le6el "3%B C is the 0ole height "3%. :he 3easure3ent of 0ole height was ta?en fro3 the ground le6el where the first crotch larger than fi6e c3 in dia3eter. :he data collected was statistical analysed for co3$arison 0etween the genoty$es where 7uncanLs 1ulti$le -o3$arison was a$$lied to differentiate a3ong the 3eans. :he final selection for high ru00erwood yielding genoty$es at ,''& Hevea ger3$las3 is 0ased on the highest ,& truncated wood 6olu3e a3ong the 3easured genoty$es. ("# Results and discussion ("1 'irth growth at )# cm from ground level :he girth growth at H c3 fro3 ground le6el is su33ari>ed in :a0le ,. :he 3ean girth for Hevea wild relati6es were ranged fro3 the highest ! .H c3 "H.nitida% to the lowest &,.+ c3 "H.benthamiana%. :he result re6ealed that H.nitida o0tained the highest 3ean girth $erfor3ance whene6er 3easured the girth at H c3 fro3 the ground le6el. :he other s$ecies that with fairly 6igorous 3ean girth were H.camargoana "+&.+ c3% and H.brasiliensis "+4.H c3%. Although H.camargoana and H.nitida showed the 6igorous girth growth, the 3easure3ent was 0ased on 3H and &! trees res$ecti6ely, co3$ared to 3ore than se6en thousands trees that were 3easured in H.brasiliensis. :his 3ight indicate the low ger3ination and trans$lanting rates in H.camargoana and H.nitida e6enthough they ha6e 6igorous girth growth at H c3 fro3 ground le6el. ("% 'irth growth at 15# cm from ground level In :a0le 2, H.nitida has 0een $ro<ected as the highest 3ean girth o6er the years with H2. c3 followed 0y H.camargoana at &!. c3. :he lowest 3ean girth were fro3 H.guianensis and H.rigidifolia. :his result showed that the girth growth at ,& c3 fro3 ground le6el of H.nitida was the 3ost 6igorous co3$ared to other wild relati6es that conser6ed at the sa3e agro-cli3atic condition. Howe6er, there was an indi6idual tree that achie6ed the highest girth growth fro3 H.brasilensis ",33.4 c3%. :his result suggested that there was so3e $otential high girth growth genoty$es in H.brasiliensis along with H.nitida and H.camargoana. ("( *ole height Bole height fro3 ground le6el has re6ealed that H.brasiliensis was the highest with 3ean height at & 3., c3 ":a0le 3%. .ild relati6es that with high 0ole height were fro3 H.spruceana and H.nitida, 3ean 0ole height at 4 &.! c3 and 3!2.' res$ecti6ely. :he 0ole height 3easure3ent was crucial to deter3ine the esti3ation of truncated wood 6olu3e, with the girth growth data ta?en at H and ,& c3 fro3 ground le6el. High 0ole height is one of the $refera0le character in the selection for $ro3ising ru00erwood genoty$es due to the higher wood 6olu3e will co3e fro3 those trees with higher 0ole height. ("+ ,ood volume A total of ,&,,,3 wild relati6es ha6e 0een 3easured to esti3ate the truncated wood 6olu3e using the data ta?en fro3 the girth growth and 0ole height. In :a0le 4, the 3eans of truncated wood 6olu3e 0etween Hevea wild relati6es ranged fro3 the lowest at . & to the highest at .,' 3M. Higher truncated wood 6olu3e could 0e seen on wild relati6es such as H.brasiliensis, H.spruceana and H.nitida. :he lowest 3ean wood 6olu3e was fro3 H.benthamiana at . & 3M. ("5 -election for the highest wood volume among the top 15# genotypes A total of ,&,,,3 Hevea genoty$es were e=a3ined and sorted according to the truncated wood 6olu3e at tenthyear after $lanting at the ,''& Hevea ger3$las3. In ta0le &, there are ,& genoty$es with their 3eans in different 3easure3ents ha6e 0een identified as the highest ru00erwood yielding genoty$es and gi6en te3$orary identification codes "codes starting fro3 BAD@(, to BAD@( ,& %. :here were ,3! genoty$es 3ainly fro3 H.brasiliensis and ,2 genoty$es fro3 other wild relati6es such as H.spruceana ", %, H.benthamiana ",% and H.nitida ",%. 1eanwhile, H.camargoana, H.guianensis, H.pauciflora, and H.rigidifolia were not considered as good ru00erwood genoty$es as so3e of the3 contained unfa6oura0le characteristics such as croo?ed 0ole, crac?ed and une6en wood surfaces. +" .onclusion :he selected ,& genoty$es in this study ha6e e=hi0ited high girth $erfor3ance and truncated wood 6olu3e co3$are to other genoty$es that ha6e 0een 3easured in ,''& Hevea ger3$las3. :his study has indicate the selection for the high ru00erwood yielding genoty$es 3ust ta?e into the consideration of the strong influences of girth growth and 0ole height that e6entually lead to high truncated wood 6olu3e. 1ulti$lication of these $otential genoty$es as elite clone for ru00erwodd $roduction ha6e 0een carried out and tested as a new source of

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.4, No.+, 2 ,4

www.iiste.org

genetic 3aterials in //I1. :he ne=t thing to 0e considered is to test the wood Guality of the selected genoty$es such as 3oisture content, density and hardness to 3eet the reGuire3ent of the ru00erwood 3ar?et. :his 3atter is crucial to ensure ru00erwood to 0e 0randed as good in 0oth Guantity and Guality 0esides seen as en6iron3entally friendly wood 3aterial in local and international 3ar?ets. In short, the e=$edition to collect Hevea wild relati6es in ,''& was a worthwhile scientific acti6ity to safeguard the 3ost 6alua0le genetic resources and for the future cro$ i3$ro6e3ent of Hevea s$ecies. :a0le , . @irth "c3% co3$arison of different Hevea wild relati6es at H c3 fro3 ground le6el. S$ecies n 1ean 1a= 1in H.brasiliensis +2 & +4.H a0 ,H3.! , . H.benthamiana &'!H &,.+ d ,43. , ., H.camargoana 3H +&.+ a0 , .H ,+., H.guainensis !H2 H .3 c ,4 .! ,&.! H.nitida &! ! .H a ,, .3 33. H.pauciflora ,HH + ., 0 ,3H.3 2+.& H.rigidifolia 3, H3.2 c ' .2 ,!.& H.spruceana +H' + .3 0 ,42.! ,4.& 1eans with the sa3e letter are not significant difference 0y 71/:, $N . & :a0le 2. @irth "c3% co3$arison of different He6ea wild relati6es at ,& c3 fro3 ground le6el. S$ecies n 1ean 1a= 1in H.brasiliensis +2 & &4.2 0c ,33.4 +. H.benthamiana &'!H 3H. f ,, .& +. H.camargoana 3H &!. a0 +&.& ,3.2 H.guainensis !H2 44.+ e '&.! ,,., H.nitida &! H2. a !!.+ 2&. H.pauciflora ,HH &2.' c , '. 22. H.rigidifolia 3, 4+.' de +2. ,4. H.spruceana +H' & .+ cd ,,3. +.+ 1eans with the sa3e letter are not significant difference 0y 71/:, $N . & :a0le 3. :he co3$arison of 0ole height "c3% 0etween Hevea wild relati6es. S$ecies n 1ean 1a= 1in H.brasiliensis +2 & & 3., a ,&&&. 4 ., H.benthamiana &'!H 2&3. d !& . ,4., H.camargoana 3H 33H.' c HH .& ,H3.& H.guainensis !H2 2+ .! d ++!. , +. H.nitida &! 3!2.' 0 ' &. ,4H.& H.pauciflora ,HH 2''. cd !4H. ,4,. H.rigidifolia 3, 2!+.+ d &2'. ,&4. H.spruceana +H' 4 &.! 0 ,3 &. ! . 1eans with the sa3e letter are not significant difference 0y 71/:, $N . & :a0le 4. :he co3$arison of truncated wood 6olu3e "33% 0etween Hevea wild relati6es at tenth-year after $lanting. S$ecies n 1ean 1a= 1in H.brasiliensis +2 & .,' a ,.4& . H.benthamiana &'!H . &e .&+ . H.camargoana 3H .,3 0 .32 . H.guainensis !H2 . + de .& . H.nitida &! .,+ a .H3 . 2 H.pauciflora ,HH .,, 0c .4! . , H.rigidifolia 3, . ! cd .,' . , H.spruceana +H' .,4 a .!' . 1eans with the sa3e letter are not significant difference 0y 71/:, $N . &

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.4, No.+, 2 ,4

www.iiste.org

:a0le &. Su33ary of the 3eans fro3 the ,& highest truncated wood 6olu3e genoty$es. #ara3eters 1ean 1a= 1in @irth H c3 "c3% ,,3.4 ,H3.! !4.2 @irth ,& c3 "c3% !&.3 ,33.4 H ., Bar? :hic?ness "33% H.' ,,. 4. Bole Height "c3% !&'.2 ,&&&. 34+.& :runcated .ood *olu3e "3M% .HH ,.4& .&4 c/nowledgment :his research was <ointly funded 0y //I1 and 8/@SD,D2 ,3DS: 3D91:D 2D ,%.

9ni6ersiti 1alaysia :erengganu "8/@S grant

References Baul?will ..J. ",'!'%. The History of Natural Rubber Production. In4 /u00er , .e0ster -.- and Baul?will, Cong3an Scientific O:echnical, 9; and John .iley O Sons, Inc, New For?. 1ohd.Nasaruddin 1.H. "2 3%. Rubber forest plantation. 1onogra$h 1alaysian /u00er Board. 1alaysia. 1ohd.Johari, H. "2 &%. Economics of Rubber Forest Plantation. Rubber Planters !onference, "uala #umpur, $alaysia, 2 &. 1/B ",''!%. C@1 #lanting /eco33endations ,''!-2 . 1alaysian /u00er Board. RR%$ Planters& 'ulletin, 3, 3-3 1/B "2 3%. #($ Planting Recommendations )**+. 1onogra$h, 1alaysian /u00er Board. 1/B "2 '%. Rubber Plantation , Processing Techologies. 1alaysian /u00er Board, !-' )ng, -..., 1asahuling, B., /a3li, ). O 1ohd.Nasaruddin 1.A. "2 +%. Internal /e$ort4 Ca$oran ;e3a<uan 2 +, Cadang @er3$las3a @etah ,''&, Hutan Si3$an /antau #an<ang, Batu Arang, Selangor. 1alaysian /u00er Board. /athasinga3, J., Ioras 8. O .en3ing C "2 ,,%. Sustaina0ility of the ru00erwood sector in 1alaysia. Notulae 'otanicae Horti -grobotanici !lu./Napoca, 3', 3 &-3,, //I1 ",''&%. He6eawood a6aila0ility in #eninsular 1alaysia. RR%$ Planters 'ulletin, /u00er /esearch Institute of 1alaysia, 3rd and 4th Puarters ,''&, +3-!3 Schultes, /.2. ",'' %. - 'rief Ta0onomic 1ie2 of the (enus Hevea. 1alaysia /u00er /esearch and 7e6elo$3ent Board. Shige3atsu, A., 1i>oue, N., ;a<isa, : O Foshida, S "2 , %. I3$ortance of ru00erwood in wood e=$ort of 1alaysia and :hailand. Ne2 Forests, 4,, ,+'-,!' Shu?la, J., -. No0re O #. Sellers. ",'' %. A3a>on deforestation and cli3ate change. 3cience 24+, ,322-,32& :he A3a>on. -alculating deforestation figures for the A3a>on. I)nlineQ A6aila0le4 htt$4DDrainforests.3onga0ay.co3Da3a>onDdeforestationEcalculations.ht3l "8e0ruary 2,, 2 ,4% Fi, #.:., 1asitah, 1.7 O Sal3iah, 9 "2 ,,%. Assess3ent of the $ro$erties, utili>ation and $rese6ation of ru00erwood "Hevea brasiliensis%4 a case study in 1alaysia. Journal of .ood Science &+, 22&-2HH 0ng .hin ,ei o0tained his Bachelor of Bioindustry "-ro$ Science% in 2 2 at 9ni6ersity of #utra, 1alaysia. He recei6ed a 1aster Science of -ro$ I3$ro6e3ent "1erit% fro3 9ni6ersity of Nottingha3, 9nited ;ingdo3 in 2 , . At this 3o3ent, he wor? as a $lant 0reeder and ru00er clone ins$ector at -ro$ I3$ro6e3ent and #rotection 9nit in /u00er /esearch Institute of 1alaysia "//I1%. He has an $assionate interest in cro$ i3$ro6e3ent es$ecially related to Hevea wild relati6es. -hamsul *ahri "R" read his #h7 fro3 9ni6ersity of 7urha3, 9nited ;ingdo3 in the field of #lant cell 0iology. He <oined //I1 in ,''2 and with his e=$ertise in 1icrosco$y and has 0een attached to 6arious units which included Biotechnology 9nit, 1aterials -haracteri>ation 9nit and #lant I3$ro6e3ent and #rotection unit. Now, he teaches $lant 0reeding at :he 8aculty of Agrotechnology and food science in 9ni6ersiti 1alaysia :erengganu, and 6ery ?een in loo?ing into 3inute details and o0ser6ing $lant cell dyna3ic.

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