Gravity Control by means of Electromagnetic Field

through Gas or Plasma at Ultra-Low Pressure

Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.
Copyright © 2007-2010 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved

It is shown that the gravity acceleration just above a chamber filled with gas or plasma at ultra-low
pressure can be strongly reduced by applying an Extra Low-Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic field
across the gas or the plasma. This Gravitational Shielding Effect is related to recent discovery of
quantum correlation between gravitational mass and inertial mass. According to the theory samples
hung above the gas or the plasma should exhibit a weight decrease when the frequency of the
electromagnetic field is decreased or when the intensity of the electromagnetic field is increased. This
Gravitational Shielding Effect is unprecedented in the literature and can not be understood in the
framework of the General Relativity. From the technical point of view, there are several applications for
this discovery; possibly it will change the paradigms of energy generation, transportation and
telecommunications.

Key words: Phenomenology of quantum gravity, Experimental Tests of Gravitational Theories,

Vacuum Chambers, Plasmas devices. PACs: 04.60.Bc, 04.80.Cc, 07.30.Kf, 52.75.-d.

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 02

II. THEORY 02
Gravity Control Cells (GCC) 07

III. CONSEQUENCES 09
Gravitational Motor using GCC 11
Gravitational Spacecraft 12
Decreasing of inertial forces on the Gravitational Spacecraft 13
Gravity Control inside the Gravitational Spacecraft 13
Gravitational Thrusters 14
Artificial Atmosphere surrounds the Gravitational Spacecraft. 15
Gravitational Lifter 15
High Power Electromagnetic Bomb (A new type of E-bomb). 16
Gravitational Press of Ultra-High Pressure 16
Generation and Detection of Gravitational Radiation 17
Quantum Gravitational Antennas. Quantum Transceivers 18
Instantaneous Interstellar Communications 18
Wireless Electric Power Transmission, by using Quantum Gravitational Antennas. 18
Method and Device using GCCs for obtaining images of Imaginary Bodies 19
Energy shieldings 19
Possibility of Controlled Nuclear Fusion by means of Gravity Control 20

IV. CONCLUSION 21
APPENDIX A 42

APPENDIX B 70

References 74
 2

I. INTRODUCTION
It will be shown that the local In general, the momentum variation
gravity acceleration can be controlled by Δp is expressed by Δp = FΔt where F
means of a device called Gravity Control is the applied force during a time
Cell (GCC) which is basically a recipient interval Δt . Note that there is no
filled with gas or plasma where is applied restriction concerning the nature of the
an electromagnetic field. According to force F , i.e., it can be mechanical,
the theory samples hung above the gas electromagnetic, etc.
or plasma should exhibit a weight For example, we can look on the
decrease when the frequency of the momentum variation Δp as due to
electromagnetic field is decreased or absorption or emission of electromagnetic
when the intensity of the electromagnetic energy by the particle.
field is increased. The electrical In the case of radiation, Δp can be
conductivity and the density of the gas or obtained as follows: It is known that the
plasma are also highly relevant in this radiation pressure, dP , upon an area
process.
dA = dxdy of a volume d V = dxdydz of
With a GCC it is possible to
convert the gravitational energy into a particle ( the incident radiation normal
rotational mechanical energy by means to the surface dA )is equal to the
of the Gravitational Motor. In addition, a energy dU absorbed per unit volume
new concept of spacecraft (the (dU dV ) .i.e.,
Gravitational Spacecraft) and aerospace
dP =
dU
=
dU
=
dU
(2)
flight is presented here based on the dV dxdydz dAdz
possibility of gravity control. We will also
see that the gravity control will be very Substitution of dz = vdt ( v is the speed
important to Telecommunication. of radiation) into the equation above
gives
II. THEORY dU (dU dAdt ) dD
It was shown [1] that the relativistic dP = = = (3)
dV v v
gravitational mass M g = m g 1 − V 2 c2
and the relativistic inertial mass Since dPdA = dF we can write:
M i = mi 0 1 − V 2 c 2 are quantized, and dFdt=
dU
(4)
v
given by M g = n g2 mi 0(min ) , M i = ni2 mi 0(min ) However we know that dF = dp dt , then
where n g and ni are respectively, the
dp =
dU
(5)
gravitational quantum number and the v
inertial quantum number ; From this equation it follows that
mi 0(min ) = ±3.9 × 10 kg is the elementary
−73
U ⎛c⎞ U
Δp = ⎜ ⎟ = nr
quantum of inertial mass. The masses v ⎝c⎠ c
m g and mi 0 are correlated by means of Substitution into Eq. (1) yields
the following expression: ⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ ⎞ ⎪
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎜
mg = ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜
⎢
U
nr ⎟ − 1⎥⎬mi0
⎟
⎥⎪
(6)
⎛ Δp ⎞ ⎪ ⎝
2
⎠
⎢
mg = mi0 − 2 1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎥mi0 . (1) ⎩ ⎣
mi0 c
⎦⎭
⎢ ⎝ mi c ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ Where U , is the electromagnetic energy
Where Δp is the momentum variation on absorbed by the particle; nr is the index
the particle and mi 0 is the inertial mass of refraction.
at rest.
 3
Equation (6) can be rewritten in Equation (9) shows that ω κ r = v . Thus,
the following form E B = ω k r = v , i.e., E = vB = vμH .
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ W ⎞ ⎪ Then, Eq. (8) can be rewritten in the
⎢
mg = ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜ n ⎟ − 1⎥⎬mi 0 (7) following form:
⎢ ⎜ ρ c2 r ⎟ ⎥
⎪
⎩ ⎣⎢
⎝ ⎠ ⎪
⎦⎥⎭ W = 12 (ε v2μ)μH 2 + 12 μH 2 (12)
Where W = U V is the density of For σ << ωε , Eq. (9) reduces to
electromagnetic energy and ρ = mi 0 V c
v=
is the density of inertial mass. ε r μr
The Eq. (7) is the expression of the Then, Eq. (12) gives
quantum correlation between the ⎡ ⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎤ 2 1 2
gravitational mass and the inertial mass W = 12 ⎢ε ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟μ⎥μH + 2 μH = μH2 (13)
⎢⎣ ⎝ εr μr ⎠ ⎥⎦
as a function of the density of
electromagnetic energy. This is also the This equation can be rewritten in the
expression of correlation between following forms:
B2
gravitation and electromagnetism.
W = (14)
The density of electromagnetic μ
energy in an electromagnetic field can be or
deduced from Maxwell’s equations [2] W = ε E2 (15)
and has the following expression
W = 12 ε E 2 + 12 μH 2 (8) For σ >> ωε , Eq. (9) gives
2ω
It is known that B = μH , E B = ω k r [3] v= (16 )
μσ
and
dz ω Then, from Eq. (12) we get
v= = =
c
(9) ⎡ ⎛ 2ω ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ωε ⎞
dt κ r ε r μr ⎛ W = 12 ⎢ε⎜⎜ ⎟⎟μ⎥μH2 + 12 μH2 = ⎜ ⎟μH2 + 12 μH2 ≅
⎜ 1 + (σ ωε ) + 1⎞⎟
2

2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ μσ ⎠ ⎦ ⎝σ ⎠
Where kr is the real part of the ≅ 12 μH2 (17)
r
propagation vector k (also called phase Since E = vB = vμH , we can rewrite (17)
r in the following forms:
constant [4]); k = k = k r + iki ; ε , μ and σ,
B2
are the electromagnetic characteristics of W ≅ (18)
2μ
the medium in which the incident (or
emitted) radiation is propagating or
⎛σ ⎞ 2
( ε = ε r ε 0 where ε r is the relative W ≅⎜ ⎟E (19 )
⎝ 4ω ⎠
dielectric permittivity and ε0 = 8.854×10−12F/ m
By comparing equations (14) (15) (18)
; μ = μrμ0 where μ r is the relative and (19) we see that Eq. (19) shows that
magnetic permeability and μ0 = 4π ×10−7 H / m; the better way to obtain a strong value of
W in practice is by applying an Extra
σ is the electrical conductivity). It is
Low-Frequency (ELF) electric field
known that for free-space σ = 0 and
ε r = μ r = 1 then Eq. (9) gives
(w = 2πf << 1Hz ) through a mean with
v=c (10) high electrical conductivity.
Substitution of Eq. (19) into Eq.
From (9) we see that the index of (7), gives
refraction nr = c v will be given by ⎧ ⎡ 3 ⎤⎫
⎪ μ ⎛ σ ⎞ E 4 ⎥⎪
c εμ
= r r ⎛⎜ 1 + (σ ωε) + 1⎞⎟ (11)
⎢
mg = ⎨1 − 2 1 + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 1 ⎬mi0 (20)
nr = 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎟⎠ ρ 2 ⎥⎪
2
⎪⎩ ⎢
v 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦⎭
This equation shows clearly that if an
 4
electrical conductor mean has j lamp
ρ << 1 Kg.m −3
and σ >> 1 , then it is
σ Hg plasma = = 3.419 S .m −1 (23)
E lamp
possible obtain strong changes in its Substitution of (22) and (23) into (20)
gravitational mass, with a relatively small yields
ELF electric field. An electrical conductor
mean with ρ << 1 Kg.m−3 is obviously a
mg(Hg plasma) ⎧⎪ ⎡ E 4 ⎤⎫⎪
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + 1.909×10
⎢ −17
−1⎥⎬ (24)
mi(Hg plasma) ⎪ ⎢ f 3 ⎥⎪
plasma. ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
There is a very simple way to test Thus, if an Extra Low-Frequency electric
Eq. (20). It is known that inside a
field E ELF with the following
fluorescent lamp lit there is low-pressure
Mercury plasma. Consider a 20W characteristics: E ELF ≈ 100V .m −1 and
T-12 fluorescent lamp (80044– f < 1mHZ is applied through the
F20T12/C50/ECO GE, Ecolux® T12), Mercury plasma then a strong decrease
whose characteristics and dimensions in the gravitational mass of the Hg
are well-known [5]. At around plasma will be produced.
T ≅ 318.15 K , an optimum mercury
0
It was shown [1] that there is an
vapor pressure of P = 6 ×10−3Torr= 0.8N.m−2 additional effect of gravitational shielding
is obtained, which is required for produced by a substance under these
maintenance of high luminous efficacy conditions. Above the substance the
throughout life. Under these conditions, gravity acceleration g 1 is reduced at the
the mass density of the Hg plasma can same ratio χ = m g mi 0 , i.e., g1 = χ g ,
be calculated by means of the well-
( g is the gravity acceleration under the
known Equation of State
substance). Therefore, due to the
ρ=
PM 0
(21) gravitational shielding effect produced by
ZRT
the decrease of m g (Hg plasma ) in the region
Where M 0 = 0.2006 kg.mol −1 is the
where the ELF electric field E ELF is
molecular mass of the Hg; Z ≅ 1 is the
compressibility factor for the Hg plasma; applied, the gravity acceleration just
R = 8.314 joule.mol −1 . 0 K −1 is the gases above this region will be given by
m g (Hg plasma)
universal constant. Thus we get g1 = χ (Hg plasma) g = g=
ρ Hg plasma ≅ 6.067 × 10 −5 kg.m −3 (22) mi (Hg plasma)
The electrical conductivity of the Hg ⎧⎪ ⎡ E4 ⎤ ⎫⎪
plasma can be deduced from the = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909 × 10 −17 ELF − 1⎥ ⎬ g (25)
r r ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣
3
f ELF ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
continuum form of Ohm's Law j = σE ,
since the operating current through the The trajectories of the
lamp and the current density are well- electrons/ions through the lamp are
known and respectively given by determined by the electric field E lamp along
i = 0.35A [5] and jlamp = i S = i π4 φint
2
, where the lamp. If the ELF electric field across
φint = 36.1mm is the inner diameter of the the lamp E ELF is much greater than E lamp ,
lamp. The voltage drop across the the current through the lamp can be
electrodes of the lamp is 57V [5] and the interrupted. However, if EELF <<Elamp, these
distance between them l = 570mm . Then trajectories will be only slightly modified.
the electrical field along the lamp E lamp is Since here Elamp = 100 V .m−1 , then we can
given by Elamp = 57V 0.570m = 100 V.m−1 . max
arbitrarily choose E ELF ≅ 33 V . m −1 . This
Thus, we have means that the maximum voltage drop,
which can be applied across the metallic
 5
plates, placed at distance d , is equal to mg1(Hg plasma)
the outer diameter (max * ) of the χ1(Hg plasma) = =
max
mi1(Hg plasma)
bulb φlamp of the 20W T-12 Fluorescent
⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫
lamp, is given by ⎪ EELF ⎪
φlamp ≅ 1.5 V
max max
Vmax = E ELF
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + 1.909×10
⎢ −17 (1)
− 1⎥⎬ (27)
⎪⎩ ⎢ f ELF(1) ⎥⎪
3
⎣ ⎦⎭
max
Since φlamp = 40.3mm [5]. Then, above the second lamp, the
max
Substitution of EELF ≅ 33 V.m−1 into gravity acceleration becomes
(25) yields r r r
mg (Hg plasma) g 2 = χ 2(Hg plasma) g1 = χ 2(Hg plasma) χ1(Hg plasma) g (28)
g1 = χ (Hg plasma) g = g= where
mi (Hg plasma)
mg 2(Hg plasma)
⎧⎪ χ 2(Hg plasma) = =
⎡ 2.264× 10−11 ⎤⎫⎪
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 3
− 1⎥⎬g (26) mi 2(Hg plasma)
⎪⎩ ⎢
⎣ f ELF ⎦⎥⎪⎭ ⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫⎪
⎪ E ELF
Note that, for f < 1mHz = 10 −3 Hz , the = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909 × 10 −17 (2 )
− 1 ⎥⎬ (29)
⎪⎩ ⎢ 3
f ELF ( 2) ⎥⎪
gravity acceleration can be strongly ⎣ ⎦⎭
reduced. These conclusions show that Then, results
the ELF Voltage Source of the set-up
g2 ⎧⎪ ⎡ 4
EELF ⎤⎫⎪
(1)
shown in Fig.1 should have the following = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 3 − 1⎥⎬ ×
characteristics: g ⎪ ⎢ f ELF(1) ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
- Voltage range: 0 – 1.5 V ⎧
⎪ ⎡ 4
EELF ⎤⎫⎪
- Frequency range: 10-4Hz – 10-3Hz × ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 ( 2)
− 1⎥⎬ (30)
⎪⎩ ⎢ 3
f ELF( 2) ⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭
In the experimental arrangement
shown in Fig.1, an ELF electric field with From Eq. (28), we then conclude that if
intensity E ELF = V d crosses the χ1(Hg plasma ) < 0 and also χ 2(Hg plasma ) < 0 ,
fluorescent lamp; V is the voltage drop then g 2 will have the same direction
across the metallic plates of the
of g . This way it is possible to intensify
capacitor and max
d = φlamp = 40.3mm .
several times the gravity in the direction
When the ELF electric field is applied, r
of g . On the other hand, if χ1(Hg plasma ) < 0
the gravity acceleration just above the r
lamp (inside the dotted box) decreases and χ 2(Hg plasma ) > 0 the direction of g 2 will
according to (25) and the changes can r
be contrary to direction of g . In this case
be measured by means of the system will be possible to intensify and
balance/sphere presented on the top of r r
become g 2 repulsive in respect to g .
Figure 1.
In Fig. 2 is presented an If we put a lamp above the second
experimental arrangement with two lamp, the gravity acceleration above the
fluorescent lamps in order to test the third lamp becomes
r r
gravity acceleration above the second g 3 = χ 3(Hg plasma) g 2 =
r
lamp. Since gravity acceleration above = χ 3(Hg plasma) χ 2(Hg plasma) χ1(Hg plasma) g (31)
the first lamp is given by
r r or
g1 = χ1(Hg plasma ) g , where

*
After heating.
 6
g3 ⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎤⎫
4 Table1 presents the theoretical
EELF (1) ⎪
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 3 − 1⎥⎬ × values for g 1 and g 2 , calculated
g ⎪ ⎢ f ELF(1) ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ respectively by means of (25) and
(30).They are also plotted on Figures 5,
⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫
⎪ EELF (2) ⎪ 6 and 7 as a function of the
× ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17
− 1⎥⎬ ×
⎪⎩ ⎢ f ELF(2) ⎥⎪
3 frequency f ELF .
⎣ ⎦⎭
Now consider a chamber filled
⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫ with Air at 3 × 10 −12 torr and 300K as
⎪ EELF ⎪
× ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.909×10−17 3
(3)
− 1⎥⎬ (32) shown in Figure 8 (a). Under these
⎪⎩ ⎢ f ELF(3) ⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭ circumstances, the mass density of the
If f ELF (1) = f ELF (2 ) = f ELF (3 ) = f and air inside the chamber, according to Eq.
(21) is ρ air ≅ 4.94 × 10 −15 kg.m −3 .
E ELF (1) = E ELF (2 ) = E ELF (3 ) = V φ = If the frequency of the magnetic
= V0 sin ωt 40.3mm = field, B , through the air is f = 60 Hz then
= 24.814V0 sin 2πft. ωε = 2πfε ≅ 3 × 10 −9 S / m . Assuming that
Then, for t = T 4 we get the electric conductivity of the air inside
the chamber, σ (air ) is much less than ωε ,
E ELF (1) = E ELF (2 ) = E ELF (3 ) = 24.814V0 .
Thus, Eq. (32) gives i.e., σ (air ) << ωε (The atmospheric air
3 conductivity is of the order of
g3 ⎧⎪ ⎡ V 4 ⎤⎫⎪
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 7.237×10−12 03 − 1⎥⎬ (33) 2 − 100 × 10 −15 S .m −1 [6, 7]) then we can
g ⎪
⎩ ⎢
⎣ f ⎥⎪
⎦⎭ rewritten the Eq. (11) as follows
For V0 = 1.5V and f = 0.2mHz
(t = T 4 = 1250s = 20.83min) the gravity
nr(air) ≅ ε r μr ≅ 1 (34)
r
acceleration g 3 above the third lamp will
From Eqs. (7), (14) and (34) we thus
be given by
r r obtain
g 3 = −5.126 g
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
Above the second lamp, the gravity ⎪ ⎢ ⎛ B2 ⎞ ⎪
mg(air) = ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜⎜ nr(air) ⎟⎟ − 1⎥⎬mi(air) =
acceleration given by (30), is
r r ⎪ ⎢ ⎝ μair ρairc
2
⎠ ⎥⎪
g 2 = +2.972g . ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
According to (27) the gravity acceleration
above the first lamp is
{ [ ]}
= 1 − 2 1 + 3.2 ×106 B4 −1 mi(air) (35)
r r
g1 = -1,724g
Therefore, due to the gravitational
Note that, by this process an
r shielding effect produced by the
acceleration g can be increased several
r decreasing of m g (air ) , the gravity
times in the direction of g or in the
acceleration above the air inside the
opposite direction.
chamber will be given by
In the experiment proposed in Fig.
m g (air )
1, we can start with ELF voltage g ′ = χ air g = g =
sinusoidal wave of amplitude V0 = 1.0V m i (air )
and frequency 1mHz . Next, the frequency
will be progressively decreased down
{ [
= 1 − 2 1 + 3 . 2 × 10 6 B 4 − 1 g ]}
to 0.8mHz , 0.6mHz , 0.4mHz and
Note that the gravity acceleration
0.2mHz . Afterwards, the amplitude of the
above the air becomes negative
voltage wave must be increased to
for B > 2.5 × 10 −2 T .
V0 = 1.5V and the frequency decreased
in the above mentioned sequence.

For B = 0.1T the gravity
acceleration above the air becomes
g ′ ≅ −32.8 g
Therefore the ultra-low pressure air
inside the chamber, such as the Hg
plasma inside the fluorescent lamp,
works like a Gravitational Shield that in
practice, may be used to build Gravity
Control Cells (GCC) for several practical
applications.
Consider for example the GCCs of
Plasma presented in Fig.3. The
ionization of the plasma can be made of
several manners. For example, by
means of an electric field between the
electrodes (Fig. 3(a)) or by means of a
RF signal (Fig. 3(b)). In the first case the
ELF electric field and the ionizing electric
field can be the same.
Figure 3(c) shows a GCC filled
with air (at ambient temperature and 1
atm) strongly ionized by means of alpha
particles emitted from 36 radioactive ions
sources (a very small quantity of
Americium 241 † ). The radioactive
element Americium has a half-life of 432
years, and emits alpha particles and low
energy gamma rays (≈ 60 KeV ) . In order
to shield the alpha particles and gamma
rays emitted from the Americium 241 it is
sufficient to encapsulate the GCC with
epoxy. The alpha particles generated by
the americium ionize the oxygen and
† equal to atomic mass of the isotope
The radioactive element Americium (Am-241) is
widely used in ionization smoke detectors. This
type of smoke detector is more common because
it is inexpensive and better at detecting the
smaller amounts of smoke produced by flaming
fires. Inside an ionization detector there is a small
amount (perhaps 1/5000th of a gram) of
americium-241. The Americium is present in
oxide form (AmO2) in the detector. The cost of
the AmO2 is US$ 1,500 per gram. The amount of
radiation in a smoke detector is extremely small.
It is also predominantly alpha radiation. Alpha
radiation cannot penetrate a sheet of paper, and
it is blocked by several centimeters of air. The
americium in the smoke detector could only pose
a danger if inhaled.
7
nitrogen atoms of the air in the
ionization chamber (See Fig. 3(c))
increasing the electrical conductivity of
the air inside the chamber. The high-
speed alpha particles hit molecules in
the air and knock off electrons to form
ions, according to the following
expressions
O2 + H e+ + → O2+ + e − + H e+ +
N 2 + H e+ + → N 2+ + e − + H e+ +
It is known that the electrical
conductivity is proportional to both the
concentration and the mobility of the ions
and the free electrons, and is expressed
by
σ = ρ e μe + ρi μi
Where ρ e and ρ i express respectively
( )
the concentrations C m 3 of electrons
and ions; μ e and μ i are respectively the
mobilities of the electrons and the ions.
In order to calculate the electrical
conductivity of the air inside the
ionization chamber, we first need to
calculate the concentrations ρ e and ρ i .
We start calculating the disintegration
constant, λ , for the Am 241 :
0.693 0.693
λ= = = 5.1 × 10 −11 s −1
T
1
2 432 (
3.15 × 10 7
s )
1
Where T = 432 years is the half-life of
2
the Am 241.
One kmole of an isotope has mass
expressed in kilograms. Therefore, 1g of
Am 241 has
10 −3 kg
= 4.15 × 10 −6 kmoles
241 kg kmole
One kmole of any isotope contains the
Avogadro’s number of atoms. Therefore
1g of Am 241 has
N = 4.15 × 10−6 kmoles×
× 6.025 × 1026 atoms kmole = 2.50 × 1021 atoms
Thus, the activity [8] of the sample is
 8
R = λN = 1.3 × 10 disintegrations/s.
11
ρ air = 1.1452kg.m . Thus, for d = 2cm ,
−3

σ air ≈ 10 3 S .m −1 and f = 60 Hz Eq. (20)

However, we will use 36 ionization
gives
sources each one with 1/5000th of a
mg (air)
gram of Am 241. Therefore we will only χ air = =
use 7.2 × 10 −3 g of Am 241. Thus, R mi(air)
reduces to: ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫
μ ⎛ σ air ⎞ Vrms
3
⎪ ⎪
4
⎢
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 − 1⎥⎬ =
R = λN ≅ 10 9 disintegrations/s ⎪⎩ ⎢ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ d ρair ⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭
This means that at one second, about { [
= 1 − 2 1 + 3.10×10−16Vrms
4
−1 ]}
10 9 α particles hit molecules in the air Note that, for Vrms ≅ 7.96KV , we obtain:
and knock off electrons to form ions χ (air ) ≅ 0 . Therefore, if the voltages
O2+ and N 2+ inside the ionization chamber.
range of this GCC is: 0 − 10KV then it is
Assuming that each alpha particle yields possible to reach χ air ≅ −1 when
one ion at each 1 10 9 second then the
Vrms ≅ 10KV .
total number of ions produced in one
second will be Ni ≅ 1018 ions. This It is interesting to note that σ air can
corresponds to an ions concentration be strongly increased by increasing the

ρ i = eN i V ≈ 0.1 V (C m 3 )
Where V is the volume of the ionization
chamber. Obviously, the concentration of
electrons will be the same, i.e., ρ e = ρ i .
For d = 2cm and φ = 20cm (See Fig.3(c))
we obtain
V = π4 (0.20) (2 × 10 −2 ) = 6.28 × 10 −4 m 3 The
2
amount of Am 241. For example, by
using 0.1g of Am 241 the value of R
increases to:
R = λN ≅ 1010 disintegrations/s
This means Ni ≅ 1020 ions that yield
ρ i = eN i V ≈ 10 V (C m 3 )

n we get: Then, by reducing, d and φ

ρ e = ρ i ≈ 10 2 C m 3
This corresponds to the minimum
respectively, to 5mm and to 11.5cm, the
volume of the ionization chamber
reduces to:
V = π4 (0 .115 ) (5 × 10 −3 ) = 5 .19 × 10 −5 m 3
2

concentration level in the case of

conducting materials. For these Consequently, we get:
materials, at temperature of 300K, the
mobilities μ e and μ i vary from 10 up ρ e = ρ i ≈ 10 5 C m 3
to 100 m 2V −1 s −1 [9]. Then we can assume
Assuming that μ e = μi ≈ 10 m 2V −1 s −1 ,
that μe = μi ≈ 10 m2V −1s −1 . (minimum
then the electrical conductivity of the air
mobility level for conducting materials).
inside the ionization chamber becomes
Under these conditions, the electrical
conductivity of the air inside the
ionization chamber is σ air = ρ e μ e + ρ i μ i ≈ 10 6 S .m −1

σ air = ρ e μ e + ρ i μ i ≈ 10 3 S .m −1 This reduces for Vrms ≅ 18.8V the voltage

necessary to yield χ(air) ≅ 0 and reduces
At temperature of 300K, the air
density inside the GCC, is
 9
to Vrms ≅ 23.5V the voltage necessary to Thus, the local inertia is just the
reach χ air ≅ −1 . gravitational influence of the rest of
matter existing in the Universe.
If the outer surface of a metallic Consequently, if we reduce the
sphere with radius a is covered with a gravitational interactions between a
radioactive element (for example Am spacecraft and the rest of the Universe,
241), then the electrical conductivity of then the inertial properties of the
the air (very close to the sphere) can be spacecraft will be also reduced. This
strongly increased (for example up effect leads to a new concept of
to σ air ≅ 10 6 s.m −1 ). By applying a low- spacecraft and space flight.
frequency electrical potential Vrms to the Since χ air is given by
sphere, in order to produce an electric
field E rms starting from the outer surface ⎧ ⎡ 3 ⎤⎫
mg(air) ⎪ ⎢ μ0 ⎛ σair ⎞ Vrms
4
⎪
of the sphere, then very close to the χair = = ⎨1 − 2 1 + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 − 1⎥⎬
sphere the low-frequency electromagnetic mi0(air) ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ a ρair ⎥⎪
⎦⎭
field is E rms = Vrms a , and according to
Eq. (20), the gravitational mass of the air Then, for σ air ≅ 106 s.m −1 , f = 6Hz , a = 5m,
in this region expressed by
ρair ≅ 1Kg.m−3 and Vrms = 3.35 KV we get
⎧ ⎡
μ0 ⎛σair ⎞ Vrms
3 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢ ⎪
4
mg(air) = ⎨1− 2 1+ 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 −1⎥⎬mi0(air) ,
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ a ρair ⎥⎪ χ air ≅ 0
⎦⎭
can be easily reduced, making possible Under these conditions, the gravitational
to produce a controlled Gravitational forces upon the spacecraft become
Shielding (similar to a GCC) surround approximately nulls and consequently,
the sphere. the spacecraft practically loses its inertial
This becomes possible to build a properties.
spacecraft to work with a gravitational Out of the terrestrial atmosphere,
shielding as shown in Fig. 4. the gravity acceleration upon the
The gravity accelerations on the spacecraft is negligible and therefore the
spacecraft (due to the rest of the gravitational shielding is not necessary.
Universe. See Fig.4) is given by However, if the spacecraft is in the outer
space and we want to use the
g i′ = χ air g i i = 1, 2, 3 … n gravitational shielding then, χ air must be
replaced by χ vac where
Where χ air = m g (air ) mi 0 (air ) . Thus, the
gravitational forces acting on the
⎧ ⎡ 3
μ0 ⎛ σvac ⎞ Vrms ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎢ ⎪
4
spacecraft are given by mg(vac)
χvac = = ⎨1− 2 1+ 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 4 2 −1⎥⎬
mi0(vac) ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ a ρvac ⎥⎪
Fis = M g g i′ = M g (χ air g i ) ⎦⎭

By reducing the value of χ air , these The electrical conductivity of the

ionized outer space (very close to the
forces can be reduced.
spacecraft) is small; however, its density
According to the Mach’s principle;
(
is remarkably small << 10 −16 Kg.m −3 , in )
“The local inertial forces are such a manner that the smaller value of
determined by the gravitational the factor σ vac3
ρ vac
2
can be easily
interactions of the local system with the compensated by the increase of Vrms .
distribution of the cosmic masses”.
 10
It was shown that, when the Fgj = M g (imaginary) g ′j =
gravitational mass of a particle is
reduced to ranging between + 0.159 M i
( )
= M g (imaginary) − χGmgj (imaginary) r j2 =

to − 0.159M i , it becomes imaginary [1], ( )

= M g i − χGmgj i r j2 = + χGM g mgj r j2 .
i.e., the gravitational and the inertial Note that these forces are real. Remind
masses of the particle become that, the Mach’s principle says that the
imaginary. Consequently, the particle inertial effects upon a particle are
disappears from our ordinary space-time. consequence of the gravitational
However, the factor interaction of the particle with the rest of
χ = M g (imaginary ) M i (imaginary ) remains real the Universe. Then we can conclude that
the inertial forces upon an imaginary
because spacecraft are also real. Consequently, it
M g (imaginary ) M gi Mg can travel in the imaginary space-time
χ = = = = real
M i (imaginary ) M ii Mi using its thrusters.
Thus, if the gravitational mass of the It was shown that, imaginary
particle is reduced by means of particles can have infinite speed in the
absorption of an amount of imaginary space-time [1] . Therefore, this
electromagnetic energy U , for example, is also the speed upper limit for the
we have spacecraft in the imaginary space-time.
Since the gravitational spacecraft
χ=
Mg ⎧
( ⎫
= ⎨1 − 2⎡⎢ 1 + U mi0 c 2 − 1⎤⎥⎬
2
) can use its thrusters after to becoming
Mi ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ an imaginary body, then if the thrusters
This shows that the energy U of the produce a total thrust F = 1000kN and
electromagnetic field remains acting on the gravitational mass of the spacecraft
the imaginary particle. In practice, this is reduced from M g = M i = 10 5 kg down
means that electromagnetic fields act on
imaginary particles. Therefore, the to M g ≅ 10 −6 kg , the acceleration of the
electromagnetic field of a GCC remains spacecraft will be, a = F Mg ≅ 1012m.s−2 .
acting on the particles inside the GCC
With this acceleration the spacecraft
even when their gravitational masses
crosses the “visible” Universe
reach the gravitational mass ranging
( diameter= d ≈ 10 m ) in a time interval
26
between + 0.159 M i to − 0.159M i and
Δt = 2d a ≅ 1.4 × 107 m.s −1 ≅ 5.5 months
they become imaginary particles. This is
very important because it means that the Since the inertial effects upon the
GCCs of a gravitational spacecraft keep spacecraft are reduced by
−11
on working when the spacecraft M g M i ≅ 10 then, in spite of the
becomes imaginary. effective spacecraft acceleration be
Under these conditions, the gravity a = 1012 m. s −1 , the effects for the crew
accelerations on the imaginary and for the spacecraft will be equivalent
spacecraft particle (due to the rest of the to an acceleration a′ given by
imaginary Universe) are given by Mg
a′ = a ≈ 10m.s −1
g ′j = χ g j j = 1,2,3,..., n. Mi
This is the order of magnitude of the
acceleration upon of a commercial jet
Where χ = M g (imaginary ) M i (imaginary ) aircraft.
and g j = − Gmgj (imaginary) r . 2
j Thus, the On the other hand, the travel in the
gravitational forces acting on the imaginary space-time can be very safe,
spacecraft are given by because there won’t any material body
along the trajectory of the spacecraft.
 11
Now consider the GCCs presented rotor in order to become negative the
in Fig. 8 (a). Note that below and above acceleration of gravity inside half of the
the air are the bottom and the top of the
chamber. Therefore the choice of the
(
rotor g ′ = (χ steel ) χ air g ≅ χ air g = − ng .
2
)
Obviously this causes a torque
material of the chamber is highly
relevant. If the chamber is made of steel, T = (− F ′ + F )r and the rotor spins with
for example, and the gravity acceleration angular velocity ω . The average
below the chamber is g then at the power, P , of the motor is given by
bottom of the chamber, the gravity
becomes g ′ = χ steel g ; in the air, the P = Tω = [(− F ′ + F )r ]ω (36)
Where
gravity is g′′ = χairg′ = χairχsteelg . At the top
g′′′ = χsteelg′′ = (χsteel) χairg .
2
of the chamber, F ′ = 12 m g g ′ F = 12 m g g
Thus, out of the chamber (close to the
top) the gravity acceleration becomes and m g ≅ mi ( mass of the rotor ). Thus,
g ′′′ . (See Fig. 8 (a)). However, for the
Eq. (36) gives
steel at B < 300T and f = 1 × 10 −6 Hz , we mi gω r
have P = (n + 1) (37)
2
mg (steel) ⎧⎪ ⎡ σ (steel) B 4 ⎤⎫ On the other hand, we have that
⎢ ⎪
χ steel = = ⎨1− 2 1+ −1⎥⎬ ≅ 1 − g′ + g = ω 2r (38)
mi(steel) ⎪ ⎢ 4πfμρ(steel) c
2 2 ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ Therefore the angular speed of the rotor
Since ρ steel = 1.1 × 10 6 S .m −1 , μ r = 300 and is given by
ρ (steel ) = 7800k .m −3 . ω=
(n + 1)g (39)
Thus, due to χ steel ≅ 1 it follows r
that By substituting (39) into (37) we obtain
g ′′′ ≅ g ′′ = χ air g ′ ≅ χ air g the expression of the average power of
If instead of one GCC we have the gravitational motor, i.e.,
P = 12 mi (n + 1) g 3 r (40)
three GCC, all with steel box (Fig. 8(b)), 3
then the gravity acceleration above the
second GCC, g 2 will be given by Now consider an electric generator
coupling to the gravitational motor in
g 2 ≅ χ air g1 ≅ χ air χ air g
order to produce electric energy.
and the gravity acceleration above the Since ω = 2πf then for f = 60 Hz
third GCC, g 3 will be expressed by
we have ω = 120 πrad . s − 1 = 3600 rpm .
g 3 ≅ χ air g ′′ ≅ χ air g
3
Therefore for ω = 120πrad .s −1 and
n = 788 (B ≅ 0.22T ) the Eq. (40) tell us
that we must have
III. CONSEQUENCES
r=
(n + 1)g = 0.0545m
These results point to the
2
ω
possibility to convert gravitational energy Since r = R 3 and mi = ρπR 2 h where ρ ,
into rotational mechanical energy. R and h are respectively the mass
Consider for example the system density, the radius and the height of the
presented in Fig. 9. Basically it is a motor rotor then for h = 0.5m and
with massive iron rotor and a box filled −3
ρ = 7800 Kg .m (iron) we obtain
with gas or plasma at ultra-low pressure
(Gravity Control Cell-GCC) as shown in
Fig. 9. The GCC is placed below the mi = 327.05kg
 12
mg ( Al )
Then Eq. (40) gives g l′ = g l = χ Al g l ≅ −10−9 g l l = 1,2,..,n
mi ( Al )
P ≅ 2.19 × 105 watts ≅ 219 KW ≅ 294HP (41)
This shows that the gravitational motor Where g l is the external gravity in the
can be used to yield electric energy at direction l . We thus conclude that the
large scale. gravity acceleration inside the spacecraft
The possibility of gravity control becomes negligible if g l << 10 9 m .s −2 .
leads to a new concept of spacecraft This means that the aluminum shell,
which is presented in Fig. 10. Due to the under these conditions, works like a
Meissner effect, the magnetic field B is gravity shielding.
expelled from the superconducting shell. Consequently, the gravitational
The Eq. (35) shows that a magnetic forces between anyone point inside the
field, B , through the aluminum shell of spacecraft with gravitational mass, m gj ,
the spacecraft reduces its gravitational
mass according to the following and another external to the spacecraft
expression: (gravitational mass m gk ) are given by
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ r r m gj m gk
⎪ ⎢ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎪ F j = − Fk = −G μ̂
nr ( Al) − 1⎥⎬mi( Al) (42)
⎜ B ⎟
mg ( Al) = ⎨1 − 2 1 + r jk2
⎢ ⎜ μc ρ
2 ⎟ ⎥
⎪ ⎝ ( Al) ⎠ ⎪
⎩ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥⎭ where m gk ≅ mik and m gj = χ Al mij .
If the frequency of the magnetic field is Therefore we can rewrite equation above
f = 10 −4 Hz then we have that in the following form
σ ( Al ) >> ωε since the electric r r mij mik
F j = − Fk = − χ Al G μˆ
conductivity of the aluminum r jk2
−1
is σ ( Al ) = 3.82 × 10 S .m . In this case, the
7
Note that when B = 0 the initial
Eq. (11) tell us that gravitational forces are
r r mij mik
μc 2σ ( Al ) F j = − Fk = −G μ̂
nr ( Al ) = (43) r jk2
4πf
Substitution of (43) into (42) yields Thus, if χ Al ≅ −10 −9 then the initial
⎧ ⎡ σ ( Al ) B 4 ⎤⎫⎪ gravitational forces are reduced from 109
⎪ ⎥⎬mi ( Al ) (44)
mg ( Al ) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + − 1 times and become repulsives.
⎪⎩ ⎢ 4πfμρ 2
( ) c 2
⎥⎪
⎣ Al
⎦⎭ According to the new expression
r r
Since the mass density of the Aluminum for the inertial forces [1], F = m g a , we
is ρ ( Al ) = 2700 kg .m −3 then the Eq. (44) see that these forces have origin in the
can be rewritten in the following form: gravitational interaction between a

{ [ ]}
mg( Al) particle and the others of the Universe,
χ Al = = 1 − 2 1 + 3.68×10−8 B4 −1 (45) just as Mach’s principle predicts. Hence
mi( Al) mentioned expression incorporates the
In practice it is possible to adjust B in Mach’s principle into Gravitation Theory,
order to become, for example, and furthermore reveals that the inertial
χ Al ≅ 10 . This occurs to B ≅ 76 .3T .
−9 effects upon a body can be strongly
reduced by means of the decreasing of
(Novel superconducting magnets are
its gravitational mass.
able to produce up to 14.7T [10, 11]).
Then the gravity acceleration in Consequently, we conclude that if
any direction inside the spacecraft, g l′ , the gravitational forces upon the
spacecraft are reduced from 109 times
will be reduced and given by
then also the inertial forces upon the
 13
spacecraft will be reduced from 109 times radioactive material, it is possible to
when χ Al ≅ −10 −9 . Under these increase the air conductivity inside the
conditions, the inertial effects on the GCC up to σ (air) ≅ 106 S .m−1 . Then
crew would be strongly decreased. for f = 10 Hz ; ρ (air ) = 4.94 × 10−15 kg.m −3
Obviously this leads to a new concept of
(Air at 3 ×10-12 torr, 300K) and we obtain
{[ ] }
aerospace flight.
Inside the spacecraft the χ air = 2 1 + 2.8 × 1021 B 4 − 1 − 1 (57)
gravitational forces between the For B = BGCC = 0.1T (note that, due to
dielectric with gravitational mass, M g
the Meissner effect, the magnetic field
and the man (gravitational mass, m g ), BGCC stay confined inside the
when B = 0 are superconducting box) the Eq. (57) yields
r r M g mg
Fm = − FM = −G μ̂ (46)
r2 χ air ≅ −10 9
or
r Mg
Fm = −G 2 m gˆμ = − m g g M ˆμ (47 ) Since there is no magnetic
r field through the dielectric presented in
r mg Fig.10 then, Mg ≅ Mi . Therefore if
FM = +G 2 M gˆμ = + M g g mˆμ (48)
r M g ≅ Mi =100Kg and r = r0 ≅ 1m the
If the superconducting box under M g
gravity acceleration upon the man,
(Fig. 10) is filled with air at ultra-low according to Eq. (55), is
pressure (3×10-12 torr, 300K for example) a man ≅ 10m .s −1
then, when B ≠ 0 , the gravitational mass
of the air will be reduced according to Consequently it is easy to see that this
(35). Consequently, we have system is ideal to yield artificial gravity
inside the spacecraft in the case of inter-
g ′M = (χ steel ) χ air g M ≅ χ air g M (49)
2
stellar travel, when the gravity
g m′ = (χ steel ) χ air g m ≅ χ air g m (50)
2
acceleration out of the spacecraft - due
r r to the Universe - becomes negligible.
Then the forces Fm and FM become
r The vertical displacement of the
Fm = −m g (χ air g M )ˆμ (51) spacecraft can be produced by means of
r
FM = + M g (χ air g m )ˆμ (52) Gravitational Thrusters. A schematic
diagram of a Gravitational Thruster is
Therefore if χ air = −n we will have shown in Fig.11. The Gravitational
r
Fm = +nmg g M μ̂ (53) Thrusters can also provide the horizontal
r displacement of the spacecraft.
FM = −nM g g m μ̂ (54) The concept of Gravitational
r r Thruster results from the theory of the
Thus, Fm and FM become repulsive.
Gravity Control Battery, showed in Fig. 8
Consequently, the man inside the (b). Note that the number of GCC
spacecraft is subjected to a gravity increases the thrust of the thruster. For
acceleration given by example, if the thruster has three GCCs
r Mg
aman = ngMˆμ = −χ air G 2 ˆμ (55) then the gravity acceleration upon the
r gas sprayed inside the thruster will be
Inside the GCC we have, repulsive in respect to M g (See Fig.
⎧ ⎡ σ B4 ⎤⎫⎪ 11(a)) and given by
m ⎪
χair = g(air) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + (air)2 2 − 1⎥⎬ (56) Mg
mi(air) ⎪ ⎢⎣ 4πfμρ(air)c ⎥⎦⎪ a gas = (χ air ) (χ steel ) g ≅ −(χ air ) G
3 4 3
⎩ ⎭
r02
By ionizing the air inside the GCC
(Fig. 10), for example, by means of a Thus, if inside the GCCs, χair ≅ −109
 14
(See Eq. 56 and 57) then the equation Let us now calculate the
above gives gravitational forces between two very
Mi close thin layers of the air around the
a gas ≅ +10 27 G
r02 spacecraft. (See Fig. 13).
The gravitational force dF12 that
For M i ≅ 10kg , r0 ≅ 1m and m gas ≅ 10 −12 kg
dm g1 exerts upon dm g 2 , and the
the thrust is
F = m gas a gas ≅ 10 5 N
gravitational force dF21 that dm g 2 exerts
Thus, the Gravitational Thrusters are upon dm g1 are given by
able to produce strong thrusts. r r dmg2 dmg1
Note that in the case of very dF12 = dF21 = −G μ̂ (58)
r2
strong χ air , for example χ air ≅ −10 9 , the Thus, the gravitational forces between
gravity accelerations upon the boxes of the air layer 1, gravitational mass m g1 ,
the second and third GCCs become very
and the air layer 2, gravitational mass
strong (Fig.11 (a)). Obviously, the walls
m g 2 , around the spacecraft are
of the mentioned boxes cannot to stand
the enormous pressures. However, it is r r G mg1 mg 2
F12 = −F21 = − 2 ∫ ∫ dmg1dmg 2ˆμ =
possible to build a similar system with 3 r 0 0
or more GCCs, without material boxes. mg1mg 2 mi1mi 2
Consider for example, a surface with = −G ˆ
μ = −χ air χ air G ˆμ (59)
several radioactive sources (Am-241, for r2 r2
example). The alpha particles emitted At 100km altitude the air pressure is
from the Am-241 cannot reach besides 5.691×10−3 torr and ρ(air) = 5.998×10−6 kg.m−3 [12].
10cm of air. Due to the trajectory of the By ionizing the air surround the
alpha particles, three or more successive spacecraft, for example, by means of an
layers of air, with different electrical oscillating electric field, E osc , starting
conductivities σ 1 , σ 2 and σ 3 , will be
from the surface of the spacecraft ( See
established in the ionized region (See Fig. 13) it is possible to increase the air
Fig.11 (b)). It is easy to see that the conductivity near the spacecraft up to
gravitational shielding effect produced by σ (air) ≅ 106 S .m−1 . Since f = 1Hz and, in
these three layers is similar to the effect
produced by the 3 GCCs shown in Fig. this case σ (air ) >> ωε , then, according to
11 (a).
Eq. (11), nr = μσ(air)c 2 4πf . From
It is important to note that if F is
force produced by a thruster then the Eq.(56) we thus obtain
spacecraft acquires acceleration ⎧ ⎡ σ B4 ⎤⎫⎪
m ⎪
a spacecraft given by [1] χair = g(air) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + (air) 2 2 −1⎥⎬ (60)
mi(air) ⎪ ⎢ 4πfμ0ρ(air)c ⎥
F F ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎪⎭
a spacecraft = = Then for B = 763T the Eq. (60) gives
M g (spacecraft) χ Al M i (inside) + mi ( Al )
Therefore if χ Al ≅ 10 −9 ;
and mi ( Al ) = 100 Kg (inertial mass of the
M i(inside) = 104 Kg
{ [ ]}
χ air = 1 − 2 1+ ~ 104 B 4 − 1 ≅ −108 (61)
aluminum shell) then it will be necessary By substitution of χ air ≅ −108 into Eq.,
F = 10kN to produce
(59) we get
a spacecraft = 100m .s −2 r r
Note that the concept of Gravitational
m m
F12 = −F21 = −1016 G i1 2 i 2 μ̂ (62)
r
Thrusters leads directly to the
Gravitational Turbo Motor concept (See
Fig. 12).

If mi1 ≅ mi 2 = ρ air V1 ≅ ρ air V2 ≅ 10 kg , and
r = 10 −3 m we obtain
r r
F12 = −F21 ≅ −10−4 N (63)
These forces are much more intense
than the inter-atomic forces (the forces
which maintain joined atoms, and
molecules that make the solids and
liquids) whose intensities, according to
the Coulomb’s law, is of the order of
1-1000×10-8N.
Consequently, the air around the
spacecraft will be strongly compressed
upon their surface, making an “air shell”
that will accompany the spacecraft
during its displacement and will protect
the aluminum shell of the direct attrition
with the Earth’s atmosphere.
In this way, during the flight, the
attrition would occur just between the “air
shell” and the atmospheric air around
her. Thus, the spacecraft would stay free
of the thermal effects that would be
produced by the direct attrition of the
aluminum shell with the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Another interesting effect produced
by the magnetic field B of the
spacecraft is the possibility of to lift a
body from the surface of the Earth to the
spacecraft as shown in Fig. 14. By
ionizing the air surround the spacecraft,
by means of an oscillating electric field,
E osc , the air conductivity near the
spacecraft can reach, for example,
σ (air ) ≅ 10 6 S .m −1 . Then for f = 1Hz ;
B = 40.8T and ρ(air) ≅ 1.2kg.m−3 (300K and
1 atm) the Eq. (56) yields
χ air = ⎧⎨1 − 2⎡⎢ 1 + 4.9 ×10−7 B4 − 1⎤⎥⎫⎬ ≅ −0.1
⎩ ⎣
Thus, the weight of the body becomes
Pbody = mg (body) g = χ air mi (body) g = mi(body) g ′
Consequently, the body will be lifted on
the direction of the spacecraft with
acceleration
g ′ = χ air g ≅ +0.98m.s −1
Let us now consider an important
15
−8
aspect of the flight dynamics of a
Gravitational Spacecraft.
Before starting the flight, the
gravitational mass of the spacecraft, M g ,
must be strongly reduced, by means of a
gravity control system, in order to
r
produce – withr a weak thrust F , a strong
acceleration, a , given by [1]
r
r F
a=
Mg
In this way, the spacecraft could be
strongly accelerated and quickly to reach
very high speeds near speed of light.
If the gravity control system of the
spacecraft is suddenly turned off, the
gravitational mass of the spacecraft
becomes immediately equal to its inertial
mass, M i , (M g′ = M i ) and the velocity
r r
V becomes equal to V ′ . According to
the Momentum Conservation Principle,
we have that
M gV = M g′ V ′
Supposing that the spacecraft was
traveling in space with speed V ≈ c , and
that its gravitational mass it was
M g = 1Kg and M i = 10 4 Kg then the
velocity of the spacecraft is reduced to
Mg Mg
V′ = V= V ≈ 10−4 c
′
Mg Mi
Initially, when the velocity of the
r
spacecraft is V , its kinetic energy is
Ek = (Mg −mg )c2. Where Mg = mg 1 − V 2 c2 .
At the instant in which the gravity control
system of the spacecraft is turned off,
the kinetic energy becomes
Ek′ = (Mg′ − m′g )c . Where Mg′ = m′g 1 − V ′2 c2 .
2
We can rewritten the expressions of
⎦⎭ E k and E k′ in the following form
Ek = (MgV − mgV )
c2
V
Ek′ = (M g′V ′ − m′gV ′)
c2
V′
Substitution of M gV = M g′ V ′ = p ,

mgV = p 1−V c and m′gV ′ = p 1 − V ′ c into
2 2
the equations of E k and E k′ gives
( ) pcV
2
Ek = 1 − 1 − V 2 c 2
16
2 2 Obviously this electromagnetic
pulse (EMP) will induce heavy currents
in all electronic equipment that mainly
contains semiconducting and conducting
materials. This produces immense heat

E ′ = (1 − c )
2 that melts the circuitry inside. As such,
pc
1 − V ′2 2
while not being directly responsible for
V′
k
the loss of lives, these EMP are capable
Since V ≈ c then follows that of disabling electric/electronic systems.
Therefore, we possibly have a new type
E k ≈ pc of electromagnetic bomb. An
electromagnetic bomb or E-bomb is a
On the other hand, since V ′ << c we get well-known weapon designed to disable
( ) pcV ′ electric/electronic systems on a wide
2
E k′ = 1 − 1 − V ′ 2 c 2 = scale with an intense electromagnetic
⎛ ⎞
pulse.
⎜ ⎟ Based on the theory of the GCC it
⎟ pc ≅ ⎛⎜ V ′ ⎞⎟ pc
2
⎜
≅ 1−
1
is also possible to build a Gravitational
⎜ V ′2 ⎟ V′ ⎝ 2c ⎠
⎜ 1 + 2 + ... ⎟ Press of ultra-high pressure as shown in
⎝ 2c ⎠ Fig.15.
Therefore we conclude that E k >> E k′ . The chamber 1 and 2 are GCCs
Consequently, when the gravity control with air at 1×10-4torr, 300K
system of the spacecraft is turned off, (σ (air ) ≈ 10 S .m ; ρ (air ) = 5 × 10 kg .m −3 .
6 −1 −8
)
occurs an abrupt decrease in the kinetic
Thus, for f = 10 Hz and B = 0.107T we
energy of the spacecraft, ΔE k , given by
have
⎧ ⎡ σ (air) B 4 ⎤⎫
ΔEk = Ek − Ek′ ≈ pc ≈ M g c 2 ≈ 1017 J ⎪ ⎢
χ air = ⎨1− 2 1+
⎪
−1⎥⎬ ≅ −118
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 4πfμ0 ρ(air) c
2 2 ⎥⎪
⎦⎭
By comparing the energy ΔE k with the
inertial energy of the spacecraft, The gravity acceleration above the
E i = M i c 2 , we conclude that air of the chamber 1 is
r
ΔE k ≈
Mg
Ei ≈ 10 − 4 M i c 2
g1 = χ stellχ air gˆμ ≅ +1.15×103ˆμ (64)
Mi Since, in this case, χ steel ≅ 1 ; μ̂ is an
The energy ΔE k (several megatons) unitary vector in the opposite direction of
r
must be released in very short time g.
interval. It is approximately the same Above the air of the chamber 2 the
amount of energy that would be released gravity acceleration becomes
in the case of collision of the spacecraft ‡ .
r
However, the situation is very different of g2 = (χ stell ) (χair ) gˆμ ≅ −1.4 × 105ˆμ (65)
2 2

a collision ( M g just becomes suddenly

equal to M i ), and possibly the energy r
Therefore the resultant force R acting on
ΔE k is converted into a High Power m2 , m1 and m is
Electromagnetic Pulse.
‡
In this case, the collision of the spacecraft would
release ≈1017J (several megatons) and it would be
similar to a powerful kinetic weapon.
 r r r r
17
r r r
R = F2 + F1 + F = m2 g 2 + m1 g1 + mg = The GCCs can also be applied
on generation and detection of
= −1.4 × 105 m2ˆμ + 1.15 × 103 m1ˆμ − 9.81mˆμ = Gravitational Radiation.
≅ −1.4 × 105 m2ˆμ (66) Consider a cylindrical GCC (GCC
antenna) as shown in Fig.16 (a). The
where gravitational mass of the air inside the
⎛π 2 ⎞ GCC is
m 2 = ρ steel Vdisk 2 = ρ steel ⎜ φ inn H⎟ (67 ) ⎧ ⎡ ⎤⎫⎪
⎝4 ⎠ ⎪ σ (air ) B 4
mg (air ) = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + − 1⎥⎬mi (air ) (68)
Thus, for ρ steel ≅ 10 4 kg .m −3 we can write ⎪⎩ ⎢ 4πfμρ 2
(air ) c 2
⎥⎪
⎣ ⎦⎭
that By varying B one can varies mg (air) and
F2 ≅ 109 φinn 2
H
consequently to vary the gravitational
field generated by mg (air) , producing then
For the steel τ ≅ 105 kg.cm−2 = 109 kg.m−2
gravitational radiation. Then a GCC can
consequently we must have work like a Gravitational Antenna.
−2
F2 Sτ < 10 kg .m ( Sτ = πφinnH see Fig.15).
9
Apparently, Newton’s theory of
This means that gravity had no gravitational waves
10 9 φ inn
2
H because, if a gravitational field changed
< 10 9 kg .m − 2 in some way, that change took place
πφ inn H
instantaneously everywhere in space,
Then we conclude that and one can think that there is not a
φinn < 3.1m wave in this case. However, we have
For φinn = 2m and H = 1m the Eq. (67) gives already seen that the gravitational
interaction can be repulsive, besides
m2 ≅ 3 × 10 4 kg
attractive. Thus, as with electromagnetic
Therefore from the Eq. (66) we obtain interaction, the gravitational interaction
R ≅ 1010 N must be produced by the exchange of
Consequently, in the area S = 10 −4 m 2 of "virtual" quanta of spin 1 and mass null,
the Gravitational Press, the pressure is i.e., the gravitational "virtual" quanta
R (graviphoton) must have spin 1 and not
p = ≅ 1014 N .m − 2 2. Consequently, the fact of a change in
S
a gravitational field reach
This enormous pressure is much
instantaneously everywhere in space
greater than the pressure in the center of
occurs simply due to the speed of the
the Earth ( 3.617 × 1011 N .m −2 ) [13]. It is graviphoton to be infinite. It is known that
near of the gas pressure in the center of there is no speed limit for “virtual”
the sun ( 2 × 1016 N .m −2 ). Under the action photons. On the contrary, the
of such intensities new states of matter electromagnetic quanta (“virtual”
are created and astrophysical photons) could not communicate the
phenomena may be simulated in the lab electromagnetic interaction an infinite
for the first time, e.g. supernova distance.
explosions. Controlled thermonuclear Thus, there are two types of
fusion by inertial confinement, fast gravitational radiation: the real and
nuclear ignition for energy gain, novel virtual, which is constituted of
collective acceleration schemes of graviphotons; the real gravitational
particles and the numerous variants of waves are ripples in the space-time
material processing constitute examples generated by gravitational field changes.
of progressive applications of such According to Einstein’s theory of gravity
Gravitational Press of ultra-high the velocity of propagation of these
pressure. waves is equal to the speed of light (c).

Unlike the electromagnetic waves the
real gravitational waves have low interaction
with matter and consequently low scattering.
Therefore real gravitational waves are
suitable as a means of transmitting
information. However, when the distance
between transmitter and receiver is too
large, for example of the order of magnitude
of several light-years, the transmission of
information by means of gravitational waves
becomes impracticable due to the long time
necessary to receive the information. On the
other hand, there is no delay during the
transmissions by means of virtual
gravitational radiation. In addition the
scattering of this radiation is null. Therefore
the virtual gravitational radiation is very
suitable as a means of transmitting
information at any distances including
astronomical distances.
As concerns detection of the
virtual gravitational radiation from GCC
antenna, there are many options. Due to
Resonance Principle a similar GCC antenna
(receiver) tuned at the same frequency can
absorb energy from an incident virtual
gravitational radiation (See Fig.16 (b)).
Consequently, the gravitational mass of the
air inside the GCC receiver will vary such as
the gravitational mass of the air inside the
GCC transmitter. This will induce a magnetic
field similar to the magnetic field of the GCC
transmitter and therefore the current through
the coil inside the GCC receiver will have the
same characteristics of the current through
the coil inside the GCC transmitter.
However, the volume and pressure of the air
inside the two GCCs must be exactly the
same; also the type and the quantity of
atoms in the air inside the two GCCs must
be exactly the same. Thus, the GCC
antennas are simple but they are not easy to
build.
Note that a GCC antenna radiates
graviphotons and gravitational waves
simultaneously (Fig. 16 (a)). Thus, it is not
only a gravitational antenna: it is a
Quantum Gravitational Antenna because it
can also emit and detect gravitational
"virtual" quanta (graviphotons), which, in
turn, can transmit information
instantaneously from any distance in the
Universe without scattering.
Due to the difficulty to build two similar
GCC antennas and, considering that the
electric current in the receiver antenna can
18
be detectable even if the gravitational
mass of the nuclei of the antennas are not
strongly reduced, then we propose to
replace the gas at the nuclei of the antennas
by a thin dielectric lamina. The dielectric
lamina with exactly 108 atoms (103atoms ×
103atoms × 102atoms) is placed between the
plates (electrodes) as shown in Fig. 17.
When the virtual gravitational radiation
strikes upon the dielectric lamina, its
gravitational mass varies similarly to the
gravitational mass of the dielectric lamina of
the transmitter antenna, inducing an
electromagnetic field ( E , B ) similar to the
transmitter antenna. Thus, the electric
current in the receiver antenna will have the
same characteristics of the current in the
transmitter antenna. In this way, it is then
possible to build two similar antennas whose
nuclei have the same volumes and the same
types and quantities of atoms.
Note that the Quantum Gravitational
Antennas can also be used to transmit
electric power. It is easy to see that the
Transmitter and Receiver (Fig. 17(a)) can
work with strong voltages and electric
currents. This means that strong electric
power can be transmitted among Quantum
Gravitational Antennas. This obviously
solves the problem of wireless electric power
transmission.
The existence of imaginary masses has
been predicted in a previous work [1]. Here
we will propose a method and a device using
GCCs for obtaining images of imaginary
bodies.
It was shown that the inertial
imaginary mass associated to an electron is
given by
2 ⎛ hf ⎞
m ie (ima ) = ⎜ 2 ⎟i =
2
m ( )i (69 )
3 ⎝c ⎠ 3 ie real
Assuming that the correlation between the
gravitational mass and the inertial mass
(Eq.6) is the same for both imaginary and
real masses then follows that the
gravitational imaginary mass associated to
an electron can be written in the following
form:
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫
⎪ ⎛ U ⎞ ⎪
mge(ima) = ⎨1− 2 1+ ⎜⎜ 2 nr ⎟⎟ −1⎥⎬mie(ima)
⎢
⎢ ⎥
(70)
⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎝ mi c ⎠ ⎪
⎥⎦⎭
⎩
Thus, the gravitational imaginary mass
associated to matter can be reduced, made
 19
negative and increased, just as the obtain an image of the imaginary body of
gravitational real mass. mass m g (ima ) placed in front of the board.
It was shown that also photons have
In order to decrease strongly the
imaginary mass. Therefore, the imaginary
gravitational effects produced by bodies
mass can be associated or not to the matter.
placed behind the imaginary body of mass
In a general way, the gravitational
forces between two gravitational imaginary im g , one can put five GCCs making a
masses are then given by Gravitational Shielding as shown in
r r ( )( )
iM g img M g mg Fig.18(c). If the GCCs are filled with air at
F = −F = −G 2
μˆ = +G 2 μˆ (71) 300Kand 3 ×10−12torr.Then ρair = 4.94×10−15kg.m−3
r r
and σair ≅1×10 S.m . Thus, for f = 60 Hz and
−14 −1
Note that these forces are real and
repulsive. B ≅ 0.7T the Eq. (56) gives
Now consider a gravitational
mg (air)
imaginary mass, mg (ima) = img , not associated χ air = = ⎧⎨1− 2⎡ 1+ 5B 4 −1⎤⎫⎬ ≅ −10−2 (73)
mi(air) ⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦⎭
with matter (like the gravitational imaginary
mass associated to the photons) and For χ air ≅ 10 −2 the gravitational shielding
another gravitational imaginary mass presented in Fig.18(c) will reduce any value
M g (ima ) = iM g associated to a material of g to χ air 5
g ≅ 10 −10 g . This will be
body. sufficiently to reduce strongly the
Any material body has an imaginary gravitational effects proceeding from both
mass associated to it, due to the existence sides of the gravitational shielding.
of imaginary masses associated to the Another important consequence of the
electrons. We will choose a quartz crystal correlation between gravitational mass and
(for the material body with gravitational inertial mass expressed by Eq. (1) is the
imaginary mass M g (ima ) = iM g ) because possibility of building Energy Shieldings
quartz crystals are widely used to detect around objects in order to protect them from
forces (piezoelectric effect). high-energy particles and ultra-intense fluxes
By using GCCs as shown in Fig. 18(b) of radiation.
and Fig.18(c), we can increase the In order to explain that possibility, we
r start from the new expression [1] for the
gravitational acceleration, a , produced by
momentum q of a particle with gravitational
the imaginary mass im g upon the crystals.
mass M g and velocity V , which is given by
Then it becomes
mg q = M gV (74)
a = − χ air
3
G (72 )
r2 where Mg = mg 1−V 2 c2 and mg = χ mi [1].
As we have seen, the value of χ air can be
Thus, we can write
increased up to χ air ≅ −10 9 (See Eq.57).
mg χ mi
Note that in this case, the gravitational = (75)
forces become attractive. In addition, if m g 1−V 2 c2 1−V 2 c2
is not small, the gravitational forces between Therefore, we get
the imaginary body of mass im g and the Mg = χ Mi (76 )
crystals can become sufficiently intense to It is known from the Relativistic Mechanics
be easily detectable. that
Due to the piezoelectric effect, the UV
q= 2 (77 )
gravitational force acting on the crystal will c
produce a voltage proportional to its where U is the total energy of the particle.
intensity. Then consider a board with This expression is valid for any velocity V of
hundreds micro-crystals behind a set of the particle, including V = c .
GCCs, as shown in Fig.18(c). By amplifying By comparing Eq. (77) with Eq. (74)
the voltages generated in each micro-crystal we obtain
and sending to an appropriated data
acquisition system, it will be thus possible to
U = M g c2 (78)
 20
It is a well-known experimental fact that becomes greater than + 0.159 M i , or less
M i c 2 = hf (79) than − 0.159M i , i.e., when χ > 0.159 , the
Therefore, by substituting Eq. (79) and Eq.
particle return to our Universe.
(76) into Eq. (74), gives
Figure 19 (a) clarifies the
q= χ
V h
(80) phenomenon of reduction of the momentum
c λ for χ > 0.159 , and Figure 19 (b) shows the
Note that this expression is valid for any
velocity V of the particle. In the particular effect in the case of χ < 0.159 . In this case,
case of V = c , it reduces to the particles become imaginary and
consequently, they go to the imaginary
q= χ
h
(81) space-time when they penetrate the electric
λ
By comparing Eq. (80) with Eq. (77), we field E . However, the electric field E stays
obtain at the real space-time. Consequently, the
U = χ hf (82) particles return immediately to the real
space-time in order to return soon after to
Note that only for χ = 1 the Eq. (81) and Eq. the imaginary space-time, due to the action
(82) are reduced to the well=known of the electric field E . Since the particles are
expressions of DeBroglie (q = h λ ) and moving at a direction, they appear and
Einstein (U = hf ) . disappear while they are crossing the region,
Equations (80) and (82) show for up to collide with the plate (See Fig.19) with
example, that any real particle (material ⎛V ⎞ h
a momentum, q m = χ ⎜ ⎟ , in the case
particles, real photons, etc) that penetrates a ⎝ c ⎠λ
region (with density ρ and electrical h
conductivity σ ), where there is an ELF of the material particle, and q r = χ in the
λ
electric field E , will have its momentum q case of the photon. Note that by
and its energy U reduced by the factor χ . making χ ≅ 0 , it is possible to block high-
According to Eq. (20), χ is given by energy particles and ultra-intense fluxes of
⎧ ⎤⎫
radiation. These Energy Shieldings can be
⎡ 3
mg ⎪ μ ⎛ σ ⎞ E4 ⎥ ⎪
χ= ⎢
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + 2 ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ −1 ⎬ (83) built around objects in order to protect them
mi ⎪ ⎢ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎟⎠ ρ 2 ⎥⎪ from such particles and radiation.
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ It is also important to note that the
The remaining amount of momentum gravity control process described here points
and energy, respectively given by to the possibility of obtaining Controlled
(1 − χ ) ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ and (1 − χ ) hf ,
V h Nuclear Fusion by means of increasing of
are the intensity of the gravitational interaction
⎝ c ⎠λ
between the nuclei. When the gravitational
transferred to the imaginary particle
associated to the real particle § (material forces FG = Gmgm′g r2 become greater than
particles or real photons) that penetrated the the electrical forces FE = qq ′ 4πε 0 r 2
mentioned region.
It was previously shown that, when the between the nuclei, then nuclear fusion
gravitational mass of a particle is reduced to reactions can occur.
Note that, according to Eq. (83), the
ranging between + 0.159 M i to − 0.159M i , gravitational mass can be strongly
i.e., when χ < 0.159 , it becomes imaginary increased. Thus, if E = E m sin ωt , then the
[1], i.e., the gravitational and the inertial average value for E 2 is equal to 1 E m2 ,
2
masses of the particle become imaginary.
Consequently, the particle disappears from because E varies sinusoidaly ( E m is the
our ordinary space-time. It goes to the maximum value for E ). On the other hand,
Imaginary Universe. On the other hand, Erms = Em 2 . Consequently, we can replace
when the gravitational mass of the particle
4
E for E 4
. In addition, as j = σE (Ohm's
rms
§
As previously shown, there are imaginary particles vectorial Law), then Eq. (83) can be rewritten
associated to each real particle [1]. as follows
 21
⎧ ⎡ μ j4 ⎤⎫ irms > 4.24 k A
mg ⎪ ⎪
χ= = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + K r 2rms3 − 1⎥ ⎬ (84)
mi 0 ⎪ ⎢ σρ f ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ Obviously, this current will explode the
carbon wire. However, this explosion
where K = 1.758× 10−27 and j rms = j 2 . becomes negligible in comparison with the
Thus, the gravitational force equation very strong gravitational implosion, which
can be expressed by occurs simultaneously due to the enormous
increase in intensities of the gravitational
FG = Gmgm′g r2 = χ2Gmi0mi′0 r2 = forces among the carbon nuclei produced by
2
means of the ELF current through the
⎧ ⎡
⎪ μ j4 ⎤⎫⎪ carbon wire as predicted by Eq. (85). Since,
= ⎨1− 2⎢ 1+ K r 2rms3 −1⎥⎬ Gmi0mi′0 r2 (85) in this case, the gravitational forces among
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ σρ f ⎥⎪
⎦⎭ the carbon nuclei become greater than the
repulsive electric forces among them the
In order to obtain FG > FE we must have result is the production of 12C + 12C fusion
reactions.
⎧ ⎡ μr jrms
4 ⎤⎫ qq′ 4πε0 Similar reactions can occur by using a
⎪ ⎢ ⎪
⎨1− 2 1+ K 2 3 −1⎥⎬ > (86) lithium wire. In addition, it is important to
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ σρ f ⎥⎪ Gmi0 mi′0
⎦⎭ note that j rms is directly proportional
The carbon fusion is a set of nuclear 3

fusion reactions that take place in massive to f 4 (Eq. 87). Thus, for example,
−8
stars (at least 8M sun at birth). It requires high if f = 10 Hz , the current necessary to
temperatures ( > 5×10 K )
8
and densities produce the nuclear reactions will be
−3 i rms = 130 A .
( > 3 × 10 kg .m ). The principal reactions are:
9
23
Na + p + 2.24 MeV
IV.CONCLUSION
12
C + 12C → 20
Ne + α + 4.62 MeV
The process described here is clearly
24
Mg + γ +13.93 MeV the better way in order to control the gravity.
In the case of Carbon nuclei (12C) of a thin This is because the Gravity Control Cell in
this case is very easy to be built, the cost is
carbon wire ( σ ≅ 4 ×104 S.m−1 ; ρ = 2.2 ×103 S.m−1 )
low and it works at ambient temperature.
Eq. (86) becomes The Gravity Control is the starting point for
⎧ ⎡ 4 ⎤⎫⎪ e2 the generation of and detection of Virtual
⎪ ⎢ −39 jrms
⎥⎬ >
⎨1− 2 1+ 9.08×10 −1 Gravitational Radiation (Quantum
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ f 3 ⎥⎪ 16πε0Gm2p
⎦⎭ Gravitational Transceiver) also for the
whence we conclude that the condition for construction of the Gravitational Motor and
the 12C + 12C fusion reactions occur is the Gravitational Spacecraft which includes
3 the system for generation of artificial gravity
jrms > 1.7 ×1018 f 4 (87) presented in Fig.10 and the Gravitational
If the electric current through the carbon wire Thruster (Fig.11). While the Gravitational
has Extremely-Low Frequency (ELF), for Transceiver leads to a new concept in
example, if f = 1μHz , then the current Telecommunication, the Gravitational Motor
changes the paradigm of energy conversion
density, j rms , must have the following value:
and the Gravitational Spacecraft points to a
jrms > 5.4 ×1013 A.m−2 (88) new concept in aerospace flight.
Since j rms = i rms S where S = πφ 2 4 is the
area of the cross section of the wire, we can
conclude that, for an ultra-thin carbon wire
with 10μm -diameter, it is necessary that the
current through the wire, i rms , have the
following intensity
 22

Fixed pulley g1=-g

g g
g1≅ 0

Inside the dotted box the gravity

g1=g acceleration can become different of g
Low-pressure Hg Plasma mg (Hg plasma )
(ρ ≅ 6×10-5Kg.m-3, σ ≅ 3.4 S.m-1@ 6×10-3Torr) g1 = χ Hg plasma g = g
mi (Hg plasma )

ELF Voltage Source

(0 – 1.5V, 1mHz – 0.1mHz)

20W T-12 Fluorescent Lamp lit

(F20T12/C50/ECO GE, Ecolux® T12)
EELF
Metallic Plate

Extra Low-Frequency Electric Field 220V, 60 Hz

(1mHz – 0.1mHz)

Fig. 1 – Gravitational Shielding Effect by means of an ELF electric field through

low- pressure Hg Plasma.
 23

Inside the dotted box the gravity

acceleration above the second lamp
becomes
g 2 = χ 2 Hg plasma g1 =
= χ 2 Hg plasma (χ 1Hg plasma g )
g

g
2 g2

1 χ 2 Hg plasma
fELF(2)

g1
χ1Hg plasma
fELF(1)

Fig. 2 – Gravity acceleration above a second fluorescent lamp.

 24

mg (Hg )
g1 =
plasma
g
mi (Hg plasma )

Electrodes
Low-density plasma ~ ELF Voltage Source
Electrodes

(a)
mg (Hg )
g1 =
plasma
g
mi (Hg plasma )

Low-density plasma RF Signal RF

Transmitter

g ~
ELF Voltage Source
(b)

Radioactive ions sources

(Americium 241)
φ

d • Air @ 1 atm, 25°C • ~ V, f

Insulating holder Epoxy Ionization chamber

Aluminium, 1mm-thickness

(c)

Fig. 3 – Schematic diagram of Gravity Control Cells (GCCs).

(a) GCC where the ELF electric field and the ionizing electric field can be the same. (b) GCC
where the plasma is ionized by means of a RF signal. (c) GCC filled with air (at ambient
temperature and 1 atm) strongly ionized by means of alpha particles emitted from radioactive
ions sources (Am 241, half-life 432 years). Since the electrical conductivity of the ionized air
depends on the amount of ions then it can be strongly increased by increasing the amount of Am
241 in the GCC. This GCC has 36 radioactive ions sources each one with 1/5000th of gram of
Am 241, conveniently positioned around the ionization chamber, in order to
obtain σ air ≅ 10 3 S .m −1 .
 25

Gravitational Shielding
Spacecraft

a Mg

g’ = χair g

Erms (low frequency)

χair

g = G mg / r2

mg

The gravity accelerations on the spacecraft (due to the rest of the Universe) can be controlled by
means of the gravitational shielding, i.e.,
g’i = χair gi i = 1, 2, 3 … n
Thus,
Fis= Fsi = Mg g’i = Mg (χair gi)
Then the inertial forces acting on the spacecraft (s) can be strongly reduced. According to the Mach’s
principle this effect can reduce the inertial properties of the spacecraft and consequently, leads to a new
concept of spacecraft and aerospace flight.

Fig. 4 – Gravitational Shielding surround a Spherical Spacecraft.

 26

V = V0 t = T /4 EELF (1) fELF (1) g1 / g EELF (2) fELF (2) g2 / g

(Volts) (s) ( min) (V/m) (mHz) Exp. Teo. (V/m) (mHz) Exp. Teo.
250 4.17 24.81 1 - 0.993 24.81 1 - 0.986
312.5 5.21 24.81 0.8 - 0.986 24.81 0.8 - 0.972
1.0 V 416.6 6.94 24.81 0.6 - 0.967 24.81 0.6 - 0.935
625 10.42 24.81 0.4 - 0.890 24.81 0.4 - 0.792
1250 20.83 24.81 0.2 - 0.240 24.81 0.2 - 0.058
250 4.17 37.22 1 - 0.964 37.22 1 - 0.929
312.5 5.21 37.22 0.8 - 0.930 37.22 0.8 - 0.865
1.5V 416.6 6.94 37.22 0.6 - 0.837 37.22 0.6 - 0.700
625 10.42 37.22 0.4 - 0,492 37.22 0.4 - 0.242
1250 20.83 37.22 0.2 - -1,724 37.22 0.2 - 2.972

Table 1 – Theoretical Results.

 27

f ELF (mHz)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
3

g1/g 1

g1/g

1.0V

g1/g
-1
1.5V

-2

Fig. 5- Distribution of the correlation g1/ g as a function of f ELF

 28

f ELF (mHz)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
3
g2/g
1.5V

g2/g 1

g2/g 1.0V

-1

-2

Fig. 6- Distribution of the correlation g2 / g as a function of f ELF

 29

f ELF (mHz)
1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1
3
g2/g

1.5V

gi/g 1

g1/g

1.5V
-1

-2

Fig. 7- Distribution of the correlations gi / g as a function of f ELF

 30

Inductor
Air at ultra-low pressure
Steel Box

g ′′′ ( For B < 300T χ steel ≅ 1 then g ′′′ ≅ g ′′ )

g ′′′ = χ steel g ′′ = (χ steel ) χ air g

2

g ′′ = χ air g ′

g ′ = χ steel g

(a)

g 3 = χ 3 χ 2 χ1 g
χ3 GCC 3

g 2 = χ 2 χ1 g
Steel Boxes χ2 GCC 2

g1 = χ 1 g
χ1 GCC 1

(b)

Fig. 8 – (a) Gravity Control Cell (GCC) filled with air at ultra-low pressure.
(b) Gravity Control Battery (Note that if χ1 = χ 2−1 = −1 then g ′′ = g )
 31

g’’= g
Gravity Control Cell
(Steel box)

R
g’
r
Massive Rotor
r
g

Gravity Control Cell

(Steel box)

g ′ = (χ steel ) χ air g and g ′′ = (χ steel )4 (χ air )2 g

Note that 2 therefore for

χ steel ≅ 1 and χ air (1) = χ air

−1
(2 ) = − n we get
g ′ ≅ −ng and g ′′ = g

Fig. 9 – The Gravitational Motor

 32

Dielectric Gravity Control Cell- GCC

Aluminum Shell Superconducting
Shell

Superconducting
Ring

FM
Mg

Superconducting mg
Box Fm

μ̂

Fig. 10 – The Gravitational Spacecraft – Due to the Meissner effect, the magnetic field
B is expelled from the superconducting shell. Similarly, the magnetic field BGCC, of the
GCC stay confined inside the superconducting box.
 33

Gas

Mg mg a μ
gas
GCC GCC GCC
FM Fm

Gas

Material boxes
(a)

g’’’= χair 3 g’’= χair 3 χair 2 χair 1 g

σ3 <σ2 (χair 3)

g ’’ = χair 2 g ’ = χair 2 χair 1 g

σ2 <σ1 (χair 2)
g ’= χair 1 g
σ1 (χair 1)

Am - 241
g

(b)

Fig. 11 – The Gravitational Thruster .

(a) Using material boxes. (b) Without material boxes
 34

Gas Helix
HIGH

GCC GCC GCC SPEED Motor axis

GAS
Gas

Fig. 12 - The Gravitational Turbo Motor – The gravitationally accelerated gas, by

means of the GCCs, propels the helix which movies the motor axis.
 35

Eosc

dmg2

dF12 r
dF21
Air Layer 1 Air Layer 2
dmg1

Spacecraft

Fig. 13 – Gravitational forces between two layers of the “air shell”. The electric field Eosc
provides the ionization of the air.
 36

Eosc

Spacecraft

μ̂

r
( )
g ′ = χ air gμˆ ≅ + 0.98m.s −2 μˆ

χair

Eosc

Fig. 14 – The Gravitational Lifter

 37

φinn

m2 H
Sτ B g 2 ≅ −1.4 × 10 6 m .s −2

Chamber 1 Air 0.20

−2
g m1 g1 ≅ +3 × 10 m .s
3 g
0.20
Chamber 2 Air 0.20

m g = −9.81m .s −2 H

S
P=R/S

Fig. 15 – Gravitational Press

 38

Graviphotons
v=∞
GCC

Coil
i Real Gravitational Waves
v=c
f

(a) GCC Antenna

GCC GCC

Graviphotons
v=∞

i i

f f

Transmitter (b) Receiver

Fig. 16 - Transmitter and Receiver of Virtual Gravitational Radiation.

 39

103atoms

Dielectric 102atoms

103atoms

f Graviphotons f
v=∞

Dielectric
(108 atoms)

Transmitter Receiver

(a)

Conductor Conductor

Microantenna

(b)
Fig. 17 – Quantum Gravitational Microantenna
 40

(iM )(im ) M g mg
F = −G = +G
g g
v
2
r r2
Crystal

F F

iMg Mg = Mi
Imaginary body
img (Mi = inertial mass)
(a)

Crystal

F GCC GCC GCC F =Mg a ≅Mi a

iMg a = - (χair )3Gmg / r2

Imaginary body
img
χair → -109
(b)

g χair g χair2g χair3g χair4 g χair5 g χair5 g A

M
P Data
L
GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC Y
Acquisition
F System
I
Imaginary body
E
χair5g’ χair5g’ χair4g’ χair3g’ χair2g’ χair g’ g’ img R

χair ≅ 10-2
micro-crystals
⏐ Gravitational Shielding ⏐

Display
(c)

Fig.18 – Method and device using GCCs for obtaining images of imaginary bodies.
 41
χ > 0.159

⎛V ⎞ h ⎛V ⎞h
qm = χ ⎜ ⎟ qm ≅ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠λ ⎝c ⎠λ
material particle
imaginary particle
qi = [1 − χ ] ⎜ ⎟
⎛V ⎞ h q i = 0*
associated to the
⎝ c ⎠λ material particle
E, f ρ ,σ
h h
qr = χ qr ≅
λ λ
real photon

imaginary photon
associated to the
q i = [1 − χ ]
h qi = 0 real photon
λ
(a)
* There are a type of neutrino, called "ghost” neutrino, predicted by General Relativity, with zero mass
and zero momentum. In spite its momentum be zero, it is known that there are wave functions that
describe these neutrinos and that prove that really they exist.

χ < 0.159

⎛V ⎞ h ⎛V ⎞ h
qm = χ ⎜ ⎟ qm ≅ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠λ ⎝ c ⎠λ
material particle
imaginary particle
qi = 0
qi = [1− χ ] ⎜ ⎟
⎛V ⎞ h associated to the
⎝c⎠λ material particle
E, f ρ ,σ
h h
qr = χ qr ≅
λ λ
real photon

imaginary photon
associated to the
q i = [1 − χ ]
h qi = 0 real photon
λ
(b)
Fig. 19 – The phenomenon of reduction of the momentum. (a) Shows the reduction of
momentum for χ > 0.159 . (b) Shows the effect when χ < 0.159 . Note that in both cases, the

material particles collide with the cowl with the momentum q m = χ (V c ) h , and the
λ
h
photons with q r = χ . Therefore, that by making χ ≅ 0 , it is possible to block high-energy
λ
particles and ultra-intense fluxes of radiation.
 42

APPENDIX A: THE SIMPLEST METHOD TO CONTROL THE GRAVITY

In this Appendix we show the simplest

method to control the gravity.
Consider a body with mass density ρ and
i0
the following electric characteristics: μ r , ε r , σ
(relative permeability, relative permittivity and
electric conductivity, respectively). Through this
body, passes an electric current I , which is the
IDC
sum of a sinusoidal current iosc = i0 sin ωt and
the DC current I DC , i.e., I = I DC + i0 sin ωt
; ω = 2πf . If i0 << I DC then I ≅ I DC . Thus, the I = IDC + iosc
current I varies with the frequency f , but the
variation of its intensity is quite small in
comparison with I DC , i.e., I will be practically
constant (Fig. 1A). This is of fundamental
importance for maintaining the value of the
gravitational mass of the body, m g , sufficiently
stable during all the time. t
The gravitational mass of the body is given
by [1]
Fig. A1 - The electric current I varies with
⎧ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎫ frequency f . But the variation of I is quite small
⎪ ⎢ ⎛ nrU ⎞ ⎥⎪
mg = ⎨1− 2 1+
⎢
⎜ ⎟ −1 m
⎜ m c2 ⎟ ⎥⎬ i0
( A1) in comparison with I DC due to io << I DC . In this
⎪ ⎢ ⎝ i0 ⎠ ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭ way, we can consider I ≅ I DC .

It is known that B = μH , E B = ω k r [11] and

where U , is the electromagnetic energy
dz ω
absorbed by the body and nr is the index of v= = =
c
( A4)
dt κ r ε r μr ⎛
⎜ 1 + (σ ωε ) + 1⎞⎟
refraction of the body. 2
Equation (A1) can also be rewritten in the 2 ⎝ ⎠
following form
where kr is the real part of the propagation
r
⎧ ⎡ ⎛ nrW ⎞
2 ⎤⎫ vector k (also called phase constant );
⎪ ⎟ − 1⎥ ⎪⎬
mg ⎢ r
= ⎨1 − 2 1 + ⎜
⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥
( A2 ) k = k = k r + iki ; ε , μ and σ, are the
mi 0 ⎪
⎢
⎣ ⎝ρ c ⎠ ⎪
⎦⎥ ⎭
⎩ electromagnetic characteristics of the medium in
which the incident (or emitted) radiation is
propagating( ε = εrε0 ; ε 0 = 8.854 ×10 F / m
−12
where, W =U V is the density of
electromagnetic energy and ρ = mi 0 V is the ;μ = μ r μ 0 where μ0 = 4π ×10−7 H / m ). It is
density of inertial mass. known that for free-space
The instantaneous values of the density of σ = 0 and ε r = μ r = 1 . Then Eq. (A4) gives
electromagnetic energy in an electromagnetic
field can be deduced from Maxwell’s equations v=c
and has the following expression From (A4), we see that the index of refraction
nr = c v is given by
W = 12 ε E 2 + 12 μH 2 ( A3)
ε μ
nr = = r r ⎛⎜ 1 + (σ ωε ) + 1⎞⎟ ( A5)
c 2
where E = E m sin ωt and H = H sin ωt are the
v 2 ⎝ ⎠
instantaneous values of the electric field and the
magnetic field respectively.
 43
that ω κr = v. ⎧ ⎡ ⎫
⎞ E 4 ⎤⎥⎪
Equation (A4) shows 3
⎪ μ ⎛σ
Thus, E B = ω k r = v , i.e., mg = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 2 − 1 ⎬mi0 =
⎪⎩ ⎢ 4c ⎝ 4πf ⎠ ρ ⎥⎪
E = vB = vμH ( A6) ⎣ ⎦⎭
Then, Eq. (A3) can be rewritten in the following ⎧ ⎡ ⎛ μ0 ⎞⎛ μrσ ⎞ 4 ⎤⎫⎪
⎪
3
form:
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1+ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟E − 1⎥⎬mi0 =
( )
W = 12 ε v2μ μH2 + 12 μH2 ( A7) ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣
3 2 ⎜ 2 3⎟
⎝ 256π c ⎠⎝ ρ f ⎠ ⎥⎦⎪
⎭
For σ << ωε , Eq. (A4) reduces to
⎧ ⎡ ⎛ μ σ3 ⎞ ⎤⎫⎪
⎪
c = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.758×10−27 ⎜⎜ r2 3 ⎟⎟E 4 − 1⎥⎬mi0
v= ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ρ f ⎠ ⎥⎦⎪
⎭
ε r μr
( A14)
Then, Eq. (A7) gives Note that E = E m sin ωt .The average value for

⎡ ⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎤ 2 1 E 2 is equal to 1
2 E m2 because E varies
W = 12 ⎢ε ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟μ⎥μH + 2 μH 2 = μH 2 sinusoidaly ( E m is the maximum value for E ).
⎣ ⎝ ε r μr ⎠ ⎦
On the other hand, Erms = Em 2 . Consequently,
This equation can be rewritten in the following 4 4
we can change E by E rms , and the equation
forms:
above can be rewritten as follows
B2
W= ( A8) ⎧ ⎡ ⎛ μ σ3 ⎞ 4 ⎤⎫⎪
μ ⎪
mg = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.758×10−27 ⎜⎜ r2 3 ⎟⎟Erms − 1⎥⎬mi0
or
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ρ f ⎠ ⎥⎦⎪
⎭
W =ε E2 ( A9 )
Substitution of the well-known equation of the
Ohm's vectorial Law: j = σE into (A14), we get
For σ >> ωε , Eq. (A4) gives
⎧⎪ ⎡ μ j4 ⎤⎫⎪
2ω
v= ( A10) mg = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 +1.758×10−27 r 2 rms3 −1⎥⎬mi0 ( A15)
μσ ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ σρ f ⎥⎦⎪⎭
Then, from Eq. (A7) we get
where j rms = j 2 .
⎡ ⎛ 2ω ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ωε ⎞ Consider a 15 cm square Aluminum thin
W = 12 ⎢ε ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟μ⎥μH2 + 12 μH2 = ⎜ ⎟μH2 + 12 μH2 ≅ foil of 10.5 microns thickness with the following
⎣ ⎝ μσ ⎠ ⎦ ⎝σ ⎠ characteristics: μr =1 ; σ = 3.82×107 S.m−1 ;
≅ 12 μH2 ( A11) ρ = 2700 Kg .m −3 . Then, (A15) gives
Since E = vB = vμH , we can rewrite (A11) in
⎧⎪ ⎡ j4 ⎤⎫⎪
mg = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 6.313×10−42 rms − 1⎥⎬mi0 ( A16)
⎢ ⎥⎦⎪⎭
the following forms: 3
⎪⎩ ⎣ f
B2
W ≅ ( A12 ) Now, consider that the ELF electric
2μ current I = I DC + i 0 sin ω t , (i0 << I DC )
or
passes through that Aluminum foil. Then, the
⎛ σ ⎞ 2
W ≅⎜ ⎟E ( A13 ) current density is
⎝ 4ω ⎠ I rms I DC
By comparing equations (A8) (A9) (A12) and jrms = ≅ ( A17)
(A13), we can see that Eq. (A13) shows that the
S S
where
best way to obtain a strong value of W in
practice is by applying an Extra Low-Frequency
(
(ELF) electric field w = 2πf << 1Hz through a ) ( )
S = 0.15m 10.5 × 10 −6 m = 1.57 × 10 −6 m 2
medium with high electrical conductivity. If the ELF electric current has
Substitution of Eq. (A13) into Eq. (A2),
frequency f = 2μHz = 2 × 10 Hz ,
−6
gives then, the
gravitational mass of the aluminum foil, given by
(A16), is expressed by
 44
⎧⎪ ⎡ I4 ⎤ ⎫⎪ known Function Generator HP3325A (Op.002
m g = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 7.89 × 10 − 25 DC4 − 1⎥ ⎬mi 0 = High Voltage Output) that can generate
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭ sinusoidal voltages with extremely-low
⎪⎩ S
f = 1 × 10 −6 Hz and
{ [ ]}
frequencies down to
= 1 − 2 1 + 0.13I DC
4
− 1 mi 0 ( A18) amplitude up to 20V (40Vpp into 500Ω load). The
Then, maximum output current is 0.08 App ; output

χ=
mg
mi0
{ [
≅ 1−2 1+ 0.13I DC
4
−1 ]} ( A19) impedance <2Ω at ELF.
Figure A4 shows the equivalent electric
circuit for the experimental set-up. The
For I DC = 2.2 A , the equation above gives electromotive forces are: ε1 (HP3325A) and ε 2
⎛ mg ⎞
( A 20 )
(12V DC Battery).The values of the resistors are
χ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ ≅ −1
⎟ : R1 = 500Ω − 2W ; ri1 < 2Ω ; R2 = 4Ω − 40W ;
⎝ i0 ⎠
m
This means that the gravitational shielding ri 2 < 0.1Ω ; R p = 2 .5 × 10 −3 Ω ; Rheostat (0≤
produced by the aluminum foil can change the R ≤10Ω - 90W). The coupling transformer has the
gravity acceleration above the foil down to following characteristics: air core with diameter
g ′ = χ g ≅ −1g ( A21) φ = 10mm ; area S = πφ 2 4 = 7.8 × 10 −5 m 2 ;
Under these conditions, the Aluminum foil works
basically as a Gravity Control Cell (GCC). wire#12AWG; N1 = N2 = N = 20; l = 42mm;
In order to check these theoretical L1 = L2 = L = μ0 N (S l ) = 9.3 ×10 H .Thus, we
2 −7

predictions, we suggest an experimental set-up

get
shown in Fig.A2.
A 15cm square Aluminum foil of 10.5 Z1 = (R1 + ri1 )2 + (ωL )2 ≅ 501Ω
microns thickness with the following composition:
and
Al 98.02%; Fe 0.80%; Si 0.70%; Mn 0.10%; Cu
0.10%; Zn 0.10%; Ti 0.08%; Mg 0.05%; Cr Z2 = (R 2 + ri 2 + R p + R ) + (ωL )
2 2

0.05%, and with the following characteristics:

μr =1; σ = 3.82×107 S.m−1 ; ρ = 2700Kg.m−3 ,is For R = 0 we get Z 2 = Z 2min ≅ 4Ω ; for
**
fixed on a 17 cm square Foam Board plate of R = 10Ω the result is Z 2 = Z 2max ≅ 14Ω . Thus,
6mm thickness as shown in Fig.A3. This device 2
⎛ N1 ⎞
(the simplest Gravity Control Cell GCC) is placed
Z min
1,total = Z1 + Z min
1, reflected = Z1 + Z min
2
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≅ 505Ω
on a pan balance shown in Fig.A2.
Above the Aluminum foil, a sample (any
⎝ N2 ⎠
2
type of material, any mass) connected to a ⎛ N1 ⎞
dynamometer will check the decrease of the local Z max
1,total = Z1 + Z max
1, reflected = Z1 + Z max
2
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≅ 515Ω
gravity acceleration upon the sample ⎝ N2 ⎠
(g ′ = χ g ) ,due to the gravitational shielding The maxima
following values:
rms currents have the
produced by the decreasing of gravitational mass
( )
of the Aluminum foil χ = m g mi 0 . Initially, the I 1max = 1
2 ,total = 56mA
40V pp Z1min
sample lies 5 cm above the Aluminum foil. As (The maximum output current of the Function
shown in Fig.A2, the board with the dynamometer Generator HP3325A (Op.002 High Voltage
can be displaced up to few meters in height. Output) is 80mApp ≅ 56.5mArms);
Thus, the initial distance between the Aluminum
ε2
foil and the sample can be increased in order to I 2max = = 3A
check the reach of the gravitational shielding Z 2min
produced by the Aluminum foil.
and
In order to generate the ELF electric
current of f = 2 μHz , we can use the widely- I 3max = I 2max + I1max ≅ 3A

The new expression for the inertial forces,

**
Foam board is a very strong, lightweight (density: r r
24.03 kg.m-3) and easily cut material used for the (Eq.5) Fi = M g a , shows that the inertial forces
mounting of photographic prints, as backing in picture are proportional to gravitational mass. Only in the
framing, in 3D design, and in painting. It consists of particular case of m g = m i 0 , the expression
three layers — an inner layer of polystyrene clad with
outer facing of either white clay coated paper or brown above reduces to the well-known Newtonian
r r
Kraft paper. expression Fi = m i 0 a . The equivalence

( )
r r
between gravitational and inertial forces Fi ≡ Fg
[1] shows then that a balance measures the
gravitational mass subjected to
acceleration a = g . Here, the decrease in the
gravitational mass of the Aluminum foil will be
measured by a pan balance with the following
characteristics: range 0-200g; readability 0.01g.
The mass of the Foam Board plate is:
≅ 4.17 g , the mass of the Aluminum foil is:
≅ 0.64 g , the total mass of the ends and the
electric wires of connection is ≅ 5 g . Thus,
initially the balance will show ≅ 9.81g .
According to (A18), when the electric current
through the Aluminum foil
(resistance rp
*
= l σS = 2.5 ×10−3 Ω ) reaches the
value: I 3 ≅ 2.2 A , we will get m g ( Al ) ≅ − mi 0 ( Al ) .
Under these circumstances, the balance will
show:
9.81g − 0.64 g − 0.64 g ≅ 8.53g
and the gravity acceleration g ′ above the
Aluminum foil, becomes g ′ = χ g ≅ −1g .
It was shown [1] that, when the
gravitational mass of a particle is reduced to the
gravitational mass ranging between + 0.159 M i
to − 0.159M i , it becomes imaginary, i.e., the
gravitational and the inertial masses of the
particle become imaginary. Consequently, the
particle disappears from our ordinary space-time.
This phenomenon can be observed in the
proposed experiment, i.e., the Aluminum foil will
disappear when its gravitational mass becomes
smaller than + 0.159 M i . It will become visible
again, only when its gravitational mass becomes
smaller than − 0.159M i , or when it becomes
greater than + 0.159M i .
Equation (A18) shows that the gravitational
mass of the Aluminum foil, mg ( Al ) , goes close to
zero when I 3 ≅ 1.76 A . Consequently, the
gravity acceleration above the Aluminum foil also
goes close to zero since
g ′ = χ g = m g ( Al ) mi 0 ( Al ) . Under these
circumstances, the Aluminum foil remains
invisible.
Now consider a rigid Aluminum wire # 14
AWG. The area of its cross section is
S = π (1.628 × 10 −3 m ) 4 = 2.08 × 10 −6 m 2
2
If an ELF electric current with
frequency f = 2μHz = 2 × 10 Hz passes through
−6
this wire, its gravitational mass, given by (A16),
will be expressed by
45
⎧⎪ ⎡ j4 ⎤⎫⎪
mg = ⎨1− 2⎢ 1+ 6.313×10−42 rms −1⎥⎬mi0 =
⎢ ⎥⎦⎪⎭
3
⎪⎩ ⎣ f
⎧⎪ ⎡ I4 ⎤⎫⎪
= ⎨1− 2⎢ 1+ 7.89×10−25 DC4 −1⎥⎬mi0 =
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ S ⎥⎦⎪⎭
{ [
= 1− 2 1+ 0.13I DC
4
]}
−1 mi0 ( A22)
For I DC ≅ 3 A the equation above gives
m g ≅ − 3 .8 m i 0
Note that we can replace the Aluminum foil for
this wire in the experimental set-up shown in
Fig.A2. It is important also to note that an ELF
electric current that passes through a wire - which
makes a spherical form, as shown in Fig A5 -
reduces the gravitational mass of the wire (Eq.
A22), and the gravity inside sphere at the same
proportion, χ =mg mi0 , (Gravitational Shielding
Effect). In this case, that effect can be checked
by means of the Experimental set-up 2 (Fig.A6).
Note that the spherical form can be transformed
into an ellipsoidal form or a disc in order to coat,
for example, a Gravitational Spacecraft. It is also
possible to coat with a wire several forms, such
as cylinders, cones, cubes, etc.
The circuit shown in Fig.A4 (a) can be
modified in order to produce a new type of
Gravitational Shielding, as shown in Fig.A4 (b).
In this case, the Gravitational Shielding will be
produced in the Aluminum plate, with thickness
h , of the parallel plate capacitor connected in the
point P of the circuit (See Fig.A4 (b)). Note that,
in this circuit, the Aluminum foil (resistance R p )
(Fig.A4(a)) has been replaced by a Copper wire #
14 AWG with 1cm length ( l = 1cm ) in order to
produce a resistance Rφ = 5.21 × 10 −5 Ω . Thus,
the voltage in the point P of the circuit will have
the maximum value V pmax = 1.1 × 10 −4 V when
the resistance of the rheostat is null (R = 0 ) and
the minimum value V pmin = 4.03 × 10 −5 V when
R = 10Ω . In this way, the voltage V p (with
frequency f = 2 μHz ) applied on the capacitor
will produce an electric field E p with intensity
E p = V p h through the Aluminum plate of
thickness h = 3mm . It is important to note that this
plate cannot be connected to ground (earth), in
other words, cannot be grounded, because, in
 46
this case, the electric field through it will be null
††
insulation layer with relative permittivity εr
.
According to Eq. A14, when and dielectric strength k . A voltage source is
connected to the Aluminum foil in order to provide
p =Vp
Emax max
h = 0.036 V / m, f = 2μHz and
a voltage V0 (rms) with frequency f . Thus, the
σ Al = 3 . 82 × 10 7 S / m , ρ Al = 2700kg / m3 electric potential V at a distance r , in the
(Aluminum), we get interval from r0 to a , is given by
m ( Al )
χ = ≅ − 0 .9
m i ( Al ) V=
1 q
( A23)
4πε r ε 0 r
Under these conditions, the maximum current
density through the plate with thickness h will be In the interval a < r ≤ b the electric potential is

given by j max = σ Al E max

p = 1.4 ×10 A / m (It is
6 2
V =
1 q
( A24 )
4πε 0 r
well-known that the maximum current density
supported by the Aluminum is ≈ 10 A / m ).
8 2 since for the air we have ε r ≅ 1 .
Since the area of the plate is Thus, on the surface of the metallic
spheres (r = r0 ) we get
A= (0.2) = 4×10 m , then the maximum current is
2 −2 2

i max = j max A = 56kA . Despite this enormous V0 =

1 q
( A25)
current, the maximum dissipated power will be 4πε r ε 0 r0
( )
2
just P max = i max R plate = 6.2W , because the
Consequently, the electric field is

E0 =
1 q
( A26)
resistance of the plate is very small, i.e.,
4πε r ε 0 r02
R plate = h σ Al A ≅ 2 × 10−9 Ω . By comparing (A26) with (A25), we obtain
V0
Note that the area A of the plate (where
the Gravitational Shielding takes place) can have E0 = ( A27)
r0
several geometrical configurations. For example,
it can be the area of the external surface of an Vb at r = b is
The electric potential
ellipsoid, sphere, etc. Thus, it can be the area of
1 q ε r V 0 r0
the external surface of a Gravitational Spacecraft. Vb = = ( A28 )
In this case, if A ≅ 100m , for example, the
2 4πε 0 b b
maximum dissipated power will be Consequently, the electric field Eb is given by
Pmax ≅ 15.4kW , i.e., approximately 154W / m 2 . 1 q ε rV0 r0
All of these systems work with Extra-Low Eb = = ( A29)
4πε 0 b 2 b2
( −3
)
Frequencies f <<10 Hz . Now, we show that,
From r = r0 up to r = b = a + d the electric
by simply changing the geometry of the surface
of the Aluminum foil, it is possible to increase the field is approximately constant (See Fig. A7).
working frequency f up to more than 1Hz. Along the distance d it will be called E air . For
Consider the Aluminum foil, now with r > a + d , the electric field stops being constant.
several semi-spheres stamped on its surface, as Thus, the intensity of the electric field at
shown in Fig. A7 . The semi-spheres have r = b = a + d is approximately equal to E0 ,
radius r0 = 0.9 mm , and are joined one to
i.e., Eb ≅ E 0 . Then, we can write that
another. The Aluminum foil is now coated by an
ε rV0 r0 V0
≅ ( A30)
††
When the voltage Vp is applied on the capacitor, the b2 r0
charge distribution in the dielectric induces positive whence we get
and negative charges, respectively on opposite sides of
the Aluminum plate with thickness h. If the plate is not b ≅ r0 ε r ( A31)
connected to the ground (Earth) this charge Since the intensity of the electric field through the
distribution produces an electric field Ep=Vp/h through air, E air , is Eair ≅ Eb ≅ E0 , then, we can write that
the plate. However, if the plate is connected to the
q ε rV0 r0
ground, the negative charges (electrons) escapes for Eair =
1
= 2 ( A32)
the ground and the positive charges are redistributed 4πε0 b 2 b
along the entire surface of the Aluminum plate making
Note that ε r refers to the relative permittivity of
null the electric field through it.
 47
the insulation layer, which is covering the 1 3

⎛ Eair ⎞ ⎛b⎞
( A39)
2 2
Aluminum foil. σ air = 2α⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
If the intensity of this field is greater than ⎝ d ⎠ ⎝a⎠
the dielectric strength of the air 3 × 10 V / m ( 6
) If the insulation layer has thickness
there will occur the well-known Corona effect. Δ = 0.6 mm , ε r ≅ 3.5 (1- 60Hz),
Here, this effect is necessary in order to increase
the electric conductivity of the air at this region k = 17kV / mm (Acrylic sheet 1.5mm thickness),
(layer with thickness d). Thus, we will assume and the semi-spheres stamped on the metallic
ε rV min
r V min surface have r0 = 0.9 mm (See Fig.A7) then
min
Eair = 0 0
= 0
= 3×106 V / m
b 2
r0 a = r0 + Δ = 1.5 mm. Thus, we obtain from Eq.
and (A33) that
ε rV max
r V max
V0min = 2.7kV
max
Eair = 0 0
= = 1×107 V / m ( A33)
0

b 2
r0 V0max = 9kV ( A40)
The electric field E min
air ≤ E air ≤ E max
air will From equation (A31), we obtain the following
produce an electrons flux in a direction and an value for b :
ions flux in an opposite direction. From the b = r0 ε r = 1.68×10−3 m ( A41)
viewpoint of electric current, the ions flux can be
Since b = a + d we get
considered as an “electrons” flux at the same
direction of the real electrons flux. Thus, the d = 1.8 × 10 −4 m
current density through the air, j air , will be the Substitution of a , b , d and A(32) into (A39)
double of the current density expressed by the produces
1 1
well-known equation of Langmuir-Child
3 3 3
σ air = 4.117×10−4 Eair = 1.375×10−2 V0
2 2

4
j = εrε0
2e V 2
= α
V2
= 2.33×10−6 V
2
( A34) Substitution of σ air , E air (rms ) and
9 me d2 d2 d2 ρ air = 1.2 kg .m −3 into (A14) gives
where ε r ≅ 1 for the air; α = 2.33 × 10 −6
is the
mg(air) ⎧⎪ ⎡ σ 3 E4 ⎤⎫⎪
called Child’s constant. = ⎨1− 2⎢ 1+1.758×10−27 air2 air3 −1⎥⎬ =
Thus, we have mi0(air) ⎪ ⎢ ρair f ⎥⎦⎪⎭
3 ⎩ ⎣
V2
jair = 2α 2 ( A35) ⎧⎪ ⎡ 5.5 ⎤⎫⎪
−21 V0
d = ⎨1− 2⎢ 1+ 4.923×10 − 1⎥⎬ ( A42)
where d , in this case, is the thickness of the air ⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ f 3 ⎥⎦⎪
⎭
layer where the electric field is approximately
For V0 = V0 = 9kV and f = 2 Hz , the result is
max
constant and V is the voltage drop given by
1 q 1 q mg (air)
V = Va − Vb = − = ≅ −1.2
4πε 0 a 4πε 0 b mi0(air)
⎛ b − a ⎞ ⎛ ε r r0 d ⎞
= V0 r0ε r ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟V0 ( A36) Note that, by increasing V0 , the values of
⎝ ab ⎠ ⎝ ab ⎠ E air and σ air are increased. Thus, as show
By substituting (A36) into (A35), we get (A42), there are two ways for decrease the value
3 3 3

2α ⎛ ε r r0dV0 ⎞ 2α ⎛ ε r r0V0 ⎞
2 2
⎛b⎞ 2 of m g (air ) : increasing the value of V0 or
jair = ⎜ ⎟ = 1⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
d 2 ⎝ ab ⎠ d 2 ⎝ b2 ⎠ ⎝ a⎠ decreasing the value of f .
3 Since E0
max
= 107 V / m = 10kV / mm and
2α ⎛ b ⎞2
( A37)
3

= 1 Eair⎜ ⎟
2
Δ = 0.6 mm then the dielectric strength of the
d2 ⎝ a⎠ insulation must be ≥ 16.7kV / mm . As
According to the equation of the Ohm's vectorial mentioned above, the dielectric strength of the
Law: j = σE , we can write that acrylic is 17kV / mm .
σair =
jair
( A38) It is important to note that, due to the
strong value of E air (Eq. A37) the drift velocity
Eair
Substitution of (A37) into (A38) yields vd , (vd = j air ne = σ air Eair ne) of the free
charges inside the ionized air put them at a

distance x = vd t = 2 fvd ≅ 0.4m , which is much
greater than the distance d =1.8 ×10 m .
Consequently, the number n of free charges
decreases strongly inside the air layer of
thickness d ‡‡ , except, obviously, in a thin layer,
very close to the dielectric, where the number of
free charges remains sufficiently increased, to
maintain the air conductivity with σ air ≅ 1.1S / m
(Eq. A39).
The thickness h of this thin air layer close
to the dielectric can be easily evaluated starting
from the charge distribution in the neighborhood
of the dielectric, and of the repulsion forces
established among them. The result is
h = 0.06e 4πε 0 E ≅ 4 × 10−9 m . This is, therefore,
the thickness of the Air Gravitational Shielding. If
the area of this Gravitational Shielding is equal to
the area of a format A4 sheet of paper,
i.e., A = 0.20 × 0.291= 0.0582m , we obtain the
2
following value for the resistance R air of the
Gravitational Shielding: Rair = h σair A≅ 6×10−8 Ω.
Since the maximum electrical current through this
air layer is i max = j max A ≅ 400 kA , then the
maximum power radiated from the Gravitational
( ) 2
Shielding is Pair max
= Rair iair
max
≅ 10kW . This
means that a very strong light will be radiated
from this type of Gravitational Shielding. Note that
this device can also be used as a lamp, which will
be much more efficient than conventional lamps.
Coating a ceiling with this lighting system
enables the entire area of ceiling to produce light.
This is a form of lighting very different from those
usually known.
max
Note that the value Pair ≅ 10kW , defines the
power of the transformer shown in Fig.A10. Thus,
the maximum current in the secondary is
i smax = 9kV 10 kW = 0.9 A .
Above the Gravitational Shielding, σ air is
reduced to the normal value of conductivity of the
( )
atmospheric air ≈ 10 −14 S / m . Thus, the power
radiated from this region is
( ) σ A=
= (d − h ) i air
max max 2
Pair air
= (d − h )Aσ (E ) ≅ 10
max 2 −4
air air
Now, we will describe a method to coat the
Aluminum semi-spheres with acrylic in the
necessary dimensions (Δ = a − r0 ) , we propose
the following method. First, take an Aluminum
plate with 21cm × 29.1cm (A4 format). By
‡‡
Reducing therefore, the conductivity σ air , to the
normal value of conductivity of the atmospheric air.
48
means of a convenient process, several semi-
−4
spheres can be stamped on its surface. The
semi-spheres have radius r0 = 0.9 mm , and
are joined one to another. Next, take an acrylic
sheet (A4 format) with 1.5mm thickness (See
Fig.A8 (a)). Put a heater below the Aluminum
plate in order to heat the Aluminum (Fig.A8 (b)).
When the Aluminum is sufficiently heated up, the
acrylic sheet and the Aluminum plate are
pressed, one against the other, as shown in Fig.
A8 (c). The two D devices shown in this figure are
used in order to impede that the press
compresses the acrylic and the aluminum to a
distance shorter than y + a . After some seconds,
remove the press and the heater. The device is
ready to be subjected to a voltage V0 with
frequency f , as shown in Fig.A9. Note that, in
this case, the balance is not necessary, because
the substance that produces the gravitational
shielding is an air layer with thickness d above
the acrylic sheet. This is, therefore, more a type
of Gravity Control Cell (GCC) with external
gravitational shielding.
It is important to note that this GCC can be
made very thin and as flexible as a fabric. Thus, it
can be used to produce anti- gravity clothes.
These clothes can be extremely useful, for
example, to walk on the surface of high gravity
planets.
Figure A11 shows some geometrical
forms that can be stamped on a metallic surface
in order to produce a Gravitational Shielding
effect, similar to the produced by the semi-
spherical form.
An obvious evolution from the semi-
spherical form is the semi-cylindrical form shown
in Fig. A11 (b); Fig.A11(c) shows concentric
metallic rings stamped on the metallic surface, an
evolution from Fig.A11 (b). These geometrical
forms produce the same effect as the semi-
spherical form, shown in Fig.A11 (a). By using
concentric metallic rings, it is possible to build
Gravitational Shieldings around bodies or
spacecrafts with several formats (spheres,
ellipsoids, etc); Fig. A11 (d) shows a Gravitational
Shielding around a Spacecraft with ellipsoidal
form.
The previously mentioned Gravitational
Shielding, produced on a thin layer of ionized air,
has a behavior different from the Gravitational
W
Shielding produced on a rigid substance. When
the gravitational masses of the air molecules,
inside the shielding, are reduced to within the
range + 0.159 mi < m g < −0.159 mi , they go to
the imaginary space-time, as previously shown in
this article. However, the electric field E air stays
at the real space-time. Consequently, the
molecules return immediately to the real space-

time in order to return soon after to the imaginary
space-time, due to the action of the electric
field E air .
In the case of the Gravitational Shielding
produced on a solid substance, when the
molecules of the substance go to the imaginary
space-time, the electric field that produces the
effect, also goes to the imaginary space-time
together with them, since in this case, the
substance of the Gravitational Shielding is rigidly
connected to the metal that produces the electric
field. (See Fig. A12 (b)). This is the fundamental
difference between the non-solid and solid
Gravitational Shieldings.
Now, consider a Gravitational Spacecraft
that is able to produce an Air Gravitational
Shielding and also a Solid Gravitational
Shielding, as shown in Fig. A13 (a) §§ . Assuming
that the intensity of the electric field, E air ,
necessary to reduce the gravitational mass of
the air molecules to within the range
+ 0.159 mi < m g < −0.159 mi , is much smaller
than the intensity of the electric field, E rs ,
necessary to reduce the gravitational mass of
the solid substance to within the range
+ 0.159 mi < m g < −0.159 mi , then we
conclude that the Gravitational Shielding made of
ionized air goes to the imaginary space-time
before the Gravitational Shielding made of solid
substance. When this occurs the spacecraft does
not go to the imaginary space-time together with
the Gravitational Shielding of air, because the air
molecules are not rigidly connected to the
spacecraft. Thus, while the air molecules go into
the imaginary space-time, the spacecraft stays in
the real space-time, and remains subjected to the
effects of the Gravitational Shielding around it,
§§
The solid Gravitational Shielding can also be
obtained by means of an ELF electric current through
a metallic lamina placed between the semi-spheres
and the Gravitational Shielding of Air (See Fig.A13
(a)). The gravitational mass of the solid Gravitational
Shielding will be controlled just by means of the
intensity of the ELF electric current. Recently, it was
discovered that Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be
added to Alumina (Al2O3) to convert it into a good
electrical conductor. It was found that the electrical
conductivity increased up to 3375 S/m at 77°C in
samples that were 15% nanotubes by volume [12]. It
is known that the density of α-Alumina is 3.98kg.m-3
and that it can withstand 10-20 KV/mm. Thus, these
values show that the Alumina-CNT can be used to
make a solid Gravitational Shielding. In this case, the
electric field produced by means of the semi-spheres
will be used to control the gravitational mass of the
Alumina-CNT.
49
since the shielding does not stop to work, due
to its extremely short permanence at the
imaginary space-time. Under these
circumstances, the gravitational mass of the
Gravitational Shielding can be reduced to
m g ≅ 0 . For example, m g ≅ 10 −4 kg . Thus, if
the inertial mass of the Gravitational Shielding is
mi 0 ≅ 1kg , then χ = m g mi 0 ≅ 10 −4 . As we
have seen, this means that the inertial effects on
the spacecraft will be reduced by χ ≅ 10 . Then,
−4
in spite of the effective acceleration of the
−2
spacecraft be, for example, a = 10 m.s , the
5
effects on the crew of the spacecraft will be
equivalent to an acceleration of only
mg
a′ = a = χ a ≈ 10m.s −1
mi 0
This is the magnitude of the acceleration upon
the passengers in a contemporary commercial
jet.
Then, it is noticed that Gravitational
Spacecrafts can be subjected to enormous
accelerations (or decelerations) without imposing
any harmful impacts whatsoever on the
spacecrafts or its crew.
Now, imagine that the intensity of the
electric field that produces the Gravitational
Shielding around the spacecraft is increased up
to reaching the value E rs that reduces the
gravitational mass of the solid Gravitational
Shielding to within the range
+ 0.159 m i < m g < −0.159 mi . Under these
circumstances, the solid Gravitational Shielding
goes to the imaginary space-time and, since it is
rigidly connected to the spacecraft, also the
spacecraft goes to the imaginary space-time
together with the Gravitational Shielding. Thus,
the spacecraft can travel within the imaginary
space-time and make use of the Gravitational
Shielding around it.
As we have already seen, the maximum
velocity of propagation of the interactions in the
imaginary space-time is infinite (in the real space-
time this limit is equal to the light velocity c ). This
means that there are no limits for the velocity of
the spacecraft in the imaginary space-time. Thus,
the acceleration of the spacecraft can reach, for
example, a = 109 m.s −2 , which leads the
spacecraft to attain velocities
−1
V ≈ 10 m.s (about 1 million times the speed
14
of light) after one day of trip. With this velocity,
after 1 month of trip the spacecraft would have
21
traveled about 10 m . In order to have idea of
this distance, it is enough to remind that the
diameter of our Universe (visible Universe) is of
26
the order of 10 m .
 50
Due to the extremely low density of the then the dielectric strength of the insulation
imaginary bodies, the collision between them must be ≥ 173kV / mm . As shown in the table
cannot have the same consequences of the below *** , 0.1mm - thickness of Mica can
collision between the real bodies. withstand 17.6 kV (that is greater
Thus, for a Gravitational Spacecraft in
than V0max = 15.6kV ), in such way that the
imaginary state, the problem of the collision in
high-speed doesn't exist. Consequently, the dielectric strength is 176 kV/mm.
Gravitational Spacecraft can transit freely in the The Gravitational Thrusters are positioned
imaginary Universe and, in this way, reach easily at the spacecraft, as shown in Fig. A13 (b).
any point of our real Universe once they can Then, when the spacecraft is in the intergalactic
make the transition back to our Universe by only space, the gravity acceleration upon the
increasing the gravitational mass of the gravitational mass m gt of the bottom of the
Gravitational Shielding of the spacecraft in such thruster (See Fig.A13 (c)), is given by [2]
way that it leaves the range of + 0.159 M i Mg
r 10 r
a ≅ (χ air ) g M ≅ −(χ air ) G 2 μˆ
10
to − 0.159M i .
r
The return trip would be done in similar
way. That is to say, the spacecraft would transit where M g is the gravitational mass in front of
in the imaginary Universe back to the departure
the spacecraft.
place where would reappear in our Universe.
For simplicity, let us consider just the effect
Thus, trips through our Universe that would delay
of a hypothetical volume
millions of years, at speeds close to the speed of
light, could be done in just a few months in the V = 10 × 10 × 10 = 10 m
3 3 7 3
of intergalactic
imaginary Universe. (
matter in front of the spacecraft r ≅ 30m . The )
In order to produce the acceleration of average density of matter in the intergalactic
a ≈ 10 9 m.s −2 upon the spacecraft we propose a medium (IGM) is ρig ≈ 10−26 kg.m−3 ) ††† . Thus,
Gravitational Thruster with 10 GCCs (10
for χ air ≅ −1.6 ×10 we get
4
Gravitational Shieldings) of the type with several
semi-spheres stamped on the metallic surface, as
) (6.67 × 10 )⎛⎜⎜ 10 ⎞
−19
previously shown, or with the semi-cylindrical
form shown in Figs. A11 (b) and (c). The 10
(
a = − − 1.6 × 10 4
10 −11
2
⎟⎟ =
GCCs are filled with air at 1 atm and 300K. If the
⎝ 30 ⎠
insulation layer is made with Mica (ε r ≅ 5.4 ) and = −10 9 m.s − 2
has thickness Δ = 0.1 mm , and the semi- In spite of this gigantic acceleration, the inertial
spheres stamped on the metallic surface have effects for the crew of the spacecraft can be
strongly reduced if, for example, the gravitational
r0 = 0.4 mm (See Fig.A7) then mass of the Gravitational Shielding is reduced
a = r0 + Δ = 0.5 mm. Thus, we get
***
b = r0 εr = 9.295×10−4 m The dielectric strength of some dielectrics can have
different values in lower thicknesses. This is, for
and example, the case of the Mica.
d = b − a = 4.295 ×10 −4 m Dielectric Thickness (mm) Dielectric Strength (kV/mm)
Then, from Eq. A42 we obtain Mica 0.01 mm 200
⎧⎪ Mica 0.1 mm 176
mg (air) ⎡ σ 3 E4 ⎤⎫⎪ Mica 1 mm 61
χair = = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 +1.758×10−27 air2 air3 −1⎥⎬ =
mi0(air) ⎪ ⎢⎣ ρair f ⎥⎦⎪⎭
⎩ †††
Some theories put the average density of the
⎧⎪ ⎡ V 5.5 ⎤⎫⎪
Universe as the equivalent of one hydrogen atom per
= ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 +1.0 ×10−18 0 3 −1⎥⎬ cubic meter [13,14]. The density of the universe,
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ f ⎥⎦⎪⎭ however, is clearly not uniform. Surrounding and
stretching between galaxies, there is a rarefied plasma
For V0 = V0max = 15.6kV and f = 0.12Hz, the result is [15] that is thought to possess a cosmic filamentary
structure [16] and that is slightly denser than the
mg (air)
χ air = ≅ −1.6 ×104 average density in the universe. This material is called
mi0(air) the intergalactic medium (IGM) and is mostly ionized
hydrogen; i.e. a plasma consisting of equal numbers of
Since E 0max = V0max r0 is now given by electrons and protons. The IGM is thought to exist at a
E0max =15.6kV 0.9mm=17.3kV / mm and Δ = 0.1 mm density of 10 to 100 times the average density of the
Universe (10 to 100 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter,
i.e., ≈ 10 −26 kg.m −3 ).
 51
−6
down to m g ≅ 10 kg and its inertial mass is Spacecraft can reach about 50000 km/h in a
few seconds. Obviously, the Gravitational
mi 0 ≅ 100kg . Then, we get Shielding of the spacecraft will reduce strongly
the inertial effects upon the crew of the
χ = m g mi 0 ≅ 10 −8
. Therefore, the inertial spacecraft, in such way that the inertial effects of
effects on the spacecraft will be reduced by this strong acceleration will not be felt. In
χ ≅ 10−8 , and consequently, the inertial effects on addition, the artificial atmosphere, which is
possible to build around the spacecraft, by means
the crew of the spacecraft would be equivalent to of gravity control technologies shown in this
an acceleration a′ of only article (See Fig.6) and [2], will protect it from the

a = (10 −8 )(10 9 ) ≈ 10m.s − 2

mg
a′ =
mi 0
Note that the Gravitational Thrusters in the
spacecraft must have a very small diameter (of
the order of millimeters) since, obviously, the hole
through the Gravitational Shielding cannot be
large. Thus, these thrusters are in fact, Micro-
Gravitational Thrusters. As shown in Fig. A13
(b), it is possible to place several micro-
gravitational thrusters in the spacecraft. This
gives to the Gravitational Spacecraft, several
degrees of freedom and shows the enormous
superiority of this spacecraft in relation to the
contemporaries spacecrafts.
The density of matter in the intergalactic
medium (IGM) is about 10 -26 kg.m-3 , which is
very less than the density of matter in the
interstellar medium (~10-21 kg.m-3) that is less
than the density of matter in the interplanetary
medium (~10-20 kg.m-3). The density of matter is
enormously increased inside the Earth’s
atmosphere (1.2kg.m-3 near to Earth’s surface).
Figure A14 shows the gravitational acceleration
acquired by a Gravitational Spacecraft, in these
media, using Micro-Gravitational thrusters.
In relation to the Interstellar and
Interplanetary medium, the Intergalactic medium
requires the greatest value of χ air ( χ inside the
Micro-Gravitational Thrusters), i.e.,
χ air ≅ −1.6 ×10 . This value strongly decreases
4 Similarly, the acceleration in front of the thruster
when the spacecraft is within the Earth’s
heating produced by the friction with the Earth’s
atmosphere. Also, the gravity can be controlled
inside of the Gravitational Spacecraft in order to
maintain a value close to the Earth’s gravity as
shown in Fig.3.
Finally, it is important to note that a Micro-
Gravitational Thruster does not work outside a
Gravitational Shielding, because, in this case, the
resultant upon the thruster is null due to the
symmetry (See Fig. A15 (a)). Figure A15 (b)
shows a micro-gravitational thruster inside a
Gravitational Shielding. This thruster has 10
Gravitational Shieldings, in such way that the
gravitational acceleration upon the bottom of the
thruster, due to a gravitational mass M g in front
of the thruster, is a10 = χ air
10
a0 where
a 0 = −G M g r 2 is the gravitational acceleration
acting on the front of the micro-gravitational
thruster. In the opposite direction, the
gravitational acceleration upon the bottom of the
thruster, produced by a gravitational mass M g ,
is
(
a 0′ = χ s − GM g r ′ 2 ≅ 0 )
since χ s ≅ 0 due to the Gravitational Shielding
around the micro-thruster (See Fig. A15 (b)).
is

[ ( )] χ
atmosphere. In this case, it is sufficient
only χ air ≅ −10 in order to obtain:
‡‡‡ ′ = χ air
a10 10
a 0′ = χ air
10
− GM g r ′ 2 s

ρ atmV
a = −(χ air ) G
10

r 2
≅ where [χ (− GM
10
air g )]
r ′ 2 < a10 , since r′ > r .

) ( ) ≅ 10
Thus, for a10 ≅ 10 9 m.s −2 and χ s ≈ 10 −8 we
10
(
≅ −(− 10) 6.67 × 10 −11
1.2 10 7 4
m.s −2 ′ < 10m.s −2
(20)2 conclude that a10 . This means that
With this acceleration the Gravitational ′ << a10 . Therefore, we can write that the
a10
resultant on the micro-thruster can be expressed
‡‡‡
This value is within the range of values of χ by means of the following relation
(χ < − 10 3
)
. See Eq . A15 , which can be produced by
R ≅ F10 = χ air
10
F0
means of ELF electric currents through metals as
Aluminum, etc. This means that, in this case, if
convenient, we can replace air inside the GCCs of the Figure A15 (c) shows a Micro-Gravitational
Gravitational Micro-thrusters by metal laminas with Thruster with 10 Air Gravitational Shieldings (10
ELF electric currents through them. GCCs). Thin Metallic laminas are placed after
 52
each Air Gravitational Shielding in order to retain 1 3
⎛ Eair
⎞2⎛ b⎞2 1
the electric field E b = V0 x , produced by metallic σair=2α⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =0.029V02 (A46)
surface behind the semi-spheres. The laminas ⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ a⎠
with semi-spheres stamped on its surfaces are Note that b = r0 ε r ( H2O) . Therefore, here the
connected to the ELF voltage source V0 and the
value of b is larger than in the case of the acrylic.
thin laminas in front of the Air Gravitational
Consequently, the electrical conductivity of the air
Shieldings are grounded. The air inside this
layer will be larger here than in the case of
Micro-Gravitational Thruster is at 300K, 1atm.
acrylic.
We have seen that the insulation layer of a
GCC can be made up of Acrylic, Mica, etc. Now, Substitution of σ (air ) , E air (rms) and
we will design a GCC using Water (distilled ρ air = 1.2kg .m −3 into Eq. A14, gives
water, ε r ( H 2O ) = 80 ) and Aluminum semi-
radius r0 = 1 . 3 mm .
mg(air) ⎧⎪ ⎡ V5.5 ⎤⎫⎪
cylinders with Thus,
for Δ = 0.6mm , the new value of a is a = 1.9mm . =⎨1−2⎢ 1+4.54×10−20 03 −1⎥⎬ ( A47)
mi0(air) ⎪ ⎢ f ⎥⎪
Then, we get ⎩ ⎣ ⎦⎭
b = r0 εr(H2O) = 11.63×10−3m ( A43)
For V0 = V0 = 9kV and f = 2 Hz , the result
max
d = b − a = 9.73×10−3m ( A44)
and is
1 q mg (air)
Eair = = ≅ −8.4
4πεr(air)ε 0 b 2 mi0(air)
V0 r0 This shows that, by using water instead of acrylic,
= ε r( H ) = the result is much better.
2O
ε r(air)b 2 In order to build the GCC based on the
calculations above (See Fig. A16), take an Acrylic
V0 r0 V0
= ≅ = 1111.1 V0 ( A45) plate with 885mm X 885m and 2mm thickness,
ε r(air) r0 then paste on it an Aluminum sheet with
895.2mm X 885mm and 0.5mm thickness(note
Note that
that two edges of the Aluminum sheet are bent as
V0 r0 shown in Figure A16 (b)). Next, take 342
E( H2O) =
ε r ( H2O) Aluminum yarns with 884mm length and
2.588mm diameter (wire # 10 AWG) and insert
and
them side by side on the Aluminum sheet. See in
V0 r0 Fig. A16 (b) the detail of fixing of the yarns on the
E(acrylic) =
ε r (acrylic) Aluminum sheet. Now, paste acrylic strips (with
13.43mm height and 2mm thickness) around the
Therefore, E ( H 2O ) and E (acrylic ) are much Aluminum/Acrylic, making a box. Put distilled
smaller than E air . Note that for V0 ≤ 9kV the water (approximately 1 litter) inside this box, up to
a height of exactly 3.7mm from the edge of the
intensities of E ( H 2O ) and E (acrylic ) are not acrylic base. Afterwards, paste an Acrylic lid
sufficient to produce the ionization effect, which (889mm X 889mm and 2mm thickness) on the
increases the electrical conductivity. box. Note that above the water there is an air
Consequently, the conductivities of the water and layer with 885mm X 885mm and 7.73mm
−1 thickness (See Fig. A16). This thickness plus the
the acrylic remain << 1 S.m . In this way, with
acrylic lid thickness (2mm) is equal to
E ( H 2O ) and E (acrylic ) much smaller than E air ,
d = b − a = 9.73mm where b = r0 ε r(H2O) =11.63mm
and σ ( H 2O ) << 1 , σ (acrylic ) << 1 , the decrease in
and a = r0 + Δ = 1.99 mm , since r0 = 1.3mm ,
both the gravitational mass of the acrylic and the
gravitational mass of water, according to Eq.A14, ε r ( H 2O ) = 80 and Δ = 0.6mm .
is negligible. This means that only in the air layer Note that the gravitational action of the
the decrease in the gravitational mass will be electric field E air , extends itself only up to the
relevant. distance d , which, in this GCC, is given by the
Equation A39 gives the electrical
sum of the Air layer thickness (7.73mm) plus the
conductivity of the air layer, i.e.,
thickness of the Acrylic lid (2mm).
Thus, it is ensured the gravitational effect
on the air layer while it is practically nullified in
 53
the acrylic sheet above the air layer, since
E (acrylic ) << E air and σ (acrylic ) << 1 .
With this GCC, we can carry out an
experiment where the gravitational mass of the
air layer is progressively reduced when the
voltage applied to the GCC is increased (or when
the frequency is decreased). A precision balance
is placed below the GCC in order to measure the
mentioned mass decrease for comparison with
the values predicted by Eq. A(47). In total, this
GCC weighs about 6kg; the air layer 7.3grams.
The balance has the following characteristics:
range 0-6kg; readability 0.1g. Also, in order to
prove the Gravitational Shielding Effect, we can
put a sample (connected to a dynamometer)
above the GCC in order to check the gravity
acceleration in this region.
In order to prove the exponential effect
produced by the superposition of the
Gravitational Shieldings, we can take three
similar GCCs and put them one above the other,
in such way that above the GCC 1 the gravity
acceleration will be g′ = χ g ; above the GCC2
g ′′ = χ 2 g , and above the GCC3 g ′′′ = χ 3 g .
Where χ is given by Eq. (A47).
It is important to note that the intensity of
the electric field through the air below the GCC is
much smaller than the intensity of the electric
field through the air layer inside the GCC. In
addition, the electrical conductivity of the air
below the GCC is much smaller than the
conductivity of the air layer inside the GCC.
Consequently, the decrease of the gravitational
mass of the air below the GCC, according to
Eq.A14, is negligible. This means that the GCC1,
GCC2 and GCC3 can be simply overlaid, on the
experiment proposed above. However, since it is
necessary to put samples among them in order to
measure the gravity above each GCC, we
suggest a spacing of 30cm or more among them.
 54

Dynamometer

50 mm
g g
g′ = χ g
Sample
Aluminum foil Foam Board

GCC

Flexible Copper wire

# 12 AWG Pan balance

Battery 12V

R ε2 4Ω - 40W
R2
Rheostat
10Ω - 90W Coupling
Transformer

Function Generation
Flexible Copper wire
HP3325A # 12 AWG

ε1

R1
500Ω - 2W
Figure A2 – Experimental Set-up 1.
 55

Flexible Copper Wire

# 12 AWG

15 cm square Aluminum foil

(10.5 microns thickness)

Gum
(Loctite Super Bonder)

17 cm square Foam Board plate

(6mm thickness)

Aluminum foil
Foam Board

Figure A3 – The Simplest Gravity Control Cell (GCC).

 56
I1 ε2
+ − ri 2
R
I2

GCC
ri1

ε1 ~ Rp

f = 2 μHz
Wire # 12 AWG
Gravitational
R1 Shielding
I 3 = I1 + I 2 R2

(a)
ε 1 = Function Generator HP3325A(Option 002 High Voltage Output)
ri1 < 2Ω; R1 = 500Ω − 2 W ; ε 2 = 12V DC; ri 2 < 0.1Ω (Battery );
R2 = 4Ω − 40W ; R p = 2.5 × 10 −3 Ω; Reostat = 0 ≤ R ≤ 10Ω − 90W
I1max = 56mA (rms ); I 2max = 3 A ; I 3max ≅ 3 A (rms )
Coupling Transformer to isolate the Function Generator from the Battery
• Air core 10 - mm diameter; wire # 12 AWG; N1 = N 2 = 20; l = 42mm

I1 ε2 T
+ − ri 2
I2 R

ri1
−5
ε1 GCC l = 1cm → Rφ = 5.23 × 10 Ω
~ l
0.5 2 h =3mm
f = 2 μHz
d
i
Wire # 12 AWG e
l
e Al 200 mm
R1 c
t
I 3 = I1 + I 2 R2 r
P # 12 AWG i
c
(b)
R = 0 ⇒ V pmax = 1.1 × 10−4V Gravitational
Shielding
R = 10 ⇒ V pmin = 4.0 × 10−5V

Fig. A4 – Equivalent Electric Circuits

 57

j
ELF electric current Wire

⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎤ ⎫⎪
− 27 μr j
4
mg = ⎨1 − 2⎢ 1 + 1.758 ×10 − 1⎥ ⎬mi 0
⎪⎩ ⎣⎢ σρ 2 f 3 ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎭

Figure A5 – An ELF electric current through a wire, that makes a spherical form as shown above,
reduces the gravitational mass of the wire and the gravity inside sphere at the same proportion
χ = m g mi 0 (Gravitational Shielding Effect). Note that this spherical form can be transformed into
an ellipsoidal form or a disc in order to coat, for example, a Gravitational Spacecraft. It is also
possible to coat with a wire several forms, such as cylinders, cones, cubes, etc. The characteristics
of the wire are expressed by: μ r , σ , ρ ; j is the electric current density and f is the frequency.
 58

Dynamometer

Rigid Aluminum wire 50 mm

# 14 AWG
Length = 28.6 m
RS= 0.36 Ω

Flexible Copper wire

# 12 AWG

Battery 12V

R ε2 4Ω - 40W
R2
Rheostat
Coupling
Transformer

Function Generation
HP3325A Flexible Copper wire
# 12 AWG

ε1

R1
Figure A6 – Experimental set-up 2.
 59

Gravitational Shielding Air

d
Eair ,σair
b
Insulation Δ
εr
a

r0

Aluminum Foil

~ V0 , f

Figure A7 – Gravitational shielding produced by semi-spheres stamped on the Aluminum

foil - By simply changing the geometry of the surface of the Aluminum foil it is possible to
increase the working frequency f up to more than 1Hz.
 60

a =1.5 mm Acrylic sheet

r0 =0.9 mm
y Aluminum Plate
(a)

Heater
(b)

Press

D D
y+a

(c)

Δ=0.6 mm
r0 =0.9 mm a = 1.5 mm

(d)

Figure A8 – Method to coat the Aluminum semi-spheres with acrylic (Δ = a − r0 = 0.6mm) .

(a)Acrylic sheet (A4 format) with 1.5mm thickness and an Aluminum plate (A4) with several
semi-spheres (radius r0 = 0.9 mm ) stamped on its surface. (b)A heater is placed below the
Aluminum plate in order to heat the Aluminum. (c)When the Aluminum is sufficiently heated
up, the acrylic sheet and the Aluminum plate are pressed, one against the other (The two D
devices shown in this figure are used in order to impede that the press compresses the acrylic
and the aluminum besides distance y + a ). (d)After some seconds, the press and the heater are
removed, and the device is ready to be used.
 61

Dynamometer

50 mm
g g
GCC
g′ = χ g
Sample
Acrylic/Aluminum

Flexible Copper wire

# 12 AWG

High-voltage V0
Rheostat Oscillator
Transformer f > 1Hz

Figure A9 – Experimental Set-up using a GCC subjected to high-voltage V 0 with frequency

f > 1Hz . Note that in this case, the pan balance is not necessary because the substance of the
Gravitational Shielding is an air layer with thickness d above the acrylic sheet. This is therefore,
more a type of Gravity Control Cell (GCC) with external gravitational shielding.
 62

Gravitational Shielding

d
R
V0

GCC
Acrylic /Aluminum

V0max = 9 kV
Oscillator
V0min = 2.7 kV ~ f > 1Hz

(a)

Acrylic
Pin wire

Aluminum

Connector
(High-voltage)
(b)
10kV

Figure A10 – (a) Equivalent Electric Circuit. (b) Details of the electrical connection with the
Aluminum plate. Note that others connection modes (by the top of the device) can produce
destructible interference on the electric lines of the E air field.
 63

(a) (b)

Metallic Rings

Metallic base

(c)

Eair
Gravitational Shielding εr
Ellipsoidal metallic base

Metallic Rings
Oscillator f
Transformer
V0
Dielectric layer
Ionized air (d)

Figure A11 – Geometrical forms with similar effects as those produced by the semi-spherical form – (a)
shows the semi-spherical form stamped on the metallic surface; (b) shows the semi-cylindrical form (an
obvious evolution from the semi-spherical form); (c) shows concentric metallic rings stamped on
the metallic surface, an evolution from semi-cylindrical form. These geometrical forms produce
the same effect as that of the semi-spherical form, shown in Fig.A11 (a). By using concentric
metallic rings, it is possible to build Gravitational Shieldings around bodies or spacecrafts with
several formats (spheres, ellipsoids, etc); (d) shows a Gravitational Shielding around a Spacecraft
with ellipsoidal form.
 64

Dielectric
Metal Dielectric Metal (rigidly connected to the spacecraft)

Spacecraft E
Spacecraft E

Non-solid Gravitational Shielding Solid Gravitational Shielding

(rigidly connected to the dielectric)

(a) (b)

Figure A12 – Non-solid and Solid Gravitational Shieldings - In the case of the Gravitational
Shielding produced on a solid substance (b), when its molecules go to the imaginary space-time,
the electric field that produces the effect also goes to the imaginary space-time together with
them, because in this case, the substance of the Gravitational Shielding is rigidly connected (by
means of the dielectric) to the metal that produces the electric field. This does not occur in the
case of Air Gravitational Shielding.
 65

Metal Dielectric Metal Dielectric i ELF electric current

A
l
u
Spacecraft Spacecraft m
Ers Eair i
n
u
m

Solid Gravitational Shielding Air Gravitational Shielding

(a)

Micro-Gravitational Thruster

(b)

Volume V
of the
Micro-Gravitational Thruster with 10 gravitational shieldings Intergallactic
medium
(IGM)
Gravitational Spacecraft a
m gt r
Mg
Mg ρ igmV
a = χ 10 G = χ 10 G
r2 r2
Gravitational Shielding
ρ igm∼10-26kg.m-3

(c)

Figure A13 – Double Gravitational Shielding and Micro-thrusters – (a) Shows a double
gravitational shielding that makes possible to decrease the inertial effects upon the spacecraft
when it is traveling both in the imaginary space-time and in the real space-time. The solid
Gravitational Shielding also can be obtained by means of an ELF electric current through a metallic
lamina placed between the semi-spheres and the Gravitational Shielding of Air as shown above. (b)
Shows 6 micro-thrusters placed inside a Gravitational Spacecraft, in order to propel the
spacecraft in the directions x, y and z. Note that the Gravitational Thrusters in the spacecraft
must have a very small diameter (of the order of millimeters) because the hole through the
Gravitational Shielding of the spacecraft cannot be large. Thus, these thrusters are in fact Micro-
thrusters. (c) Shows a micro-thruster inside a spacecraft, and in front of a volume V of the
intergalactic medium (IGM). Under these conditions, the spacecraft acquires an acceleration a in
the direction of the volume V.
 66
Volume V
of the
Micro-Gravitational Thruster with 10 gravitational shieldings Interstellar
medium
(ISM)
Gravitational Spacecraft a
r
Mg
Mg ρ ismV
a = χ 10 G 2
= χ 10 G
r r2
Gravitational Shielding
ρ ism∼10-21kg.m-3

(a)

Volume V
of the
Interplanetary
Micro-Gravitational Thruster with 10 gravitational shieldings medium
(IPM)

Gravitational Spacecraft a
r
Mg
Mg ρ ipmV
a=χ G 10
=χ G10

Gravitational Shielding r2 r2
ρ ipm∼10-20kg.m-3

(b)

Volume V
of the
Earth’s
Micro-Gravitational Thruster with 10 gravitational shieldings
atmospheric

Gravitational Spacecraft a
r
Mg
Mg ρ atmV
a = χ 10 G = χ 10 G
Gravitational Shielding r2 r2
ρ atm∼1.2kg.m-3
(c)
Figure A14 – Gravitational Propulsion using Micro-Gravitational Thruster – (a) Gravitational
acceleration produced by a gravitational mass Mg of the Interstellar Medium. The density of the
Interstellar Medium is about 105 times greater than the density of the Intergalactic Medium (b)
Gravitational acceleration produced in the Interplanetary Medium. (c) Gravitational acceleration
produced in the Earth’s atmosphere. Note that, in this case, ρatm (near to the Earth’s surface)is about
1026 times greater than the density of the Intergalactic Medium.
 67

r
F’0 F2 =χair2F0 F’2=χair2F’0 F0 r
F1 =χairF0 F’1 =χairF’0
Mg Mg
S2 S1
F’0 = F0 => R = (F’0 – F2) + (F1 – F’1 ) + (F’2 – F0) = 0

(a)

Micro-Gravitational Thruster
with 10 gravitational shieldings
Gravitational Shielding

r’ χ s ≅ −10 −8 a’0 r
a’0 =χs(-GMg /r’2) a10=χair10a0 a0 = - GMg/r2
Mg Mg
R ≅ F10 = χ 10
air F0

Hole in the Gravitational Shielding

Metal
Mica
(b) Grounded Metallic laminas
1 GCC
Air Gravitational Shielding
x

10mm

ELF
~
V0 ~ 400 mm

(c)
Figure A15 – Dynamics and Structure of the Micro-Gravitational Thrusters - (a) The Micro-Gravitational
Thrusters do not work outside the Gravitational Shielding, because, in this case, the resultant upon the thruster is
( )
null due to the symmetry. (b) The Gravitational Shielding χ s ≅ 10 −8 reduces strongly the intensities of the
gravitational forces acting on the micro-gravitational thruster, except obviously, through the hole in the
gravitational shielding. (c) Micro-Gravitational Thruster with 10 Air Gravitational Shieldings (10GCCs). The
grounded metallic laminas are placed so as to retain the electric field produced by metallic surface behind the
semi-spheres.
 68

0.885 m
Sample
Any type of material; any mass
Acrylic Box
(2mm thickness) g’= χ g
2 mm
d = 9.73 mm Air layer mg (air) = χ mi (air) 7.73 mm
Distilled Water a = 1.9 mm
3.2 mm
1.8 mm
2 mm
Aluminum sheet
(0.5 mm thickness) V0max = 9 kV
342 Aluminum yarns (# 10 AWG) Balance
(2.558 mm diameter; 0.884 mm length) ~ 2 Hz

Transformer
g

GCC Cross-section Front view

(a)

0.885 m

0.884 m
1mm 1mm

Aluminum sheet
(0.5 mm thickness)
Balance
342 Aluminum yarns (# 10 AWG) 1.5mm
(2.558 mm diameter; 0.884 mm length) 0.5 mm
3.6mm

0.885 m

GCC Cross-section Side View

(b)

Fig. A16 – A GCC using distilled Water.

In total this GCC weighs about 6kg; the air layer 7.3 grams. The balance has the
following characteristics: Range 0 – 6kg; readability 0.1g. The yarns are inserted
side by side on the Aluminum sheet. Note the detail of fixing of the yarns on the
Aluminum sheet.
 69
140 cm

70
cm Sample 5Kg
mg Any type of material; any mass

g ′′′ = χ 3 g
GCC 3 Balance

70
cm 5Kg
mg

g ′′ = χ 2 g
GCC 2 Balance

70
cm 5Kg
mg

g′ = χ g
GCC 1 Balance

Fig. A17 – Experimental set-up. In order to prove the exponential effect produced by the
superposition of the Gravitational Shieldings, we can take three similar GCCs and put them one above
the other, in such way that above the GCC 1 the gravity acceleration will be g′ = χ g ; above the
GCC2 g ′′ = χ 2 g , and above the GCC3 g ′′′ = χ 3 g . Where χ is given by Eq. (A47). The arrangement
above has been designed for values of mg < 13g and χ up to -9 or mg < 1kg and χ up to -2 .
 70

APPENDIX B: A DIDACTIC GCC USING A BATTERY OF CAPACITORS

Let us now show a new type of GCC - easy to

be built with materials and equipments that also can E max = 5 . 3 × 10 10 V / m
be obtained with easiness.
Consider a battery of n parallel plate
Therefore, if the frequency of the wave voltage
capacitors with capacitances C1 , C2 , C 3 ,…, C n ,
(
is f = 60 Hz , ω = 2πf , we ) have that
connected in parallel. The voltage applied is V ; A
ωεair = 3.3 ×10 S.m . It is known that the electric
−9 −1
is the area of each plate of the capacitors and d is
the distance between the plates; ε r ( water ) is the conductivity of the air, σ air , at 10-4 Torr and 300K,
is much smaller than this value, i.e.,
relative permittivity of the dielectric (water). Then the
electric charge q on the plates of the capacitors is σ air << ωε air

given by (
Under this circumstance σ << ωε , we can )
substitute Eq. 15 and 34 into Eq. 7. Thus, we get
q = (C1 + C2 +C3 +...+Cn )V = n(εr(water)ε0 ) V (B1)
A
d ⎧⎪ ⎡ μ ε 3 E4 ⎤ ⎫⎪
m g (air ) = ⎨1 − 2 ⎢ 1 + air 2 air 2 − 1⎥ ⎬mi 0 (air )
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ c ρ air ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
In Fig. I we show a GCC with two capacitors
connected in parallel. It is easy to see that the ⎧⎪ ⎡ E4 ⎤ ⎫⎪
electric charge density σ 0 on each area A0 = az
= ⎨1 − 2 ⎢ 1 + 9.68 × 10 − 57 2 − 1⎥ ⎬mi 0 (air ) (B 5 )
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ρ air ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪
of the edges B of the thin laminas (z is the thickness
of the edges B and a is the length of them, see
Fig.B2) is given by The density of the air at 10-4 Torr and 300K is
ρ air = 1 . 5 × 10 − 7 kg . m − 3
= n (ε r ( water )ε 0 ) (B 2 )
q A
σ0 = V
A0 azd Thus, we can write
Thus, the electric field E between the edges B is
m g (air )
2σ 0 ⎛ ε r ( water ) ⎞ A χ = =
E= = 2 n⎜ ⎟
⎜ ε r (air ) ⎟ azd
V (B 3) m i (air )
ε r (air )ε 0 ⎝ ⎠
Since A = L x L y , we can write that = ⎧⎨1 − 2 ⎡ 1 + 4 . 3 × 10 − 43 E 4 − 1⎤ ⎫⎬ (B 6 )
⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎭

⎛ ε r ( water ) ⎞ L x L y Substitution of E for Emax = 5.3 ×10 V / m into

10
E = 2n⎜ ⎟
⎜ ε r (air ) ⎟ azd
V (B 4 ) this equation gives
⎝ ⎠
χ max ≅ − 1 . 2
Assuming ε r ( water ) = 81 ****
(bidistilled
water); ε r (air ) ≅ 1 (vacuum 10-4 Torr; 300K); n = 2; This means that, in this case, the gravitational
Lx = L y = 0.30m ; a = 0.12m ; z = 0.1mm and shielding produced in the vacuum between the
edges B of the thin laminas can reduce the local
d = 10mm we obtain gravitational acceleration g down to
g 1 ≅ − 1 .2 g
E = 2 . 43 × 10 8 V Under these circumstances, the weight, P = + m g g ,
of any body just above the gravitational shielding
For Vmax = 220V , the electric field is becomes

P = m g g 1 = −1.2m g g
****
It is easy to see that by substituting the water for
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) the dimensions L x , L y of the
capacitors can be strongly reduced due to
ε r (BaTiO3) = 1200 .
 71

Lamina

Edge B of the
Gravitational
Thin Lamina
Shielding (0.1mm thickness)
εr (air) g1 = χ g χ<1
Vacuum Chamber
(INOX) E Encapsulating
(10- 4 Torr, 300K) (EPOXI)
B B
g
Parallel plate
Capacitors Insulating holder
Dielectric:
Bidistilled Water
εr (water) = 81 d = 10 mm
V (60Hz)
Vmax=220V
Lx

Vertical Cross Section

q = (C1+C2+...+Cn) V =
= n [εr (water) / εr (air)] [A/A0] V / d

εr (water) = 81 ; εr (air) ≅ 1

E = [q/A0] / εr (air) ε0 = n [εr (water) / εr (air)] [A/A0] V / d

A is the area of the plates of the capacitors and A0 the

cross section area of the edges B of the thin laminas (z is
the thickness of the edges).

Figure B1 – Gravity Control Cell (GCC) using a battery of capacitors. According to Eq. 7 , the
electric field, E, through the air at 10-4 Torr; 300K, in the vacuum chamber, produces a gravitational
shielding effect. The gravity acceleration above this gravitational shielding is reduced to χg where χ
< 1.
 72

Gravitational Shielding Lx

Ly E a

Lamina Lamina

Vacuum Chamber
EPOXI
Thin laminas
Thickness = z
Length = a
Top view

A0 = a z ; A = Lx Ly

Figure B2 – The gravitational shielding produced between the thin laminas.

 73

+P

Sample −P
Any type of material
Any mass
Gravitational g1 = χ g χ<1
Shielding
GCC

↓g

mgg1 = -χ g mg

Elementar Motor

GCC

Figure B3 – Experimental arrangement with a GCC using battery of capacitors. By means of this
set-up it is possible to check the weight of the sample even when it becomes negative.
 74

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12. BPE soft, Extreme High Altitude

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http://bpesoft.com/s/wleizero/xhac/?M=p

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77th ed.1996.

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Physics, J. Willey & Sons,
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