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3 Book 4 FWS Module

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Ta ble Of Contents
Table Of Contents ...................................................................................................1 Book 4 FWS Processing Module ..........................................................................1 4.1 FWS Log Processing.................................................................................... 2 4.1.1 Filtering FWS Data .............................................................................. 2 4.1.2 To Reverse the Amplitude................................................................... 6 4.1.3 Stacking Traces ................................................................................... 6 4.1.4 Interpolating Bad Traces .................................................................... 7 4.1.5 First Arrival Picking ............................................................................ 8 4.1.6 Standoff Correction............................................................................. 11 4.1.7 Cement Bond Processing ...................................................................12 4.1.8 Computing Rock Mechanical Parameters.........................................18 4.1.9 Velocity Analysis.................................................................................19 4.1.10 Reflected Tube Wave ....................................................................... 25 INDEX.................................................................................................................. 29

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Book 4 FWS Pr ocessing Module

This book describes the various processes and functionalities provided through the Full Waveform Sonic (FWS) Processing Module. The main topics discussed in this chapter will cover the different filter processes for FWS Logs, picking of first arrival and determination of transit time, cement bond quality determination, calculation of rock mechanical parameters, velocity analysis using semblance processing, reflected tube wave processing.

Important:

The FWS Processing Module is an add-on module for WellCAD. If you have not purchased this module the processes and functionality described in this chapter will be inaccessible for you.

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4.1 FWS Log Processing

The FWS Log is the data container that all the processes of the FWS Module will use. This log type is most commonly used to store full waveform traces sampled constantly in depth and time, has been introduced in Book 1 WellCAD Basics. If you want to process data with the FWS module your data should be stored in a FWS Log. Throughout this section we will concentrate on processes that are assembled in the Process FWS Module menu.

4.1.1 Filtering FWS Data

It is the purpose of the filter process to remove spikes from the data set and reduce therefore the effect of erroneous data. To apply a filter to a FWS Log: Select Filter from the Process FWS Module menu. The Full Wave Sonic Filter dialog pops up. Select the log you want to process and set filter type and filter window size. Click OK to create a new FWS Log containing the filtered data set.

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Filter options dialog

Fws Log: The drop down list shows all FWS Logs available in the current Borehole Document. Select the one you want to filter. If you have clicked the log handle in the Borehole Document before opening the dialog box the corresponding log title is already selected. Filter Type: Three different types of filter algorithms are available: The Moving Average method computes the average value from all points in the filter window and replaces the actual data point (centre of the filter window). The filter process can be seen as a convolution of the input trace with a square window.

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462 196 + 156 + 522 + 816 = 167 5

In the example above an Average Filter with a filter window of 16 s is applied to the sample at 48s. The amplitude of 156 will be replaced by 167.

The Weighted Average filter computes the weighted average from all points in the filter window and replaces the actual data point (centre of the filter window). The filter process can bee seen as a convolution of the input trace with a triangular window.

462 + 2 * (196) + 3 *156 + 2 * 522 + 816 = 164 9

In the example above a Weighted Average Filter with a filter window of 16 s is applied to the sample at 48s. The amplitude of 156 will be replaced by 164.

The Frequency filter: Select this option to apply a frequency filter to each trace of the FWS dataset. You can type in the low/high cut and low/high pass frequencies into the corresponding edit boxes or you can call up a filter design window when clicking onto the Define button (see below).

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Window width: Select the width of the filter window from the drop down list. For instance, for a FWS Log with a 4 s time sampling rate, if you select 16 s for the width, the average will be calculated over five values centered on the corresponding one of the input log. You can also enter any other positive value into the edit box. In this case, the nearest odd number of data points will be considered. E.g. for a 4 s sampling rate a 13 s window width will cover 5 data points (16 s). Define: This dialog box allows the interactive adjustment of the frequency filter parameters. Select the FWS Log you would like to filter from the drop down list. When using the scroll bar you will scroll through the depth range covered by the log. Each trace is displayed in the upper part of the preview window in black . The superimposed blue trace is a preview of the filtered trace. The lower part of the preview windows shows the frequency spectrum derived from the current trace. The trapezoid reflects at its corner points the current filter parameter. To change the filter parameter, click on a corner point of the trapezoid and drag the point using the mouse. See the values for low/high cut and low/high pass edit boxes being updated according to the trapezoid points.

Preview of actual trace unprocessed (black) and filtered (blue)

Frequency spectrum of the current trace. Drag the points of the trapezoid to set the edge points of the filter.

Frequency Filter design window

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4.1.2 To Reverse the Amplitude

This simple process multiplies the amplitude values of each trace by a factor -1 in order to have the positive amplitudes become negative and vice versa. To start the process: Select Process FWS Module Reverse Amplitude. If the log you want to process was not selected before the Select a Log dialog pops up. Make your choice and click OK.

Select the log to process

The selected log will be processed directly. No new log will be created.
4.1.3 Stacking Traces

The Stack Traces process creates a new FWS Log containing at each depth sample an average sonic trace computed from the actual trace, the N/2 traces preceding and the N/2 traces succeeding the actual trace. N corresponds to the number of stacks and must be entered by the user. The following figure illustrates the principle of the Stack Spectra process.
N / 2 Trace . . . Actual Trace . . . N / 2 Trace

N + 1 traces

Average Trace

To output a new FWS Log with stacked sonic traces:

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Select Process FWS Module Stack Traces. The Stacking Traces dialog box will open. In the Processing Parameter section select the log you would like to process from the Log drop down list and enter the number of desired stacks into the corresponding edit box. The actual depth interval from which the average trace will be computed is determined from the number of stacks and displayed next to the edit box.

Stacking Traces dialog box with preview of current and stacked trace

The preview window shows the current trace at the depth determined from the scroll bar position and the stacked (average) trace. Use the vertical scroll bar to scan your data set and preview the results. Click OK to start the process and output a new FWS Log.

4.1.4 Interpolating Bad Traces

If you want to fill gaps in the data display caused by No Data traces you can run this process which simply performs a replacement of the blank trace with the last valid data values.

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No Data trace

Data set with No Data trace (left) and after application of Interpolate Bad Traces process (left) 4.1.5 First Arrival Picking

Before a transit time can be computed the intercept of the first arrival must be picked for each receiver. Two different algorithms Standard and Advanced Threshold - are available to perform this task (see below). Each of the algorithms returns a Well Log containing the first arrival intercept times. Further filtering or interactive edition can be applied to the picks afterwards. If the recording of the sonic trace did not start at zero but was offset (e.g. by 10 s) you can think about adding the offset to the output Well Log using the formula parser.

Choose on of the two first arrival picking algorithms

Select the FWS Log from which you would like to pick the first arrival time from the FWS Log drop down list. Make your selection of the algorithm you would like to use. Click the Options button to set the parameters specific to the chosen picking process.

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4.1.5.1 Standard Threshold Method

Set Blanking and Threshold for the first arrival picking

The process picks on the first amplitude value found after the Blanking window that is greater than the noise level given through a user defined Threshold (blue line). If the Threshold value is negative, the amplitude which is lower than the noise level is taken. Use the scrollbar to preview the settings of the Threshold level for each trace in the FWS Log. Erroneous picks can be corrected afterwards by applying a filter or using interactive edition of the resulting Well Log. Blanking Enter the time period in micro-seconds for which the first arrival detection will be skipped. Using this option, you can blank out noise occurring in the beginning of the traces. The blanking period is displayed as shaded area in the preview window. Threshold Type a value (positive or negative) that corresponds to the noise level into the corresponding edit box. The preview window displays the actual threshold level as blue line.
4.1.5.2 Advanced Threshold Method

This process detects the first arrival in a more automatic manner. WellCAD iterates through each trace in the time dimension. For each data point the average of the

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data values in a time window centered on the actual data point (Small Window = signal windows) will be calculated. Another average value will be calculated from the data points falling into a time window preceding the actual data sample (Large Window = noise window). The ratio of small window average and large window average (signal to noise) will be compared against a user specified threshold value. The first sample for which the following condition is verified will be considered as first arrival intercept.

Parameters of Advanced Threshold first arrival picking

Blanking In the edit box, enter the time period in micro-seconds for which the first arrival detection will be skipped. Using this option, you can blank out noise occurring in the beginning of the traces. Small Window Width In the edit box, enter the Small Window time width in micro-seconds. Large Window Width In the edit box, enter the Large Window time width in micro-seconds. Ratio Threshold In the edit box, enter the Ratio Threshold value.
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4.1.6 Standoff Correction

This process calculates the formation transit time by correcting first arrival picks from a single receiver for the signal traveling through the borehole fluid. The formation velocity is calculated from the formula

where s is the stand-off (m) l is the tool spacing (m) vw is the fluid velocity (m/s) vf is the formation velocity (m/s) dtm is the measured dt (s). dt is the time spent by the wave travelling in the borehole fluid as a compressional wave, to be critically refracted into the formation and to be refracted back into the fluid. The stand-off correction process calculates a new Well Log. The output unit is the same unit the fluid velocity was given in (m/s, s/m or s/ft).

Stand-off correction parameters dialog box

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To open the process parameters dialog box choose Stand-off correction from the Process Fws Module menu. Select the Well Log you would like to correct from the First arrival drop down list. Set all other parameters as explained below. Tool spacing First of all, select the unit of the value you will enter in the edit box (m or ft). Enter the value of the tool spacing (distance between transmitter and receiver). After that, if you change the unit, the value will be automatically converted. Stand-off Proceed in the same way as for the tool spacing. The two possible units are m and inch. Enter the value of the stand off of the tool from the formation. Fluid velocity Proceed in the same way. The three possible units are m/s, s/m and s/ft. Note: The corrected formation velocity will be calculated in the same unit as the fluid velocity.
4.1.7 Cement Bond Processing

If a FWS tool is run in borehole with cemented casing, the quality of the bond from casing to cement can be evaluated. The emitted acoustic signal travels through the casing, cement and formation before it reaches the receivers. The sonic waves travelling along the casing are attenuated when energy is lost to the environment from the casing, i.e. when the bond is good. As the compressional wave travelling through the casing is generally the first one to reach the near receiver, the Cement Bond Log is the recording of the amplitude of the first arrival of energy on the near receiver. The first three peaks of the signal at the receiver are traditionally labelled E1, E2 and E3. E3
E1 Bad Bond (no attenuation)

Good Bond (energy lost into cement)

E2
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The WellCAD FWS Module offers two different approaches to extract a Cement Bond Log. It is the E1 Based Method and the Standard Gate Method. The first one allows picking of the first arrival, adjustment of the picks to the peak of the first arrival and extraction of the amplitude. The second method allows a more sophisticated way to extract the amplitude using a fixed and a floating gate. The comparison of both results allows detection of cycle skipping.
4.1.7.1 E1 Based Method

The first step is to pick the intercept of the first arrival. Use the Standard or Advanced Threshold Method described earlier in this chapter. The picked times must be adjusted to match the peak of the first arrival wave (E1).
Correction from intercept pick to peak position E1

Select the Pick-up E1 Arrival option from the Process Fws Module Cement Bond E1 Based Method menu.

E1 arrival picking (adjust to extremum)

From the Fws Log drop down list select the sonic log that was already used to pick the first arrivals. Select the Well Log containing the first arrival picks from the corresponding drop down list. Decide whether you have to adjust to the next positive or negative amplitude extremum. To avoid picking on spikes you can apply an average filter to the sonic trace before the adjustment is made.

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After having the time position of the E1 amplitude the amplitude value at that position can be read out using the Extract Amplitude At process from the Process Fws Module Cement Bond E1 Based Method menu.

Extract Amplitude

Select FWS log and the adjusted E1 arrival time picks from the corresponding drop down lists. Click the OK button to create a new Well Log containing the amplitudes of the E1 arrivals. Again, low amplitudes stand for a good bond (energy of the wave travelling through casing is attenuated due to transfer of energy into the cement) and a high amplitude indicates a bad bond (no attenuation).

4.1.7.2 Standard Gate Method

In the case when the bond leads to amplitudes of E1 so low that they are below the detection level, the first arrival pick would be triggered by E3 instead of E1. This is referred to as cycle skipping.

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E3 E1 Detection Level

E2 Cycle Skipping

To take cycle slipping into account the Standard Gate Method provides two different amplitude extraction algorithms. In general the maximum amplitude within a time window (also referred to as gate) will be read out. The gate can be opened always at the same fixed time for all traces (Fixed Gate) or it can be opened at the time provided by a first arrival pick log (Floating Gate) the starting time varies from trace to trace. If cycle skipping occurs the Fixed Gate method would return a low amplitude and the Floating Gate method a high amplitude, altogether indicating a very good bond (the E1 amplitude was so low that the higher E3 amplitude was detected by the Floating Gate method). Anyway, the first step is to pick the first arrival intercept to provide the opening times for the Floating Gate amplitude extraction. From the Process Fws Module Cement Bond Std Gate Method menu select the Transit Time method.

Transit Time Picking

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The process picks on the first amplitude value found after the Blanking window that is greater than the noise level given through a user defined Threshold (blue line). If the Threshold value is negative the amplitude lower than the noise level is taken. Use the scrollbar to preview the settings of the Threshold level for each trace in the FWS Log. Erroneous picks can be corrected afterwards by applying a filter or using interactive edition of the resulting Well Log. Blanking Enter the time period in micro-seconds for which the first arrival detection will be skipped. Using this option, you can blank out noise occurring in the beginning of the traces. The blanking period is displayed as shaded area in the preview window. Threshold Type a value (positive or negative) that corresponds to the noise level into the corresponding edit box. The preview window displays the actual threshold level as blue line To extract the amplitude select the Amplitude option from the Process Fws Module Cement Bond Std Gate Method menu.

Amplitude extraction from Fixed and Floating Gate

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Use the Fws Log drop down list to select the sonic log from which you want to read the amplitude. If you want to extract the maximum (or peak) amplitude found in a window starting at a fixed time (Fixed Gate), enter the desired start time into the Start box. You can also click on the little arrow button next to the Start box and select a Well Log containing the intercept times to have the detection window floating (Floating Gate). The length of the detection window (gate) can be set in the corresponding box. The preview window shows the actual trace and the detection window. When using the scroll bar the entire sonic data set can be scanned. TIP: The Window Amplitude dialog box can be used to check the position and quality of first arrival picks. Simply select the FWS Log and the log containing the first arrival picks (from the Start drop down list). If the detection window width has been set small enough a line appears at the intercept time pick in the preview window. Using the scroll bar allows viewing each trace of the data set individually. The difference between Peak and Max can be seen in the following illustration:

Peak value within window Max value within window

Detection Window

Interpreting the results of Fixed Gate and Floating Gate amplitude extraction: Two Well Logs should have been generated by running the Amplitude extraction process twice, once with a fixed time value as starting point for the detection window and a second time using the first arrival picks as starting points. The following table provides some assistance on how to interpret the two amplitude curves.

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Situation Free pipe or poor bond Moderate to good bond Very good bond

Effect on transit time dt dt constant dt constant cycle skipping

Fixed Gate Amplitude high E1 low E1 very low E1

Floating Gate Amplitude high E1 low E1 high E3

4.1.8 Computing Rock Mechanical Parameters

This process returns five formula logs: Poissons ratio, Shear modulus [Mpa], Youngs modulus [Mpa], Bulk modulus [Mpa], Bulk compressibility [1/Mpa]. To calculate these five logs, three well logs are needed: Compressional transit time (dtc), Shear transit time (dts) and Bulk density (Rhob). If the Bulk density log is not available, only the Poissons ratio can be calculated. The formulas on which the computations are based are the following:

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As the transit time and density input data are expressed in s/m and in g/cc, the elasticity parameters are multiplied by 109 to get MPa unit.

Compute Rock Mechanical Parameters

To open the process settings dialog box select the Mechanical Properties option from the Process Fws Module menu. Input logs Select the compressional wave transit time log (dtc) and the shear wave transit time log (dts). When this is done, the OK button is enabled. If you do not select a density log (Rhob), only the Poissons ratio will be calculated. Otherwise, the five logs will be calculated.
4.1.9 Velocity Analysis

The Velocity Analysis process is used to determine the slowness of P-, S- and Stoneley Waves from the measurements of a multi receiver sonic tool. Using the Process Semblance, Adjust Extremum and First Arrival Pick-up tools from the FWS Module in WellCAD the user will get a Well Log for each wave type containing the slowness of the wave given in microseconds per metre (s/m) or in microseconds per foot (s/ft) depending on the depth axis units.

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Tx
Transmitter

Time [us]

Rx1
Receiver

FWS Trace Fitted line along which semblance is calculated.

Rx2 Rx3

Tx Rx distance
Distance [m] Slope == Slowness [ us / m ] Slope velocity [m/us]

For each depth sample of our FWS data set we could draw a diagram as shown above, knowing the transmitter to receiver distances and taking the sonic traces from the corresponding FWS Logs. The Process Semblance algorithm creates a fan of lines with different slopes. Each line has its origin at the transmitter position and time zero. The slope of each line can be expressed as the ratio of time and distance given in (s/m) or (s/ft) and stands for the slowness. Along each of these lines a coherence value is calculated using the sonic signal amplitudes found at the intersection of fitted line and data trace. The Semblance is computed in order to get a value for the coherence of the signals:
t + jt

St =

( x
t =t i t + jt t =t i

ti

)2 )

(x

2 ti

Semblance is a trace cross-correlation with amplitudes taken into account. It is the ratio of the energy of stacked traces to the sum of the energies of the individual traces within a time window. The result of this process is an array of semblance values (correlation between Rx1, Rx2, Rx3, signals)
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for decreasing slowness (slope of fitted lines) at each depth position. The values are stored in an FWS Log. Remember that the FWS Log is just a data container. Instead of a time sampling rate in s we have slowness in s/m and the signal amplitude corresponds to the semblance value. If the current depth unit is in feet, the output will be in ft/us.

The horizontal dimension provides slowness.

Typical output of the semblance processing. Dark bands indicate high correlation.

A typical output of the semblance process is shown in the above image. The darker bands indicate a high correlation of the signal amplitudes at certain slowness values. As the P-Wave arrives before S-Wave you usually interpret the first high correlation band as the one generated by the P-Wave amplitudes, the second correlation maximum as the one generated from the S-Wave amplitudes. Maximum correlation for Stoneley Wave amplitudes might be seen as well. The next step would be to pick the intercepts of the correlation maxima using the First Arrival Pick-up process explained earlier. Rather than extracting arrival time we will extract P-, S- and Stoneley Wave slowness from the semblance process output. The output must be corrected using the Adjust Extremum process in order to get the slowness at the maximum correlation value and not at its intercept.
4.1.9.1 Process Semblance

From the Menu Bar, choose Process Fws module Velocity Analysis then Process Semblance. The following dialogue box will be displayed.

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Set up the tool geometry for the Semblance Process

For each receiver, select the corresponding tab (Rx 1, Rx 2, ) and enter the parameters for that receiver. Fws log - Select from the combo box the FWS log corresponding to the selected receiver. Time offset - Enter the time value to shift the log horizontally if the recording of the data did not start at zero. Spacing - Enter the transmitter-receiver spacing for the selected receiver. Unit - Select the units for the spacing value. If you change this unit, the spacing value is automatically updated. When all the settings are done for each receiver, click on OK to start the process. Advanced Settings The WellCAD.ini file allows setting a SemblanceNbOfValues and TotalTimeStack value that influences the behavior of the semblance process. The SemblanceNbOfValues parameter (j in the formula above) simply defines a window in which the amplitude values of each trace are stacked (rather then dealing with a line). By default 15 values will be stacked.
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The TotalTimeStack defines a time span over which the stacking window will be moved and the results stacked. This takes into account that the amplitudes of Pand S-Wave do not fall on a perfect line originated from the transmitter position. The slower borehole fluid let the P- and S-Wave signals appear on a line that is parallel shifted to later times. A default of 50 s is set. This value can be adjusted for boreholes with larger diameter.

total time stack

Tx
Window width

j Rx1

Window moved and stacked

Rx2 Rx3

4.1.9.2 Adjust Extremum

The slowness values picked from the output of the semblance analysis either using the first Arrival Picking tools or interactively must be adjusted to match the maximum semblance value. The Adjust Extremum process adjusts the data in a Well Log to the nearest extremum given in a FWS log. The process returns a new Well Log containing the corrected slowness picks. To run the process open the Process Fws Module Velocity Analysis menu and choose Adjust Extremum. The following dialogue box is displayed.

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Adjust slowness picks

FWS Log In the combo box, select the FWS Log on which you want to do the processing. If you have selected a FWS Log before, this log will be highlighted. Extremum Log to Adjust In the combo box, select the well log you want to adjust. Adjust To Maximum When you choose this option, the process will adjust the Well Log to the nearest maximum of the FWS Log. Adjust To Minimum When you choose this option, the process will adjust the Well Log to the nearest minimum of the FWS Log. Filter Width To avoid noise in the detection of the maximum (or minimum), it is possible to perform a moving average filter on the FWS Log trace (see the Filter paragraph ) before the detection. To do this, enter the Filter width in number of samples. Thus by selecting a filter width of 5, WellCAD will consider the average of five subsequent sample points. By default this number is equal to 1.

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4.1.10 Reflected Tube Wave

This process is useful for fracture evaluation using reflected tube wave arrivals. A typical dataset is shown below.

Appearance of reflected tube waves in the log display

The late times show clearly significant amplitudes caused by the arrival of a tube wave that was refracted at the edges of an open fracture. The Reflected Tube Wave process returns a Well Log where the values at each depth correspond to the cumulative energy over the shadow area (V shaped region shown in the figure above and illustrated below).

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Time (s)

1 / Tx frequency (* 106)

1m 2 * Fluid velocity (s/m) Offset

Blanking

Depth (m)

To do the processing, select a FWS Log. From the Menu Bar, choose Process Fws Module then Reflected Tube Wave. The following dialogue box will be displayed.

Set up for processing parameters

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Side It is possible to take only the upper (or the lower) side of the V shape into account. To do that, click on the corresponding option. Offset This parameter shifts the V horizontally. It is expressed in s. Blanking By setting this field to a non-zero value you will skip the samples falling into the blanking region when calculating the cumulated energy (e.g. skipping the direct tube wave). Tx Frequency This parameter changes the window width. It is equal to one period. Fluid Velocity It changes the slope of the V. The velocity is expressed in s/m (slowness).

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INDEX

A
Adjust Extremum, 23 Advanced Threshold Method, 9

P
Poissons ratio, 18 Process Semblance, 21

B
Bulk compressibility, 18 Bulk modulus, 18

R
Reflected Tube Wave, 25 Reverse Amplitude, 6 Rock Mechanical Parameters, 18

C
Cement Bond Interpretation, 17 Cement Bond Processing, 12

S
Semblance, 20 SemblanceNbOfValues, 22 Shear modulus, 18 Stacking Traces, 6 Standard Gate Method, 14 Standard Threshold Method, 9 Standoff Correction, 11

E
E1 Based Method, 13

F
Filter Window, 5 Filtering FWS Data, 2 First Arrival Picking, 8 Frequency filter, 4 frequency filter parameters, 5 FWS Log, 2 FWS Processing Module, 1

T
TotalTimeStack, 22 Tube Wave, 25

V
Velocity Analysis, 19

I
Interpolating Bad Traces, 7

W
Weighted Average, 4

M
Moving Average, 3

Y
Youngs modulus, 18

N
No Data traces, 7