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A Seminar report on

3D Password
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Computer Science

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Preface

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I ha$e made thi" report file on the topic3D Password% I ha$e tried m# be"t to elucidate all the rele$ant detail to the topic to be included in the report! &hile in the beginning I ha$e tried to gi$e a general $iew about thi" topic! M# effort" and wholehearted co'corporation of each and e$er#one ha" ended on a "ucce""ful note! I e(pre"" m# "incere gratitude to ))))!!who a""i"ting me throughout the preparation of thi" topic! I than* him for pro$iding me the reinforcement% confidence and mo"t importantl# the trac* for the topic whene$er I needed it!

INTRODUCTION

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+ormall# the authentication "cheme the u"er undergoe" i" particularl# $er# lenient or $er# "trict! Throughout the #ear" authentication ha" been a $er# intere"ting approach! &ith all the mean" of technolog# de$eloping% it can be $er# ea"# for ,other", to fabricate or to "teal identit# or to hac* "omeone-" pa""word! Therefore man# algorithm" ha$e come up each with an intere"ting approach toward calculation of a "ecret *e#! The algorithm" are "uch ba"ed to pic* a random number in the range of ./01 and therefore the po""ibilitie" of the "ane number coming i" rare! U"er" nowada#" are pro$ided with ma2or pa""word "tereot#pe" "uch a" te(tual pa""word"% biometric "canning% to*en" or card" 3"uch a" an 4TM5 etc !Mo"tl# te(tual pa""word" follow an encr#ption algorithm a" mentioned abo$e! Biometric "canning i" #our 6natural6 "ignature and Card" or To*en" pro$e #our $alidit#! But "ome people hate the fact to carr# around their card"% "ome refu"e to undergo "trong I7 e(po"ure to their retina"3Biometric "canning5!Mo"tl# te(tual pa""word"% nowada#"% are *ept $er# "imple "a# a word from the dictionar# or their pet name"% girlfriend" etc! ear" bac* 8lein performed "uch te"t" and he could crac* ./'.9 pa""word" per da#! +ow with the technolog# change% fa"t proce""or" and man# tool" on the Internet thi" ha" become a Child," :la#!

Therefore we pre"ent our idea% the ;D pa""word" which are more cu"tomi<able and $er# intere"ting wa# of authentication! +ow the pa""word" are ba"ed on the fact of =uman memor#! >enerall# "imple pa""word" are "et "o a" to quic*l# recall them! The human memor#% in our "cheme ha" to undergo the fact" of 7ecognition% 7ecalling% Biometric" or To*en ba"ed authentication! Once implemented and #ou log in to a "ecure "ite% the ;D pa""word >UI open" up! Thi" i" an additional te(tual pa""word which the u"er can "impl# put! Once he goe" through the fir"t authentication% a ;D $irtual room will open on the "creen! In our ca"e% let-" "a# a $irtual garage! +ow in a da# to da# garage one will find all "ort" of tool"% equipment"% etc!each of them ha$ing unique propertie"! The u"er will then interact with the"e propertie" accordingl#! Each ob2ect in the ;D "pace% can be mo$ed around in an 3(%#%<5 plane! That-" the mo$ing attribute of each ob2ect! Thi" propert# i" common to all the ob2ect" in the "pace! Suppo"e a u"er log" in and enter" the garage! =e "ee" and pic*" a "crew'dri$er 3initial po"ition in (#< coordinate" 39% 9% 955 and mo$e" it 9 place" to hi" right 3in ? plane i!e! 3./% 9% 95!That can be identified a" an

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authentication! Onl# the true u"er under"tand" and recogni<e" the ob2ect which he ha" to choo"e among man#! Thi" i" the 7ecall and 7ecognition part of human memor# coming into pla#! Intere"tingl#% a pa""word can be "et a" approaching a radio and "etting it" frequenc# to number onl# the u"er *now"! Securit# can be enhanced b# the fact of including Card" and Biometric "canner a" input! There can be le$el" of authentication a u"er can undergo!

EXISTING SYSTEM
Current authentication "#"tem" "uffer from man# wea*ne""e"! Te(tual pa""word" are commonl# u"ed! U"er" tend to choo"e meaningful word" from dictionarie"% which ma*e te(tual pa""word" ea"# to brea* and $ulnerable to dictionar# or brute force attac*"! Man# a$ailable graphical pa""word" ha$e a pa""word "pace that i" le"" than or equal to the te(tual pa""word

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"pace! Smart card" or to*en" can be "tolen! Man# biometric authentication" ha$e been propo"ed! =owe$er% u"er" tend to re"i"t u"ing biometric" becau"e of their intru"i$ene"" and the effect on their pri$ac#! Moreo$er% biometric" cannot be re$o*ed! The ;Dpa""word i" a multi factor authentication "cheme! The de"ign of the ;D $irtual en$ironment and the t#pe of ob2ect" "elected determine the ;D pa""word *e# "pace! U"er ha$e freedom to "elect whether the ;D pa""word will be "olel# recall% recognition% or to*en ba"ed% or combination of two "cheme" or more!

PROPOSED SYSTEM
The propo"ed "#"tem i" a multi factor authentication "cheme that combine" the benefit" of $ariou" authentication "cheme"! U"er" ha$e the freedom to "elect whether the ;D pa""word will be "olel# recall% biometric"% recognition% or to*en ba"ed% or a combination of two "cheme" or more! Thi" freedom of "election i" nece""ar# becau"e u"er" are different and the# ha$e different

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requirement"! Therefore% to en"ure high u"er acceptabilit#% the u"er-" freedom of "election i" important!

The following requirement" are "ati"fied in the propo"ed "cheme .! The new "cheme pro$ide "ecret" that are ea"# to remember and $er# difficult for intruder" to gue""! @! The new "cheme pro$ide" "ecret" that are not ea"# to write down on paper! Moreo$er% the "cheme "ecret" "hould be difficult to "hare with other"! ;! The new "cheme pro$ide" "ecret" that can be ea"il# re$o*ed or changed!

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM

The propo"ed "#"tem i" a multi factor authentication "cheme! It can combine all e(i"ting authentication "cheme" into a "ingle ;D $irtual en$ironment !Thi" ;D $irtual en$ironment contain" "e$eral ob2ect" or item" with which the u"er can interact! The u"er i" pre"ented with thi" ;D $irtual en$ironment where the u"er na$igate" and interact" with $ariou" ob2ect"! The "equence of action" and interaction" toward the ob2ect" in"ide the ;D en$ironment con"truct" the u"er-" ;D pa""word! The ;D pa""word can combine mo"t e(i"ting authentication "cheme" "uch

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a" te(tual pa""word"% graphical pa""word"% and $ariou" t#pe" of biometric" into a ;D $irtual en$ironment! The choice of what authentication "cheme" will be part of the u"er," ;D pa""word reflect" the u"er," preference" and requirement"! 4 u"er who prefer" to remember and recall a pa""word might choo"e te(tual and graphical pa""word a" part of their ;D pa""word! On the other hand u"er" who ha$e more difficult# with memor# or recall might prefer to choo"e "mart card" or biometric" a" part of their ;D pa""word! Moreo$er u"er who prefer" to *eep an# *ind of biometric data pri$ate might not interact with ob2ect that require" biometric information! Therefore it i" the u"er," choice and deci"ion to con"truct the de"ired and preferred ;D pa""word!

SYSTEM IMPLIMENTATION

The ;D pa""word i" a multi factor authentication "cheme! The ;D pa""word pre"ent" a ;D $irtual en$ironment containing $ariou" $irtual ob2ect"! The u"er na$igate" through thi" en$ironment and interact" with the ob2ect"! The ;D pa""word i" "impl# the combination and the "equence of u"er interaction" that occur in the ;D $irtual en$ironment! The ;D pa""word can combine recognition% recall% to*en% and biometric" ba"ed "#"tem" into one authentication "cheme! Thi" can be done b# de"igning a ;D $irtual en$ironment that contain" ob2ect" that reque"t

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information to be recalled% information to be recogni<ed% to*en" to be pre"ented% and biometric data to be $erified!

Aor e(ample% the u"er can enter the $irtual en$ironment and t#pe "omething on a computer that e(i"t" in 3(. % #. % <. 5 po"ition% then enter a room that ha" a fingerprint recognition de$ice that e(i"t" in a po"ition 3(@ % #@ % <@ 5 and pro$ide hi"Bher fingerprint! Then% the u"er can go to the $irtual garage% open the car door% and turn on the radio to a "pecific channel! The combination and the "equence of the pre$iou" action" toward the "pecific ob2ect" con"truct the u"er-" ;D pa""word!

Cirtual ob2ect" can be an# ob2ect that we encounter in real life! 4n# ob$iou" action" and interaction" toward the real life ob2ect" can be done in the $irtual ;D en$ironment toward the $irtual ob2ect"! Moreo$er% an# u"er input 3"uch a" "pea*ing in a "pecific location5 in the $irtual ;D en$ironment can be con"idered a" a part of the ;D pa""word!

&e can ha$e the following ob2ect": .5 4 computer with which the u"er can t#peD @5 4 fingerprint reader that require" the u"er-" fingerprintD ;5 4 biometric recognition de$iceD E5 4 paper or a white board that a u"er can write% "ign% or draw onD 95 4n automated teller machine 34TM5 that reque"t" a to*enD 15 4 light that can be "witched onBoffD F5 4 tele$i"ion or radio where channel" can be "electedD G5 4 "taple that can be punchedD H5 4 car that can be dri$enD ./5 4 boo* that can be mo$ed from one place to anotherD ..5 4n# graphical pa""word "chemeD

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.@5 4n# real life ob2ectD .;5 4n# upcoming authentication "cheme!

The action toward an ob2ect 3a""ume a fingerprint recognition de$ice5 that e(i"t" in location 3(.% #. % <. 5 i" different from the action" toward a "imilar ob2ect 3another fingerprint recognition de$ice5 that e(i"t" in location 3(@ % #@ % <@ 5% where (. I (@ % #. I #@ % and <. I <@ ! Therefore% to perform the legitimate ;D pa""word% the u"er mu"t follow the "ame "cenario performed b# the legitimate u"er! Thi" mean" interacting with the "ame ob2ect" that re"ide at the e(act location" and perform the e(act action" in the proper "equence!

3D PASSWORD SELECTION AND INPUT

Jet u" con"ider a ;D $irtual en$ironment "pace of "i<e > K> K >! The ;D en$ironment "pace i" repre"ented b# the coordinate" 3(% #% <5 L.% ! ! ! % >M KL.% ! ! ! % >M KL.% ! ! ! % >M! The ob2ect" are di"tributed in the ;D $irtual en$ironment with unique 3(% #% <5 coordinate"! &e a""ume that the u"er can na$igate into the ;D $irtual en$ironment and interact with the ob2ect" u"ing an# input de$ice "uch a" a mou"e% *e# board% fingerprint "canner% iri" "canner% "t#lu"% card reader% and microphone! &e con"ider the "equence of tho"e action" and interaction" u"ing the pre$iou" input de$ice" a" the u"er-" ;D pa""word!

Aor e(ample% con"ider a u"er who na$igate" through the ;D $irtual en$ironment that con"i"t" of an office and a meeting room! Jet u" a""ume that the u"er i" in the $irtual office and the u"er turn" around to the door located in 3./% @E% H.5 and open" it! Then% the u"er clo"e" the door! The u"er then find" a computer to the left% which e(i"t" in the po"ition 3E% ;E% .G5% and the u"er t#pe" NA4JCO+!O Then% the u"er wal*" to the meeting room and pic*" up a pen located at 3./% @E% G/5 and draw" onl# one dot in a paper located in 3.% .G% ;/5% which i" the dot 3(% #5 coordinate relati$e to the paper "pace i" 3;;/% .;/5! The u"er then pre""e" the login button! The initial repre"entation of u"er action" in the ;D$irtual en$ironment can be recorded a" follow":

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3./% @E% H.5 4ction I Open the office doorD 3./% @E% H.5 4ction I Clo"e the office doorD 3E% ;E% .G5 4ction I T#ping% NAOD 3E% ;E% .G5 4ction I T#ping% N4OD 3E% ;E% .G5 4ction I T#ping% NJOD 3E% ;E% .G5 4ction I T#ping% NCOD 3E% ;E% .G5 4ction I T#ping% NOOD 3E% ;E% .G5 4ction I T#ping% N+OD

3D IRTUAL EN IRONMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES

The de"ign of the ; D $irtual en$ironment" affect" the u"abilit#% effecti$ene""% acceptabilit# of ;D pa""word! The fir"t "tep in building a ;D pa""word "#"tem i" to de"ign a ;D en$ironment that reflect" the admini"tration need" and the "ecurit# requirement"! The de"ign of ;D $irtual en$ironment" "hould follow the"e guideline"!

.5 7eal Jife Similarit# The pro"pecti$e ;D $irtual en$ironment "hould reflect what people are u"ed to "eeing in real life! Ob2ect" u"ed in $irtual en$ironment" "hould be relati$el# "imilar in "i<e to real ob2ect" 3"i<ed to "cale5! :o""ible action" and interaction" toward $irtual ob2ect" "hould reflect real life "ituation"! Ob2ect re"pon"e" "hould be reali"tic! The target "hould ha$e a ;D $irtual en$ironment that u"er" can interact @5 Ob2ect uniquene"" and di"tinction e$er# $irtual ob2ect or item in the ;D $irtual en$ironment i" different from an# other $irtual ob2ect! The uniquene"" come" from the fact that e$er# $irtual ob2ect ha" it" own attribute" "uch a" po"ition! Thu"% the pro"pecti$e interaction with ob2ect . i" not equal to the interaction with ob2ect @! =ow e$er% ha$ing "imilar ob2ect" "uch a" @/ computer" in one place might confu"e the u"er! Therefore% the de"ign of the ;D $irtual en$ironment "hould con"ider that e$er# ob2ect "hould be

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di"tingui"hable from other ob2ect"! Similarl#% in de"igning a ;D $irtual en$ironment% it "hould be ea"# for u"er" to na$igate through and to di"tingui"h between ob2ect"! The di"tingui"hing factor increa"e" the u"er-" recognition of ob2ect"! Therefore% it impro$e" the "#"tem u"abilit#! ;5 Three Dimen"ional Cirtual En$ironment Si<e 4 ;D $irtual en$ironment can depict a cit# or e$en the world! On the other hand% it can depict a "pace a" focu"ed a" a "ingle room or office! 4 large ;D $irtual en$ironment will increa"e the time required b# the u"er to perform a ;D pa""word! Moreo$er% a large ;D $irtual en$ironment can contain a large number of $irtual ob2ect"! Therefore% the probable ;D pa""word "pace broaden"! =owe$er% a "mall ;D $irtual en$ironment u"uall# contain" onl# a few ob2ect"% and thu"% performing a ;D pa""word will ta*e le"" time! E5 +umber of ob2ect" and their t#pe" :art of de"igning a ;D $irtual en$ironment i" determining the t#pe" of ob2ect" and how man# ob2ect" "hould be placed in the en$ironment! The t#pe" of ob2ect" reflect what *ind of re"pon"e" the ob2ect will ha$e! Aor "implicit#% we can con"ider reque"ting a te(tual pa""word or a fingerprint a" an ob2ect re"pon"e t#pe! Selecting the right ob2ect re"pon"e t#pe" and the number of ob2ect" affect" the probable pa""word "pace of a ;D pa""word! 95 S#"tem Importance The ;D $irtual en$ironment "hould con"ider what "#"tem" will be protected b# a ;D pa""word The number of ob2ect" and the t#pe" of ob2ect" that =a$e been u"ed in the ;D $irtual en$ironment "hould reflect the importance of the protected "#"tem!

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3D PASSWORD APPLICATION
The ;D pa""word can ha$e a pa""word "pace that i" $er# large compared to other authentication "cheme"% "o the ;D pa""word-" main application domain" are protecting critical "#"tem" and re"ource"!

.! Critical "er$er man# large organi<ation" ha$e critical "er$er" that are u"uall# protected b# a te(tual pa""word! 4 ;D pa""word authentication propo"e" a "ound replacement for a te(tual pa""word! @! +uclear and militar# facilitie" "uch facilitie" "hould be protected b# the mo"t :owerful authentication "#"tem"! The ;D pa""word ha" a $er# large probable pa""word "pace% and "ince it can contain to*en% biometric"% recognition and *nowledge ba"ed

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4uthentication" in a "ingle authentication "#"tem% it i" a "ound choice for high le$el "ecurit# location"! ;! 4irplane" and 2et fighter" Becau"e of the po""ible threat of mi"u"ing airplane" and 2et fighter" for religion% political agenda"% u"age of "uch airplane" "hould be protected b# a powerful authentication "#"tem!

In addition% ;D pa""word" can be u"ed in le"" critical "#"tem" becau"e the ;D $irtual en$ironment can be de"igned to fit to an# "#"tem need"! 4 "mall $irtual en$ironment can be u"ed in the following "#"tem" li*e .5 4TM @5 :er"onal Digital 4""i"tance ;5 De"*top Computer" P laptop login" E5 &eb 4uthentication 95 Securit# 4nal#"i"

To anal#<e and "tud# how "ecure a "#"tem i"% we ha$e to con"ider% Q =ow hard it i" for the attac*er to brea* "uch a "#"tem R 4 po""ible mea"urement i" ba"ed on the information content of a important to ha$e a "cheme that ha" a $er# large pa""word "pace! It i"

po""ible pa""word "pace which

increa"e" the wor* required b# the attac*er to brea* the authentication "#"tem! R Aind a "cheme that ha" no pre$iou" or e(i"ting *nowledge of the mo"t probable u"er pa""word "election!

www.studymafia.com STATE DIAGRAM OF A 3D PASSWORD APPLICATION

www.studymafia.com SECURITY ANALYSIS

3D Pa!!"or# !pa$e !i%e To determine the pa""word "pace% we ha$e to count all po""ible ;D pa""word" that ha$e a certain number of action"% interaction"% and input" toward" all ob2ect" that e(i"t in the ;D $irtual en$ironment"!

3D pa!!"or# #i!tri&'tion (no")e#*e

U"er" tend to u"e meaningful word" for te(tual pa""word"! Therefore finding the"e different word" from dictionar# i" a relati$el# "imple ta"* which #ield" a high "ucce"" rate for brea*ing te(tual pa""word"! :a"" face" u"er" tend to choo"e face" that reflect their own ta"te on facial attracti$ene""% race% and gender! E$er# u"er ha" different requirement" and preference" when "electing the appropriate ;D :a""word! Thi" fact will increa"e the effort required to find a pattern of u"er-" highl# "elected ;D pa""word! In addition% "ince the ;D pa""word combine" "e$eral authentication "cheme" into a "ingle authentication en$ironment% the attac*er ha" to "tud# e$er# "ingle authentication "cheme and ha" to di"co$er what the mo"t probable "elected "ecret" are! Since e$er# ;D pa""word "#"tem can be de"igned according to the protected "#"tem requirement"% the attac*er ha" to "eparatel# "tud# e$er# ;D pa""word "#"tem! Therefore% more effort i" required to build the *nowledge of mo"t probable ;D pa""word"!

Atta$(! an# Co'ntermea!'re! To reali<e and under"tand how far an authentication "cheme i" "ecure% we ha$e to con"ider all po""ible attac* method"! &e ha$e to "tud# whether the authentication "cheme propo"ed i" immune again"t "uch attac*" or not! Moreo$er% if the propo"ed authentication "cheme i" not immune% we then ha$e to find the countermea"ure" that pre$ent "uch attac*"! In thi" "ection% we tr# to co$er mo"t po""ible attac*" and whether the attac* i" $alid or not! Moreo$er% we tr# to propo"e countermea"ure" for "uch attac*"!

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+,Br'te For$e Atta$(: The attac*er ha" to tr# all po""ible ;D pa""word"! Thi" *ind of attac* i" $er# difficult for the following rea"on"! a! Time required to login The total time needed for a legitimate u"er to login ma# $ar# depending on the number of interaction" and action"% the "i<e of the ;D $irtual en$ironment% and the t#pe of action" and interaction"! Therefore% a brute force attac* on a ;D pa""word i" $er# difficult and time con"uming b! Co"t of attac*" the ;D $irtual en$ironment contain" biometric recognition ob2ect" and to*en ba"ed ob2ect"! The attac*er ha" to forge all po""ible biometric information and forge all the required to*en"! The co"t of forging "uch information i" $er# high% therefore crac*ing the ;D pa""word i" more challenging! The high number of po""ible ;D pa""word "pace" lea$e" the attac*er with almo"t no chance of brea*ing the ;D pa""word! -,We)).St'#ie# Atta$( : The attac*er trie" to find the highe"t probable di"tribution of ;D pa""word"! In order to launch "uch an attac*% the attac*er ha" to acquire *nowledge of the mo"t probable ;D pa""word di"tribution"! Thi" i" $er# difficult becau"e the attac*er ha" to "tud# all the e(i"ting authentication "cheme" that are u"ed in the ;D en$ironment! It require" a "tud# of the u"er-" "election of ob2ect" for the ;D pa""word! Moreo$er% a well "tudied attac* i" $er# hard to accompli"h "ince the attac*er ha" to perform a cu"tomi<ed attac* for e$er# different ;D $irtual en$ironment de"ign! Thi" en$ironment ha" a number of ob2ect" and t#pe" of ob2ect re"pon"e" that differ from an# other ;D $irtual en$ironment! Therefore% a carefull# cu"tomi<ed "tud# i" required to initiali<e an effecti$e attac*! 3,S/o')#er S'r0in* Atta$( :4n attac*er u"e" a camera to record the u"er-" ;D pa""word or trie" to watch the legitimate u"er while the ;D pa""word i" being performed! Thi" attac* i" the mo"t "ucce""ful t#pe of attac* again"t ;D pa""word" and "ome other graphical pa""word"! =owe$er% the u"er-" ;D pa""word ma# contain biometric data or te(tual pa""word" that cannot be "een from behind! Therefore% we a""ume that the ;D pa""word "hould be performed in a "ecure place where a "houlder "urfing attac* cannot be performed!

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1,Timin* Atta$(: In thi" attac*% the attac*er ob"er$e" how long it ta*e" the legitimate u"er to perform a correct "ign in u"ing the ;D pa""word! Thi" ob"er$ation gi$e" the attac*er an indication of the legitimate u"er-" ;D pa""word length! =owe$er% thi" *ind of attac* alone cannot be $er# "ucce""ful "ince it gi$e" the attac*er mere hint"! Therefore% it would probabl# be launched a" part of a well "tudied or brute force attac*! Timing attac*" can be $er# effecti$e if the ;D $irtual en$ironment i" poorl# de"igned!

CONCLUSION

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The ;D pa""word i" a multi factor authentication "cheme that combine" the $ariou" authentication "cheme" into a "ingle ;D $irtual en$ironment! The $irtual en$ironment can contain an# e(i"ting authentication "cheme or e$en an# upcoming authentication "cheme or e$en an# upcoming authentication "cheme" b# adding it a" a re"pon"e to action" performed on an ob2ect! Therefore the re"ulting pa""word "pace become" $er# large compared to an# e(i"ting authentication "cheme"! The de"ign of the ;D $irtual en$ironment the "election of ob2ect" in"ide the en$ironment and the ob2ect," t#pe reflect the re"ulted pa""word "pace! It i" the ta"* of the "#"tem admini"trator to de"ign the en$ironment and to "elect the appropriate ob2ect that reflect" the protected "#"tem requirement"! De"igning a "imple and ea"# to u"e ;D $irtual en$ironment i" a factor that lead" to a higher u"er acceptabilit# of a ;D pa""word "#"tem! The choice of what authentication "cheme will be part of u"er," ;D pa""word reflect" the u"er," preference" and requirement"!

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REFERENCES
L.M ?! Suo% ! Shu% and >! S! Owen% N>raphical pa""word": 4 "ur$e#%O in :roc! @."t 4nnu!

Comput! Securit# 4ppl! Conf!% Dec! 9TH% @//9% pp! E1;TEF@!

L@M D! C! 8lein% NAoiling the crac*er: 4 "ur$e# of% and impro$ement to pa""word" "ecurit#%O in :roc! USE+I? Securit# &or*"hop% .HH/% pp! 9T.E!

L;M +BC new"% 4TM Araud: Ban*ing on Criminal" Owning 4TM"% Dec! ..% @//;!

our Mone#% Dateline =idden Camera" Show

LEM T! 8itten% 8eeping an E#e on the 4TM! 3@//9% Uul! ..5! LOnlineM! 4$ailable: 4TMMar*et:lace!com

L9M BBC new"% Ca"h Machine Araud up% Sa# Ban*"% +o$! E% @//1!

L1M >! E! Blonder% N>raphical pa""word%O U!S! :atent 9 99H H1.% Sep! @E% .HH1!

LFM 7! Dhami2a and 4! :errig% NDV2W Cu: 4 u"er "tud# u"ing image" for authentication%O in :roc! Hth USI+E? Securit# S#mp!% Den$er% CO% 4ug! @///% pp! E9T9G!