Chapter 3 Streamflow Estimation by Msma

BFW 40103- Water Resources
Engineering
Chapter 3:
P kfl E ti ti B U i Peakflow Estimation By Using
Urban Stromwater
Management (MASMA)
Prepared by: Prepared by:
Mohd Shalahuddin Adnan
Lesson goals
At the end of this topic, student should be able
to:-
Understand the application of
MSMA in Malaysia MSMA in Malaysia
Determine the concept of on-site Determine the concept of on site
retention and on-site detention
Differentiate the uses of OSD and
OSR
Design OSD for small area
(residential area) (residential area)
1.0 Beauty of Rivers in Malaysia
Introduction
y y
1.0 Beauty of Rivers in Malaysia
Introduction
y y
Almost all major town in Malaysia are located beside a river.
1 1 C t D l t I & D i
Introduction
1.1 Current Development Issues & Drainage
Practice
It is widely recognised that landuse changes from rural to
urban or industrial areas cause local runoff impacts on urban or industrial areas cause local runoff impacts on
receiving water flow, quality, and ecology.
Erosion and sedimentation problems associated with
development, it has become increasingly apparent that
stormwater runoff contributes to receiving waters a
significant part of total loads of such pollutants as nutrients
(including phosphorus and nitrogen) heavy metals oil and (including phosphorus and nitrogen), heavy metals, oil and
grease, bacteria, etc.
Over the years flood damage and adverse impacts on Over the years, flood damage and adverse impacts on
water quality, fisheries, scenic river areas, and wildlife
habitats have been recognised as shortcomings of long- g g g
accepted approaches to the planning, design, and
management of storm drainage facilities in urban areas.
As a result rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and estuarine
and coastal waters have become sensitive to increased and coastal waters, have become sensitive to increased
rates and volumes of runoff and pollutant discharges.
These discharges have posed major issues to many urban g p j y
and residential centres, particularly in the western states of
the Peninsula.
The problems have become even more aggravated by
frequent intense rainfalls the physiological nature of frequent intense rainfalls, the physiological nature of
basins, and the pattern of urbanisation with relatively poor
urban services.
1 2 Existing Drainage Practices
Introduction
1.2 Existing Drainage Practices
Present experience indicates that rapid disposal, localised, reactive,
and mono-functional drainage concepts have been widely practised
in Malaysia.
In Malaysia, urban drainage practice has been largely based on the
1975 DID Urban Drainage Design Manual
Introduction
New, comprehensive, and integrated SWM strategies are
d d t b i li ith th t d i t now needed to be in line with the governments drive to
achieve a sustainable developed nation status in the early
21
st
century 21 century.
Such new strategies will incorporate runoff source control,
management and delayed disposal on a catchment wide,
proactive, and multi-functional basis. This should result in
fl d fl d ti t lit i t d flood flow reduction, water quality improvement, and
ecological enhancement in downstream receiving waters.
To some extent, it should also contribute to improved urban
amenity through the application of wetlands, landscape for
recreation, potential beneficial reuse of stormwater
(especially as a non-potable supply source), and recharge of
d l t d b d t if t h t depleted urban groundwater aquifers to enhance stream
baseflow during dry seasons.
2 0 MSMA
Urban Stormwater Management Manual
2.0 MSMA
MSMA (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam), an ( )
abbreviation from Malay Language
translation of Urban Stormwater
M t M l h b id l Management Manual, has been widely
accepted term and since become trade mark
in the stormwater industry in Malaysia in the stormwater industry in Malaysia.
The first edition of the Manual, published in
2000, has served as invaluable references
for both authority and private professionals.
MSMA 2nd Edition was published in 2012
after ten(10) years time lapse the after ten(10) years time lapse, the
Department decided that it is timely for the
first edition be improved.
2 1 Principles of Quantity Control
2.1 Principles of Quantity Control
To reduce flows from a developing area p g
To remedy a situation where the downstream drainage system
is undersized, and cannot be enlarged conveniently
To develop the most cost effective drainage system by To develop the most cost-effective drainage system, by
reducing the sizes and cost of downstream pipes and channels,
or as long as this reduces the overall net cost of the total
drainage works
Storm ater q antit control facilities can be classified
Stormwater quantity control facilities can be classified
by function :
detention facilities detention facilities
retention facilities
Detention and retention storages may be named on
the basis of their location and size
New Development and Redevelopment should
implement detention and / or retention in implement detention and / or retention in
accordance with the Strategic Plan for the
catchment
Existing Urban Areas - community / regional detention
or retention may be a viable approach if sufficient or retention may be a viable approach if sufficient
open space is available
2 2 Benefits of MASMA application are:
2.2 Benefits of MASMA application are:
Fl d fl
Water
lit
Ecological
enhancem
t i
improved
urban
amenity
recharge of
depleted
urban
Flood flow
reduction
quality
improveme
nt
ent in
downstrea
m receiving
waters
y
through the
application
of
tl d
groundwat
er aquifers
to enhance
waters,
wetlands,
landscape
for
recreation
stream
baseflow
during dry
seasons
recreation,
seasons.
3 0 O Sit D t ti P d
On site Detention (OSD)
3.0 On-Site Detention Pond
Definition: A system that collects conveys and discharges Definition: A system that collects, conveys and discharges
stormwater runoff from the drainage basin to designated
outflow collection points. Typically used in urbanized areas
Detention basin: a natural or artificial basin that receives
and temporarily holds storm runoff to reduce downstream
peak flows for flood control purposes peak flows for flood control purposes.
Drainage pipe or channel: part of a stormwater
conveyance system that transport stormwater from one conveyance system that transport stormwater from one
place to another
Elements of design Elements of design
- hydrology: design flow and volume
- hydraulics: inlet, conveyance in open channel and closed
conduit temporary storage in detention basin & outfall conduit, temporary storage in detention basin, & outfall.
3 1 D t ti F iliti Obj ti 3.1 Detention Facilities Objective
The detention facilities is to reduce peak discharge by the The detention facilities is to reduce peak discharge by the
temporary storage and gradual release of stormwater runoff
by way of an outlet control structure or other release y y
mechanism.
3.1.1 Choice of Detention / Retention Facilities
On-site detention (OSD) may be provided as above-ground
storages, below-ground storages, or a combination of both.
3.2 OSD : Above vs. Below Ground
The main advantages of
above-ground:
The main advantages of
below-ground g
easily incorporated into
the site
g
out of sight, occupy less
physical space
relatively inexpensive
compared to below-
will not cause any
inconvenience with
ground storages. ponding of water
** Safety features such as sign board and fencing must be incorporated in the
design of above-ground storage to prevent drowning, particularly of children and
senior citizen se o c e
3 3 O it D t ti (OSD)
3.3 On site Detention (OSD)
3 3 1 Location of Facilities
Car Park Detention
Infiltration Trench
(CIRIA, 1996)
3.3.1 Location of Facilities
Park Pond
LEVELS
On-site
Regional
Community
LEVELS
Infiltration Basin
Artificial Recharge
(Todd, 1980)
Storage Reservoir
(Hall, et al., 1993)
Facilities can also be categorised as:
Facilities can also be categorised as:
on-line storage : a facility that intercepts flow directly within a
conveyance system.
off-line storage : the diversion of flow from a conveyance system
into a separate storage facility.
Online Off-line Online Off line
3 3 4 Type of OSD
3.3.4 Type of OSD
Rooftop
Car Parking and
Surface Tank
Car Parking and
Driveway Areas
Landscaped Area
Surface Tank
Landscaped Area
Underground Tank
Pipe Package
3 3 5 Ill t ti f C it St S t
3.3.5 Illustration of a Composite Storage System
Maximum ponding level for
d i
Freeboard
to building
Habitable
building
storage design storm
Above-ground storage
to building
floor level
g
'Beginning to pond' level
for above-ground storage
Below-ground storage
g g
g g
Outlet to public drainage system
(preferably free draining, but
may be pumped in some cases)
3 3 6 Typical Multi-Purpose Surface Tank
Roof drainage system
3.3.6 Typical Multi Purpose Surface Tank
g y
Screen
P i
ildi
Secondary
outlet
OSD
t
Primary
outlet
Building
storage
Storage for
re-use
Above Ground
R
u
n
off
D
ire
cto
n
Lot drainage system
Garage
S
w
a
l
e

d
r
a
i
n
Above-Ground
Storage System
w

a
r
o
u
n
d

O
S
D

s
t
o
r
a
g
e
Area draining to
OSD storage
Lot drainage system
d

d
i
v
e
r
t

u
p
s
t
r
e
a
m

f
l
o
w
OSD storage
Dwelling
R
u
n
o
ff
D
ire
cton
e

d
r
a
i
n

t
o

i
n
t
e
r
c
e
p
t

a
n
d
A
R
un
o
ff
D
ire
cto
n
S
w
a
l
e
DCP
Brick retaining wall
OSD Storage
A
Open drain
Brick retaining wall
(secondary outlet)
OSD Storage
Secondary outlet
STREET
Open drain
DCP
(primary outlet)
SECTION A-A
Secondary outlet
k
A
Composite
Car park storage
SW
SW
Pipe package
(2 x 900 mm pipes)
Primary outlet
(flow restricting pipe)
Composite
Storage
System
A
Lot pipe
drainage
System
Offi b ildi
r

p
a
r
k

a
n
d

a
c
c
e
s
s
g
system
Office building
C
a
r
STREET
Secondary outlet
(overflow over kerb)
Car park storage
Office
building
Pipe package
(2 x 900 mm pipes)
Primary outlet
SECTION A-A
Above Ground OSD
bo e G ou d OS
Landscaping OSD
Landscaping OSD
Car-Park OSD
Car-Park OSD
Access and overflow grate
Inlet pipes
STORAGE TANK
Outlet pipe
Access ladder
Inlet pipes
Trash screen
The Modular Storage The Modular Storage
System System
Pan Sutera
3 4 C it d R i l D t ti 3.4 Community and Regional Detention
Typically used in Area > 0.1ha Typically used in Area > 0.1ha
Community and regional detention facilities are larger
facilities than OSD which are located in public areas
outside of private properties
Community and regional detention facilities should be
l d i h d h ti ti t h i d analysed using a hydrograph estimation technique and
preferably using a computer model
3 5 D t ti F iliti 3.5 Detention Facilities
Dry detention pond - release all the runoff temporarily Dry detention pond release all the runoff temporarily
detained during a storm. commonly used for controlling peak
flow .
Wet Detention pond - incorporate a permanent pool of
water for water quality control as well as provision for the water for water quality control as well as provision for the
temporary storage and release of runoff for flood control.
3 5 1 Type of Detention
Design Flood level
3.5.1 Type of Detention
Design Flood level
(a) DRY BASIN
Maximum pond level
Design Flood level
Maximum pond level
(b) WET BASIN
(flood storage within ponds and lakes) (flood storage within ponds and lakes)
3 6 Safety features for open space pond 3.6 Safety features for open space pond
3 7 Example of dry detention
3.7 Example of dry detention
Example of dry detention
Example of dry detention
Example of wet detention
Example of wet detention
3.8 Detention System (1970)
3.8 Detention System (1970)
3 8 Detention Facilities (1990)
3.8 Detention Facilities (1990)
3.9 Dry Detention Dry Periods
3.9 Dry Detention Dry Periods
3.9 Dry Detention After Heavy Rain 3.9 Dry Detention After Heavy Rain
3.10 Example of Detention Facilities
3.10 Example of Detention Facilities
3.10 Malaysia Experiences 3.10 Malaysia Experiences
On Site Retention (OSR)
4 0 O Sit R t ti P d 4.0 On-Site Retention Pond
Retention Concept : Retention Concept :
Retaining and having a portion of the stormwater infiltrate or
percolate into the soil and the groundwater system percolate into the soil and the groundwater system
Detention VS Retention Detention VS Retention
The reduced post-development runoff hydrograph is
designed so that the peak flow is equal to or less than the designed so that the peak flow is equal to or less than the
pre-development peak flow rate. (detention/retention
facilities)
The volume of the post-development hydrograph is
required to be reduced to the same volume as the pre-
development runoff hydrograph. (retention facilities)
4 1 R t ti F iliti 4.1 Retention Facilities
The retention facilities reduce runoff volume and possibly The retention facilities reduce runoff volume, and possibly
peak discharge, by the temporary storage of stormwater
runoff, which is subsequently released via
evaporation/evatransporation and infiltration.
4.2 Advantages of Rentention
reduction of downstream flow peaks (p) p (p)
smaller storm drains at a lesser cost (p)
recharge of groundwater (s) g g ( )
reduction in the settlement in groundwater depletion areas
control of saline water intrusion control of saline water intrusion
reduction of pollution transported to receiving waters (p)
4.3 Infiltration and Artificial Recharge System
g y
used for Stormwater Disposal (CIRIA, 1996)
4 3 T R t ti F iliti 4.3 Type Retention Facilities
extended detention facilities extended detention facilities
infiltration structures
swales
porous pavement
4.3.1 On-Site & Community Retention
The main types of retention/infiltration techniques are
infiltration trenches, soakaway pits, porous pavement and
infiltration basins infiltration basins
4.3.1.1Soakaway Pit
4.3.1.1Soakaway Pit
4.3.1.2 Porous Pavement
4 3 1 3 Typical Cross-section of Porous
4.3.1.3 Typical Cross-section of Porous
Pavement Structure (Raimbault, 1997)
4.3.1.4 Infiltration Trench (Schueler, 1987)
( , )
4.3.2 Examples of Retention Facilities
p
Malaysia Case Study
Loose Loose--Rock Infiltration Rock Infiltration
B i B i Basin Basin
4 4 Regional Retention
4.4 Regional Retention
It is more cost-efficient to implement large scale
stormwater retention facilities in conjunction with artificial
groundwater recharge/ groundwater management
f it programme of a community.
4.4.1 Example of Regional Retention
4.4.1 Example of Regional Retention
4.5 General Design Considerations
5 Ge e a es g Co s de at o s
On-site Detention
Simplified hydrographs are combined with an assumed
outlet relationship to determine a critical volume of water to outlet relationship to determine a critical volume of water to
be stored. A storage is then to be provided for this critical
volume.
Community and Regional Detention
Design and analysis involve :
hydrological calculations to determine the storage y g g
volume
hydraulic calculations to route the flows and
d t i th d ti i fl t determine the reduction in flowrates
geotechnical, structural, and other design processes
Retention
The surface soils and geohydrologic conditions at the
it h t b k d d t d site have to be known and understood.
This include data on soil profiles, soil permeability
and porosity and groundwater and porosity, and groundwater.
The local soil should be
(a) permeable ( ) p
(b) unsaturated
Approximate Value for Soil Porosity (CIRIA, 1996)
pp y ( , )
Soil Propoerties Classified by Soil Texture
p y
Special Consideration
The retention system should be designed to empty The retention system should be designed to empty
sufficiently before the next rainfall event.
4 7 H d l l l ti
Hydrology Calculation
4.7 Hydrology calculation
Annual Return Period Annual Return Period
for a given rainfall duration and ARI, is a function of the local
li t R i f ll d th b f th d d climate. Rainfall depths can be further processed and
converted into rainfall intensities (intensity = depth/duration),
which are then presented in IDF curves which are then presented in IDF curves.
The ARI is given by:
100
1
= T
r
e.q 11.1
g y
100
P
T
r
e.q 11.1
where Tr is the ARI in years and P is the AEP in where Tr is the ARI in years and P is the AEP in
percent. Hence, a 1% AEP has an ARI of 100 years.
4 7 H d l l l ti
4.7 Hydrology calculation
Polynomial expressions in the form of Equation 13 2 have Polynomial expressions in the form of Equation 13.2 have
been fitted to the published IDF curves for the 35 main
cities/towns in Malaysia. y
IDF can be generated using Eq. 13.2
3 2
)) t (ln( d )) t (ln( c ) t ln( b a ) I ln(
t
R
+ + + =
e.q 13.2
where,
R
i
t
= the average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for ARI and duration t
t
g y ( )
R = average return interval (years)
t = duration (minutes)
a to d are fitting constants dependent on ARI.
ARI (years) a b c d
2 5.3255 0.1806 -0.1322 0.0047
5 5.1086 0.5037 -0.2155 0.0112
10 4.9696 0.6796 -0.2584 0.0147
20 4.9781 0.7533 -0.2796 0.0166
50 4.8047 0.9399 -0.3218 0.0197
100 5.0064 0.8709 -0.307 0.0186
1000
100
(
m
m
/
h
r
)
10
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

100 yr
50 yr R50 yr
20 yr
10 yr
5 yr
2 yr
1 yr ARI
1
10 100 1000
Duration (minutes)
Note also:
If the drainage area is 10 km
2
to 1000 km
2
(or 1 10
7
m
2
to
1 10
9
m
2
), then the rainfall intensity I = F
A
I, where F
A
=
l d ti f t A l d ti f t i id d i areal reduction factor. Areal reduction factor is provided in
Table 13.1 (MSMA) or Figure 13.1 (MSMA) as shown below.
rainfall depth,P = I t
Figure 13.1 Graphical Areal Reduction Factor
Example:
If the 0.75 hour rainfall intensity computed for a 30 km
2
catchment area based on polynomial equation is I = 250 catchment area based on polynomial equation is I = 250
mm/hr, based on Figure 13.1 determine the rainfall depth.
Account for the variability in rainfall.
( )
y
Polynomial equation:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
ln ln ln ln t d t c t b a I
t
R
+ + + =
where,
I = intensity (mm/hr)
t = duration (minutes)
a, b, c and d = coefficients based on ARI and location
0 92 0.92
30 km
2
Since the catchment area A = 30 km
2
> 10 km
2
, then the areal reduction
factor is required.
Th f th i f ll i t it I F I Therefore, the rainfall intensity I = F
A
I
I = 0.92 250 mm/hr
I = 230 mm/hr
The rainfall depth P = I t
P = 230 0.75
P = 176.25 mm
Storage Tank Characteristics
Storage Tank Characteristics
Typical storage tanks are Typical storage tanks are
either circular or
rectangular in plan
and/or cross-section but,
due to their structural
nature, can be
configured into almost
any geometrical plan
shape (Table 5.2).
Design Criterias
Figure 5.A1: 5 (Five) Design Regions;
Design Criterias
Table 5.A1: Maximum Permissible Site Discharge (PSD)
and Minimum Site Storage Requirement (SSR) Values in and Minimum Site Storage Requirement (SSR) Values in
Accordance with The Five Regions in Peninsular Malaysia;
Table 5.A2: Maximum Permissible Site Discharge (PSD),
Minimum Site Storage Requirement (SSR) and Inlet Values
in Accordance with The Major Towns in Peninsular in Accordance with The Major Towns in Peninsular
Malaysia;
Table 5.A3: OSD Volume, Inlet Size and Outlet Size for
Five Different Regions in Peninsular Malaysia;and
Table 5.A4: Discharge Pipe Diameter.
Design Considerations
(a) Design Storm ARI
The design storm shall be 10 year ARI in accordance with
Design Considerations
The design storm shall be 10 year ARI in accordance with
the minor drainage system ARI provided in Table 1.1.
(b) Permissible Site Discharge (PSD)
The PSD is the maximum allowable post-development
discharge from a site for the selected design storm and is
estimated on the basis that flows within the downstream
stormwater drainage system will not be increased stormwater drainage system will not be increased.
(c) Site Storage Requirement (SSR) (c) S te Sto age equ e e t (SS )
The SSR is the total amount of storage required to ensure
that the required PSD is not exceeded and the OSD facility
does not overflow based on the storage design storm ARI.
Figure 5.A1:
Five (5) Design
Regions
Table 5.A1: Maximum
Permissible Site Discharge
(PSD) and Minimum Site
Storage Requirement (SSR)
Values in Accordance with
The Five Regions in
Peninsular Malaysia
Table 5.A2: Maximum Permissible Site Discharge (PSD), Minimum Site
Storage Requirement (SSR) and Inlet Values in Accordance with The Major Storage Requirement (SSR) and Inlet Values in Accordance with The Major
Towns in Peninsular Malaysia
Table 5.A3: OSD Volume, Inlet Size and Outlet Size for Five
Different Regions in Peninsular Malaysia
Table 5.A4: Discharge and Pipe Diameter Relationship
Design Steps
A step by steps procedure for designing storage system of OSD
are as follows:
Design Steps
are as follows:
Step 1: Determine the storage type(s) to be used within the site,
i.e. separate above and/or below-ground storage(s), or a
composite above and below- ground storage.
Step 2: Identify the region of the detention site from Figure 5 A1 Step 2: Identify the region of the detention site from Figure 5.A1.
Step 3: Determine the catchment characteristics such as terrain
type and percentage of impervious area.
St 4 D t i P i ibl Sit Di h (PSD) Step 4: Determine Permissible Site Discharge (PSD) per
hectares (PSD/ha) from Table 5.A1. Then multiply with project
area to determine PSD. area to determine PSD.
Step 5: Determine Site Storage Requirement (SSR) per hectares
(SSR/ha) from Table 5.A1. Then multiply with project area to
d t i SSR determine SSR.
Step 6 Identif the major to n of the detention site in Table
Step 6: Identify the major town of the detention site in Table
5.A2 and determine inlet flow per hectares from Table 5.A2 .
Then multiply with project area to determine inlet flow. p y p j
Step 7: Determine PSD per hectares (PSD/ha) from Table
5 A2 Then multiply with detention area to determine PSD 5.A2. Then multiply with detention area to determine PSD.
Step 8: Determine SSR per hectares (SSR/ha) from Table
5.A2. Then multiply with detention area to determine SSR.
Step 9: Compare the value of PSD from Step 4 and Step 7 Step 9: Compare the value of PSD from Step 4 and Step 7.
The smaller PSD value is adopted for subsequent sizing of
outlet pipe.
Step 10: Compare the value of SSR from Step 5 and Step 8.
The larger SSR value is adopted for Selected Design Value The larger SSR value is adopted for Selected Design Value.
Step 11 Determine the Inlet Pipe diameter from Table 5 A3
Step 11: Determine the Inlet Pipe diameter from Table 5.A3.
Step 12: Determine the Outlet Pipe diameter from Table 5.A3. p p
Step 13: Determine the Inlet Pipe diameter from Table 5.A4 by
using the Inlet Flow value from Step 6 as discharge using the Inlet Flow value from Step 6 as discharge.
Step 14: Determine the Outlet Pipe diameter from Table 5.A4
by using the PSD value from Step 9 as discharge.
Step 15: Compare the value of Inlet Pipe diameter and from Step 15: Compare the value of Inlet Pipe diameter and from
Step 11 and Step 13. The smaller Inlet Pipe diameter is
adopted for Selected Design Value.
Step 16: Compare the value of Outlet Pipe diameter and from
Step 12 and Step 14 The smaller Outlet Pipe diameter is Step 12 and Step 14. The smaller Outlet Pipe diameter is
adopted for Selected Design Value.
A multi-purpose hall is to be developed within UiTM Kuala Pilah campus area.
Design Example 1 Using MSMA 2
nd
edition
A multi purpose hall is to be developed within UiTM Kuala Pilah campus area.
The project area is 0.61ha. 75% of it shall be occupied by building, access
road and pavement while 25% by garden and turfed areas. The catchment
area of the project where it connects to the main drain is 0.61ha and has a p j
terrain slope of about 1:2000. It is more economical to construct an OSD tank
than to upgrade the existing drainage system for this new development. Based
on the design procedure, calculate the Permissible Site Discharge (PSD), Site g g ( )
Storage Requirement (SSR) and the inlet and outlet pipe sizes.
Underground OSD Tank
Figure; Multi-Purpose Hall Layout at UiTM Kuala Pilah
Solutions:
nd
edition
References Calculation Output
Solutions:
Figure 5.A1 Kuala Pilah falls under Region 1 West
Coast. So, use OSD Characteristic for Region
1West Coast. 1 West Coast.
Project Area = 0.61ha
Terrain = Mild
% of Impervious Area = 75% p
Table 5.A1 Permissible Site Discharge (PSD)/ha:
For area of 0 61 ha PSD = For area of 0.61 ha, PSD
Table 5 A1 Site Storage Requirement (SSR)/ha: Table 5.A1 Site Storage Requirement (SSR)/ha:
For area of 0.61ha, SSR =
Solutions:
nd
edition
Solutions:
Table 5.A2 Inlet Flow/ha:
For area of 0.61 ha, Inlet Flow =
Table 5.A2 Inlet Flow/ha:
For area of 0.61 ha, Inlet Flow =
Table 5 A2 SSR/ha: Table 5.A2 SSR/ha:
For area of 0.61 ha, SSR =
Smaller PSD value is adopted for subsequent
sizing of outlet pipe.
Thus, PSD =
Solutions:
nd
edition
Solutions:
Table 5.A3 Inlet Pipe:
(adopt 450mm dia. as it is readily available in
the market)
Table 5.A3 Outlet Pipe: p
(adopt 160mm dia. as it is readily available in
the market)
Table 5.A4 Inlet Pipe: (with Inlet Flow of )
Table 5 A4 Outlet pipe: (with PSD of ) Table 5.A4 Outlet pipe: (with PSD of )
Design values selected
nd
edition
Design values selected
PSD whichever is smaller from Table 5.A1 and 5.A2
SSR whichever is larger from Table 5.A1 and 5.A2
Sizing of OSD Tank: The required storage is 273 6m3 Sizing of OSD Tank: The required storage is 273.6m3
Adopt tank width of 20m, 12m length and a depth of 1.2m.
Tank storage = 20m x 12m x 1 2m Tank storage = 20m x 12m x 1.2m
Inlet Pipe whichever is smaller from Table 5.A3 and 5.A4
Outlet Pipe whichever is smaller from Table 5.A3 and 5.A4
Figure 5.B1.2: Typical
Detail Drawing for
Below-Ground OSD
Tank
Above Ground OSD Tank
nd
edition
There is a tennis court located next to a multipurpose building of UiTM in
Kluang, Johor. OSD tank needs to be built for the same reason as in Design
Above Ground OSD Tank
Example 5.B1. The tennis court area is 0.7ha and 60% of it shall be paved.
The catchment area of the project that connects to the main drain is about
0.7ha with a slope of about 1: 1800.
Figure ;Tennis Court at UiTM Kluang
Solutions:
nd
edition
Solutions:
Figure 5.A1 Kluang falls under Region 5 - Southern.
So, use OSD Characteristic for Region 5
Southern. Southern.
Project Area = 0.70ha
Terrain = Mild
% of Impervious Area = 60% p
Table 5.A1 Permissible Site Discharge (PSD)/ha:
For area of 0 7 ha PSD = For area of 0.7 ha, PSD
Table 5 A1 Site Storage Requirement (SSR)/ha : Table 5.A1 Site Storage Requirement (SSR)/ha :
For area of 0.7ha, SSR =
Solutions:
nd
edition
Table 5 A2 Inlet Flow:
Solutions:
Table 5.A2 Inlet Flow:
As Kluang is not in the list in Table 5.A2,
refer to Table 5.A3 only.
T bl 5 A2 PSD Table 5.A2 PSD:
Table 5.A2 SSR:
(adopt 400mm Dia. as it is readily available
in the market)
Table 5.A3 Outlet Pipe:
(adopt 160mm Dia. as it is readily available
in the market))
Solutions:
nd
edition
Table 5 A4 Inlet Pipe:
Solutions:
As Kluang is not in the list in Table 5.A2, no
checking for Table 5.A4 is required. Refer to
Table 5 A3 only Table 5.A3 only.
Table 5.A4 Outlet Pipe:
As Kluang is not in the list in Table 5.A2, no
checking for Table 5 A4 is required Refer to checking for Table 5.A4 is required. Refer to
Table 5.A3 only.
Sizing of OSD Tank:
Th i d t i 286 9 3 The required storage is 286.9m3
Adopt tank width of 20m, 12m length and a depth of 1.2m.
Tank storage = 20m x 12m x 1.2m
Fi 5 B2 2 T i l D t il Figure 5.B2.2: Typical Detail
Drawing for Above-Ground
Tank
5 0 R i t H ti
Rainwater Harvesting
5.0 Rainwater Harvesting
1998 drought (El Nino) has caused unpleasant water supply 1998 drought (El Nino) has caused unpleasant water supply
disruptions for Klang Valley areas.
May 1998 Ministry of Housing and Local Government has
expressed the new houses to be designed to include facilities
for collecting rainwater for collecting rainwater.
June 1999 guideline on Installing a rainwater collection adn g g
utilization system has been released. Nov. 2007 installation of
RWHS is mandatory in new development.
Nov. 2011 Uniform Building by Law officially gazetted that
new semi-detached houses, bungalows and government new semi detached houses, bungalows and government
buildings need to install RWHS. (Five state has implemented
this law- (Melaka, Selangor, Perak, Johor, KL, Kelantan)
i N news in Newspaper
5 1 Wh t i R i t 5.1 What is Rainwater
Harvesting?
Rainwater harvesting is the
accumulation and storage of rainwater accumulation and storage of rainwater
for reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
Uses include drinking water, water for
livestock, water for irrigation, etc.
Rainwater collected from the roofs of Rainwater collected from the roofs of
houses and local institutions
contribution to the availability of contribution to the availability of
drinking water.
5 2 Wh R i t H ti ? 5.2 Why Rainwater Harvesting?
i Conserve and supplement existing water resources i. Conserve and supplement existing water resources
ii. To reduce soil erosion
iii. Potentially provide improved quality of water
iv. Supply water at one of the lowest costs possible for a
supplement supply source pp pp y
v. Capturing and directing storm water and beneficially use it
vi. Replenishing local ground water aquifers where lowering
of water tables has occurred of water tables has occurred
5 2 1 B fit i R i t M t
Supply of
5.2.1 Benefits in Rainwater Management
Supply of
additional
water
Prevention
of Urban
Flood
Prevention
of river flow
drying
Rainwater
Management
Restoration
of
Hydrological
Control of
non-point
source Hydrological
Cycle
Alleviation
source
pollutants
of Heat
Island
5 3 H ti S t 5.3 Harvesting System
Broadly rainwater can be harvested for two purposes Broadly rainwater can be harvested for two purposes
Storing rainwater for ready use in containers above or
below ground g
Charged into the soil for withdrawal later (groundwater
recharging)
Source: A Water Harvesting Manual For Urban Areas
5 4 RWH S t 5.4 RWH System
5 4 RWH S t
Collection (Catchment)
T t ti D t k
5.4 RWH System
Collection (Catchment)
Flat / sloping roofs
Transportation: Downtake
pipes
Leaf and grit
ffilter, First
flush device
Storage in
tanks tanks
Recharge into open wells / Recharge into open wells /
borewells / percolation pits /
trenches
5 4 RWH S t 5.4 RWH System
Image sources ; www.englishecoenergy.com
5 5 E l f I l t d RWH P j t 5.5 Example of Implemented RWH Projects
Zoo Negara, KL
DID HQ @Jalan Sultan Salahudidn DID HQ @ Jalan Sultan Salahudidn,
KL
Rumah Panjang, Sarawak
UTHM Hostel
5 5 E l f I l t d RWH P j t 5.5 Example of Implemented RWH Projects
5 5 E l f RWH d i b ill 5.5 Example of RWH design by villagers
5 6 RWH S ft d l d b NAHRIM 5.6 RWH Software developed by NAHRIM
Example calculation using
MSMA 1
st
Edition
Determine the size of an above ground storage for the proposed residential
Design Example Using MSMA
Determine the size of an above-ground storage for the proposed residential
development in Kuala Lumpur. The area of the site is 600 m
2
.
STEP 1 : Determine Storage Volume Required
1. Select storage type to be used within the site.
2. Determine the area of the site that will be directed to the OSD storage g
system.
The house and garage, part of the concrete driveway, and the backyard will be
drained to the DCP in the OSD storage via a pipe drainage system. A swale
drain is to be provided along the edge of the concrete driveway to prevent
runoff from the adjacent lot draining to the OSD storage.
Of the total site area of 600 m
2
, 547 m
2
will drain to the OSD storage.
3 D t i th t f i i d i d i i t th
Design Example
3. Determine the amount of impervious and pervious areas draining to the
OSD storage system.
Impervious area: Impervious area:
Dwelling = 115.7 m
2
Garage = 30.2 m
2
Driveway = 40 6 m
2
Driveway = 40.6 m
Surface paving and paths = 49.5 m
2
TOTAL = 236 m
2
Pervious area:
Lawns and Gardens = 311 m
2
The site condition before development was park lawn.
Design Example
4 Determine times of concentration t and t 4. Determine times of concentration, t
c
and t
cs
.
To determine the catchment times of concentration, an analysis of the
catchment drainage system will need to be undertaken. g y
t
cs
=20 minutes
t
c
=30 minutes
c
5. Calculate the pre and post-development flows for the area draining to the
OSD storage.
The minor drainage system that the OSD storage will discharge into has been
designed for a 2 year ARI capacity. The rainfall intensity is estimated using
3 2
30
2
)) 30 (ln( 012 . 0 )) 30 )(ln( 231 . 0 ( ) 30 ln( 598 . 0 775 . 4 ) ln( + + + = I
Equation 13.2 (t
c
> 30 minutes) and Table 13.A1 for t
c
:
I 58 . 99
30
2
=
= 4.601
hr mm
I
/ 100
58 . 99
30
=
Design Example
Using the Rational Method, the pre and post-development flows are calculated Using the Rational Method, the pre and post development flows are calculated
as follows:
Development
Status
I
(mm/hr)
Impervious Area Pervious Area
Status
(mm/hr)
CA Q (l/s)
C A (m
2
) C A (m
2
)
Pre-development 100 - - 0.43 547 235.2 6.5
(Q
p
) (Q
p
)
Post-development 100 0.9 236 0.43 311 346.1 9.6
(Q
a
)
6. Determine the required Permissible Site Discharge (PSD).
Using Equation 19.1 with Equations 19.1a and 19.1b for above-ground storage: Using Equation 19.1 with Equations 19.1a and 19.1b for above ground storage:
1 . 19
2
4
2

b a a
PSD

=
a t t
Q
Q
t
t
Q
a
cs c
a
p
c
c
a
1 . 19 25 . 0 75 . 0 333 . 0 4
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
b Q Q b
p a
1 . 19 4 =
Design Example
86 43 20 25 0 30 75 0
5 . 6
30 333 0
6 . 9
4
|
|
|
+ +
|
|
|
60 . 249 6 . 9 x 5 . 6 x 4 = = b
86 . 43 20 x 25 . 0 30 x 75 . 0
6 . 9
x 30 x 333 . 0
30
x 4 =
|
.
\
+ +
|
.
\
= a
s l
x
PSD / 7 . 6
2
60 . 249 4 86 . 43 86 . 43
2
=

=
7. Determine the required Site Storage Requirement (SSR).
U i E ti 19 2 ith E ti 19 2 d 19 2b f b d t
2
Using Equation 19.2 with Equations 19.2a and 19.2b for above-ground storage,
the site discharge for the storage design storm (10 year ARI) and the
corresponding SSR is calculated for a range of storm durations to determine the
maximum SSR These calculations are summarised in the following two tables maximum SSR. These calculations are summarised in the following two tables.
) (
30 60 30
P P F P P
D d
= ) (
30 60 30 D d
d
P
I
d
=
d
Design Example
t (mins) I (mm/hr)
CA Q (l/s) t
d
(mins) I (mm/hr)
p
CA Q
d
(l/s)
C A (m
2
) C A (m
2
)
5 347 0.9 236 0.75 311 445.7 43.0
10 252 0.9 236 0.70 311 430.1 30.1
15 199 0.9 236 0.63 311 408.3 22.6
20 165 0.9 236 0.58 311 392.8 18.0
30 126 0.9 236 0.49 311 364.8 12.8
35 114 0.9 236 0.46 311 355.5 11.3
t
d
(mins) Q
d
(l/s) PSD (l/s) c d SSR (m
3
)
5 43.0 6.7 5.46 0.22 11.2
10 30.1 6.7 5.28 0.32 14.7
15 22.6 6.7 5.08 0.43 15.4
20 18.0 6.7 4.87 0.54 15.1
30 12.8 6.7 4.46 0.76 13.6
35 11 3 6 7 4 28 0 86 13 0 35 11.3 6.7 4.28 0.86 13.0
From the above table, a maximum SSR of 15.4 m
3
occurs at a duration of
15 i t H f l d d t dditi l 20% i dd d t 15 minutes. However, for a landscaped storage, an additional 20% is added to
the volume to account for inaccuracies in construction and future loss of
storage due to the build-up of the lawn surface. Therefore:
Required SSR = 15.4 x 1.2 = 18.5 m
3
STEP 2: Size Primary Outlet
Design Example
STEP 2: Size Primary Outlet
The primary outlet orifice is sized to discharge the PSD assuming free outlet
conditions when the storage is full. Using a 600 mm deep DCP and a maximum co d o s e e s o age s u Us g a 600 deep C a d a a u
storage depth of 300 mm, adopt a maximum head to the centreline of the orifice
of 0.8 m. The required orifice size under free outlet conditions is calculated by
rearranging Equation 19.3:
2
3
0027 . 0
8 0 x 81 9 x 2 62 0
10 7 . 6
2
m
x
H g C
PSD
A
o
= = =

g g q
8 . 0 x 81 . 9 x 2 62 . 0 2 H g C
o d
A
D
o
9 58 0589 0
0027 . 0 x 4
4
mm m D
o
9 . 58 0589 . 0 = = = =
t t
Step 3: Increase Storage Volume
Design Example
Step 3: Increase Storage Volume
If the storage capacity needs to be increased to compensate for outlet
submergence the reduced head on the orifice needs to be estimated to submergence, the reduced head on the orifice needs to be estimated to
calculate the reduced outflow.
L S
V
K RL RL H =
2
'
L S
g
K RL RL H
f o b a o
=
2
RL 1.55
OSD Storage
S
f
.L
V
2
DCP
Hydraulic Grade Line
'
o
H
Open
K
o
V
2
2g
150 mm
RL 1.20
p
drain
L = 1.0 m
V
2
L S
g
V
K H
f o
'
o
.
2
20 . 1 55 . 1
2
.
=
Adopting a 1.0 m long 150 mm UPVC outflow pipe and an outlet loss factor K
o
Design Example
o
= 0.5, the reduced outflow Q can be estimated from Equation 19.3 by trial and
error. Trial and error calculations are summarised in the following table (pipe
velocity V = Q/A and pipe friction slope S
f
is obtained from Figure 25.B1).
Trial Q
(l/s)
Pipe V
(m/s)
(m x 10
-3
)
(m x 10
-3
) (m)
Estimated Q
(l/s)
g
V
K
o
2
2
L S
f
.
'
o
H
(m x 10 )
(m x 10
3
) (m)
3.0 0.170 0.73 2.60 0.347 4.27
4.3 .243 1.51 4.70 0.344 4.25
Reduced outflow Q is estimated to be 4.3 l/s.
Repeat 7 in step (1) to obtain the revised SSR:
t
d
(mins) Q
d
(l/s) PSD (l/s) c d SSR (m
3
)
5 43.0 4.3 3.59 0.09 11.8
10 30.1 4.3 3.52 0.13 15.9
15 22.6 4.3 3.43 0.18 17.1
20 18.0 4.3 3.35 0.22 17.3
30 12.8 4.3 3.18 0.31 16.8
35 11.3 4.3 3.11 0.35 16.5
The revised SSR is 17.3 x 1.2 = 20.8 m
3
.
Design Example
STEP 4: Determine Storage Dimensions STEP 4: Determine Storage Dimensions
The storage area = 600 mm
Maximum storage = 300 mm Maximum storage = 300 mm
The minimum recommended floor slope is 2%. Assuming the average depth in the
storage is 260 mm g
Dimension of the revised storage volume are :
Dimension of the initial storage volume estimate :
16.0 m (length) x 5.0 m (width) x 0.26 m (average depth) = 20.8 m
3
(OK)
15.8 m (length) x 4.5 m (width) x 0.26 m (average depth) = 18.5 m
3
(OK)
Design Example
STEP 5: Size Secondary Outlet STEP 5: Size Secondary Outlet
The secondary outlet is a broad-crested weir slotted into the retaining wall along
the front boundary. The weir should be sized for the estimated major system ARI
=
y j y
flow from the site for time t
cs
(20 minutes). The major drainage system in the
catchment has been designed for 50 year ARI.
Th 20 i t 50 ARI i f ll i t it f K l L i ti t d The 20 minute, 50 year ARI rainfall intensity for Kuala Lumpur is estimated
using Equation 13.3:
50
mm P 1 . 67 ) 4 . 77 4 . 99 ( x 47 . 0 4 . 77
20
50
= =
h
P
I / 201
1 . 67
20
50
50
hr mm
d
I / 201
60
20
20
20
50
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =
Using the Rational Method, the major system flow is calculated as follows:
I (mm/hr)
CA Q (l/s) I (mm/hr) CA Q (l/s)
C A (m
2
) C A (m
2
)
201 0.9 236 0.63 311 408.3 21.9
Design Example
Assuming the head over the weir is limited to 50 mm and C = 1 70
=
Assuming the head over the weir is limited to 50 mm and C
BCW
= 1.70,
rearranging Equation 20.5 gives:
Q
d
10 x 9 21
3
=
m
H C
Q
B
BCW
d
15 . 1
05 . 0 x 70 . 1
10 x 9 . 21
5 . 1 5 . 1
= = =
Allowing 50 mm freeboard, the dimensions of the secondary outlet weir are:
1150 mm (wide) x 100 mm (high) 1150 mm (wide) x 100 mm (high)
Design Example
back
1.0
Design Example Using MSMA
0.9
0.8
2
1
0.7
4
3
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

C
0.6
0.5
5
R
u
n
o
f
f

0.4
7
6
0.3
0.2
8
Impervious Roofs, Concrete
City Areas Full and Solidly Built Up
Surface Clay, Poor Paving, Sandstone Rock
Commercial & City Areas Closely Built Up
Semi Detached Houses on Bare Earth 3
2
1
0.1
Urban Residential Fully Built Up with Limited Gardens
Bare Earth, Earth with Sandstone Outcrops
Bare Loam, Suburban Residential with Gardens
Widely Detached Houses on Ordinary Loam
Suburban Fully Built Upon Sand Strata
Park Lawns and Meadows
Cultivated Fields with Good Growth
8
7
6
5
4
Rainfall Intensity, I (mm/hr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0
190 200
Sand Strata
8
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