Non-Linear Analysis & Performance-based Design: Current State-of-practice in Earthquake Engineering

Short Seminar Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 6 February 2004

Leonardi Kawidjaja
Senior Associate
PT Rekacipta Kinematika Consulting Engineers www.kinematika.com

Earthquake Engineering in 21st Century

Current Global Trends
More complex structures Higher performance requirements More complete earthquake records Better understanding of structural non-linear behaviour Lessons learned from major earthquakes Advanced earthquake protection technology Advanced material technology Public awareness on earthquake hazard

towards Performance-based Design

Earthquake Engineering in 21st Century

Traditional Design
Force-based Force Reduction Factor (R) Linear Analysis Extrapolated Structural Behaviour

Earthquake Engineering in 21st Century

Traditional Design

Nature is Non Linear

Force-based Force Reduction Factor (R) Linear Analysis Extrapolated Structural Behaviour

Modern Design Methodology

Displacement-based Performance Design Non-linear Analysis Real Structural Behaviour

Earthquake Engineering in 21st Century

Traditional Design
Force-based Force Reduction Factor (R) Linear Analysis Extrapolated Structural Behaviour

Modern Design Methodology

Displacement-based Performance Design Non-linear Analysis Real Structural Behaviour

Performance-based Design
Performance Objectives
Earthquake Risk Acceptable Damage
IO OP LS CP

Code Provisions
SEAOC Blue Book ATC-40 FEMA 356

Japanese Practice Acceptance Criteria

Plastic deformation Drift ratio

Non-Linear Analysis
Analysis Procedure:
Non-linear Static: pushover analysis Non-linear Dynamic: time history analysis

Geometric Non-linearity:
P-delta effect tension structures

Material Non-linearity:
Elastoplastic material Viscoelastic material Hysteretic damping

Non-Linear Analysis: Static Pushover

Plastic Hinges Formation

Pushover Forces

Non-Linear Analysis: Static Pushover

Performance Point :
Approximate displacement of the building in the desired Performance Objective Bilinear Coefficient Method

Performance Point

Graphical & Analytical T = C0 C1 C2 C3 (42)/(Te2) Sa W

ADRS Method

Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum Analytical

Non-Linear Analysis: Static Pushover

Acceptance Criteria?
Inelastic Deformation
plastic hinge rotation, plastic strain, etc

@ Performance Point !

Total Deformation:
drift, total strain, etc

Non-Linear Analysis: Dynamic Time History

Earthquake timehistory record

Plastic hinge formation in real time

Non-Linear Analysis: Dynamic Time History

Scaled Response Spectra

Scaled Time History

Peak Ground Acceleration

Non-Linear Analysis: Dynamic Time History

Acceptance Criteria?
Inelastic Deformation
plastic hinge rotation, plastic strain, etc

Total Deformation:
drift, total strain, etc

Analysis Methodology
Static Pushover
Less complex Similar to traditional method Pushover force No dynamic behaviour No energy dissipation No cyclic stiffness degradation Conventional structure

Dynamic Time History

Very complex Numerical simulation Real earthquake input Non-linear dynamic behaviour Hysteretic energy dissipation Cyclic strength & stiffness degradation Any structure

Non-Linear Analysis Tools

Static Pushover Analysis
DRAIN 2DX RAM X-Linea SAP2000 NL-Push etc SAP2000 NL-Push LS-DYNA ADINA ABAQUS LUSAS IDARC etc

Dynamic Time History Analysis

SAP2000 NL-PUSH
Non-Linear Static & Dynamic Implicit FEA Code By Computer & Structures Inc (CSI), CA Features:

Integrated ATC-40 Static Pushover protocol Non-linear Dynamic Time History analysis Non-linear frame elements for Static Pushover Non-linear link elements for Time History
Platform: Windows Practical Seismic Analysis & Design

SAP2000 NL-PUSH

Ford Otosan Golck, Turkey: RC Moment Frame Non-Linear Static Pushover Analysis

SAP2000 NL-PUSH

Maison Herms, Tokyo: stepping columns with viscoelastic dampers Non-Linear Dynamic Time History Analysis

LS-DYNA
Non-Linear DYNAMIC Time-Domain Explicit FEA Code Source code by Livermore Software, CA Impact, Metal Forming, Blast, Vibration, Earthquake, Wave, Wind & other dynamic loadings Platform: Unix (64-bit) or WindowsNT (32-bit) Heavy-duty dynamic analysis for complex structures

LS-DYNA
PRIMER D3PLOT

Solver

Non-linear

OASYS SHELL

THIS

Graphical Post-processors

Graphical Pre-processors

LS-DYNA

Maison Herms, Tokyo: stepping columns with viscoelastic dampers Non-Linear Dynamic Time History Analysis

LS-DYNA

Maison Herms, Tokyo: stepping columns with viscoelastic dampers Non-Linear Pseudo-Static Pushover Analysis

LS-DYNA:
Performance Verification
Menara Jakarta, Indonesia
588 m Telecommunications Tower To be the tallest free standing structure in the world Construction halted in 1997 Long period RC mega-columns & spandrels RC perforated shear walls Response to long period ground motion from strong distant earthquake

LS-DYNA:
Performance Verification
2000 yrs EQ 100 sec EQ Seismic Beam Elastoplastic Shell

LS-DYNA:
Performance Based Design
Toyota Football Stadium, Toyota, Japan
40,000 seat stadium Retractable Roof Kisho Kurokawa Architects Cable-stayed Grand Stand Roof Unbonded Braced Frame 2-level performance design:
Level 1: pgv = 25 kine Level 2: pgv = 50 kine

Hyotei Special Building Permit Process

LS-DYNA:
Performance Based Design
Tension Cables Cable Pretension Unbonded Brace Steel Moment Frame Inelastic Spring Seismic Beam

LS-DYNA:
Design of Seismic Isolation
San Francisco Civic Center Sculpture, San Francisco, CA
13 m tall Light-weight tension wire wraps Slender compression column UBC Zone 4, EPA = 0.4g Friction Pendulum base isolation

LS-DYNA:
Design of Seismic Isolation

Wire pretension Base isolation Inelastic Springs

LS-DYNA:
Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis
Core Pacific City, Taipei, Taiwan
Multi-storey commercial complex Multi-level basement Piled foundation Soil-pile interaction modelling Reduced pile design!

LS-DYNA:
Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis

Rock ground motion Hysteretic soil model Seismic beam piles Seismic beam frames

LS-DYNA:
Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis

Rock ground motion Hysteretic soil model Seismic beam piles Seismic beam frames

LS-DYNA:
Pounding Analysis
P&G Sanipak Production Building, Gebze, Turkey
Single-storey cantilever column building Near fault strong ground motion Six separate compartments Insufficient gap to avoid pounding Mid-level and Roof-level pounding

LS-DYNA:
Pounding Analysis

Gap element: compression only spring Seismic beam Elastoplastic shell

LS-DYNA:
Pounding Analysis

LS-DYNA:
Rocking Analysis
Spent Nuclear Fuel Flask Storage Platform
Dynamic overturning Gravity stabilised structures Two overturning bodies:
Fuel Flask Platform

Contact surfaces

LS-DYNA:
Rocking Analysis
Spent Nuclear Fuel Flask Storage Platform
Dynamic overturning Gravity stabilised structures Two overturning bodies:
Fuel Flask Platform

Contact surfaces

LS-DYNA:
Virtual Testing
P&G Takasaki Building 51, Takasaki, Japan
Seven-storey steel frame building FEMA 273 seismic retrofit Latticed beams & columns Numerical simulations of cyclic and monotonic testing of latticed beam & column sub-assemblies Ductility parameters

LS-DYNA:
Virtual Testing

Repeated incremental cyclic loading Bilinear elastoplastic shell elements Non-linear springs for rivet shear & tension Contact surface

CURRENT STATE-OF-PRACTICE
Performance-based Design Exotica
Not yet required by standard design codes ALTERNATIVE design methodology High-Performance or High-Tech structures Evaluation of Existing Structures Risk Assessment Expensive: manhours & software Limited knowledge on non linear concepts Limited skills on non linear methodologies

THE FUTURE
Performance-Based Design Codes Taller, Bigger, Crooker, Better Active Seismic Protection Device Advanced Material Technology Advanced Structural Optimisation Powerful computing power Lower computing cost Advanced, affordable analysis codes Man (woman) behind the machines Designer or Operator?

 2004

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