PC1431 Experiment P2 Laboratory Report Name: Ang Zhi Ping (U066463H) Lab Group: C06A Date: 30th !

tober "006 #$periment: P" % Heat #ngine Aim& o' #$periment:

Un(er&tan(ing the me!hani&m o' a &imp)e heat engine *eri'+ing the prin!ip)e o' energ+ !on&er,ation b+ !ompari&on o' me!hani!a) -or. (one b+ the heat engine on ob/e!t& (o' ,ar+ing ma&&e&)0 an( the -or. (one a& mea&ure( 'rom the engine1& P2* (iagram Comparing the e''e!t o' an in!rea&e in the temperature (i''eren!e bet-een heat re&er,oir& on the engine1& per'orman!e

#3uipment )i&t: Heat engine0 !on&i&ting o' a ho))o- !+)in(er -ith a near 'ri!tion)e&& mo,ab)e graphite pi&ton4 Air !hamber -ith rubber tubing *ariou& ma&&e& Heat re&er,oir& o' ,ariou& temperature& (5e)ting i!e temperature0 room temperature0 preheate( -ater 60oC260oC an( hot -ater 70oC2 80oC) Lo- pre&&ure gauge an( rotar+ motion &en&or&0 &!ien!e -or.&hop inter'a!e an( -ith &o't-are

Diagrammati! &etup:

5a&& Graphite pi&ton Air 'i))e( !+)in(er

Air !hamber -ith ho&e

9ater a!ting a& temperature re&er,oir

:igure A

#$periment ob&er,ation& an( re&u)t&: Section E: Procedure Part I

i.

;ran&ition ab: A(( the ma&& to the p)at'orm4 ;he graphite pi&ton i& ob&er,e( to be 3ui!.)+ !ompre&&e( un(er the Air chamber a((itiona) -eight o' the ma&& upon a((ing the ma&&4 ;hi& pro!e&& -hereb+ the pi&ton i& 3ui!.)+ !ompre&&e( i& 'a&t0 thu&0 there i& )itt)e time 'or the air in the !+)in(er to rea!h therma) e3ui)ibrium -ith the &urroun(ing4 ;he heat tran&'erre( out o' the &+&tem i& there'ore appro$imate)+ <ero0 an( the pro!e&& ab i& appro$imate)+ an adiabatic compression process4

ii.

;ran&ition bc: P)a!e the !an in the hot re&er,oir: ;he pi&ton (-ith ma&&) i& ob&er,e( a& &tea(i)+ ri&ing0 !orre&pon(ing to e$pan&ion o' the air -ithin !+)in(er4 A& the pi&ton ri&e& -ith !on&tant &pee(0 the net 'or!e a!ting on the pi&ton i& <ero4 ;hu&0 the 'or!e e$erte( b+ the pre&&ure o' air in !+)in(er i& appro$imate)+ !on&tant4 ;hi& !orre&pon(& to bc being appro$imate)+ an isobaric expansion4

iii.

;ran&ition cd: =emo,e ma&& 'rom the p)at'orm: Upon remo,ing the ma&&0 the 'or!e& a!ting on the pi&ton (re'er to :igure > 'or 'or!e (iagram) be!ome& unba)an!e(4 ;he air pre&&ure in the !+)in(er pu&he& up the pi&ton a& it i& ob&er,e( to mo,e &)ight)+ higher -ithin a &hort time4 A& -ith (i)0 the (uration o' thi& pro!e&& i& &hort0 !ompare( to the time the air -ithin the !+)in(er to rea!h therma) e3ui)ibrium -ith the &urroun(ing4 ;he heat tran&'erre( out o' the &+&tem i& appro$imate)+ <ero0 an( thi& pro!e&& !an be mo(e)e( a& an adiabatic expansion process4

iv.

;ran&ition da: P)a!e the !an in the !o)( re&er,oir: ;he pi&ton (-ith ma&&) i& ob&er,e( a& &tea(i)+ 'a))ing0 !orre&pon(ing to !ompre&&ion o' the air -ithin !+)in(er4 A& the pi&ton 'a))& -ith !on&tant &pee(0 the net 'or!e a!ting on the pi&ton i& <ero4 ;hu&0 the 'or!e e$erte( b+ pre&&ure o' air in !+)in(er i& appro$imate)+ !on&tant4 ;here'ore0 thi& pro!e&& !an be mo(e)e( a& an isothermal compression4 Is the upper part of piston exposed to atmospheric pressure?

Pga&A A: Cro&& &e!tion area o' pi&ton Pga&0Patm: Pre&&ure& (ue to air in !+)in(er an( atmo&phere PatmA 9pi&ton 9pi&ton: 9eight o' pi&ton

:igure >

Section G: Calculations and discussion ?4 Ca)!u)ation -or. (one b+ engine 'rom P2* (iagram ;he net -or. (one b+ engine in one !+!)e i& !ompute( b+ the area en!)o&e( b+ the P2* !ur,e (-ith a mu)tip)i!ati,e 'a!tor o' A0 area o' pi&ton)4 ;he pre&&ure o' the air in !+)in(er (uring the perio( -ithin the hot@!o)( re&er,oir& i& a&&ume( to be !on&tant4 ;he a(iabat& (uring -hi!h the ma&& i& p)a!e(@remo,e( i& a&&ume( to be para))e) too4 Ain!e the pi&ton mo,e& e3ua) (i&tan!e (uring i&obari! !ompre&&ion@e$pan&ion0 the area in the P2* graph i& !a)!u)ate( b+ the )ength o' the ba&e o' P2* )oop mu)tip)ie( b+ the ,erti!a) height o' the )oop4 Corre&pon(ing)+0 the me!hani!a) -or. (one in rai&ing the ma&&e& !an be !a)!u)ate( b+ the 'ormu)a mg+0 -here m i& the ma&& an( + i& the ,erti!a) (i&tan!e mo,e( b+ the ma&&4 ;hi& (i&tan!e i& the &ame a& the )ength o' the ba&e o' the P2* )oop4 "4 ;abu)ation o' re&u)t& Nomina) mea&ure( )u.e-arm -ater temperature B 6448oC Nomina) mea&ure( hot -ater temperature B 7443oC Nomina) mea&ure( -ater room temperature B "44CoC A0 area o' pi&ton B D(040?6"C)" m" B 7430 $ ?024 m" g0 a!!e)eration (ue to gra,it+ B 8470 m&2"
Con(ition& o' !+!)e ;emperature o' re&er,oir& Co)( re&er,oir: room temperature (G"CoC) Hot re&er,oir: Lu.e-arm (G6CoC) Co)( re&er,oir: room temperature (G"CoC) Hot re&er,oir: Lu.e-arm (G6CoC) Co)( re&er,oir: room temperature (G"CoC) Hot re&er,oir: Lu.e-arm (G6CoC) Co)( re&er,oir: 5e)ting point o' i!e (G0oC) Hot re&er,oir: Hot -ater (G7CoC) Co)( re&er,oir: 5e)ting point o' i!e (G0oC) Hot re&er,oir: Hot -ater (G7CoC) Co)( =e&er,oir: 5e)ting point o' i!e (G0oC) Hot re&er,oir: Hot -ater (G7CoC) 5a&& u&e(0 m@.g 040C0 Di&tan!e mo,e( b+ ma&& m0 +@m Co)( re&er,oir pre&&ure0 P!@.Pa Hot re&er,oir pre&&ure0 Ph@.Pa 9or. (one obtaine( 'rom P2* (iagram0 9P*BA(Ph2 P!)+@mE 744 5e!hani!a) -or. (one0 9mBmg+@mE Per!ent error0 (9P*2 9m)@9m$?00F

040?6

04"?

0474

647

646

04?00

040?C

04"?

?444

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?C

040

04?C0

040?4

04"?

"403

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040

040C0

0404"

04?6

0483

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"8

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0404?

04?6

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46

40

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66

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34 ;he re&u)t& obtaine( 'rom u&ing a room temperature re&er,oir an( a )u.e-arm re&er,oir +ie)(& !)o&e agreement bet-een the -or. (one !a)!u)ate( 'rom the P2 * graph an( the me!hani!a) energ+ !a)!u)ate( 'rom mg+4 >ut the re&u)t& obtaine( 'rom u&ing " re&er,oir& o' greater temperature (i''eren!e +ie)(& !on&i(erab)e e$perimenta) error4 ;hi& might be (ue to the 'o))o-ing rea&on&: 9hen u&ing re&er,oir& o' )arger temperature (i''eren!e0 the ma&&e& mo,e& through a )arger (i&tan!e4 ;hu&0 the &pee(& o' the ma&&e& are not !on&tant at a)) time& (uring the pro!e&&4 ;hi& &ho-& that the pre&&ure& (uring the&e time& are not rea))+ !on&tant4 ;hu& the pro!e&&e& in,o),e( are not i&obari!4 U&ing re&er,oir& o' )arger temperature (i''eren!e0 the pre&&ure (i''eren!e (ue to the t-o re&er,oir& i& greater than the !orre&pon(ing mea&urement& u&ing room temperature an( )u.e-arm re&er,oir&4 ;hu&0 thi& in!rea&e in pre&&ure (i''eren!e -i)) !au&e air in the !+)in(er to )ea. at a 'a&ter rate4 ;hi& )ea(& to ina!!urate mea&urement o' the P2* (iagram4 :ri!tion bet-een pi&ton an( !+)in(er might a!!ount 'or the (i&agreement bet-een !a)!u)ate( me!hani!a) energ+ an( area in P2* (iagram4

44

;he -or. (one in Part HHH i& greater 'or an+ gi,en ma&&e& !orre&pon(ing to Part HH4 ;hi& mean& that gi,en a heat engine operating t-o heat re&er,oir& o' )arger temperature (i''eren!e i& !apab)e o' (oing more -or. in a thermo(+nami! !+!)e Con!)u&ion Appen(i$ Graph ?: P)ot& o' =un I" (mBC0g)0 =un I3 (mB?00g) an( =un I6(mB?C0g) :or Part HHJ Graph ": P)ot& 'or =un I? (mBC0g)0=un I6 (mB?00g) an( =unI7 (mB?C0g) :or part HHH4 ;he heat engine i& a (e,i!e -hi!h !on,ert& therma) energ+ part)+ into u&e'u) -or. energ+ an( e$pe)& remaining therma) energ+ into a !o)( re&er,oir Heat engine& rare)+ operate to their ma$imum po&&ib)e e''i!ien!+ (ue to )ea.age o' thermo(+nami! me(ium 'rom the engine an( 'ri!tion bet-een mo,ing part& in the engine A heat engine operating bet-een t-o heat re&er,oir& -ith a )arger temperature (i''eren!e i& !apab)e o' (oing more u&e'u) -or.4