Chapter 4 Outline Reactions in Aqueous solutions I. 4.1 General Properties of Aqueous solutions A.

Solution- a homogenous mixture of two or more substances 1. Solute- the substance present in a smaller amount 2. Solvent- the substance present is a larger amount B. Aqueous solution1. The solute initially is a liquid or solid 2. the solvent is water C. Electrolytic properties (solutes that dissolve in water categories) 1. Electrolyte- a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that ca conduct electricity 2. Nonelectrolyte- does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water 3. Electrolytes a. Strong electrolytes- ionic compounds (metal bonded to a nonmetal) b. Weak electrolytes- Has a hydrogen in front (CH3OOH, HF, H2O, ect) c. Non electrolyte- No Hydrogen in front, or OH at the end (base) 4. Hydration- an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner

II.

Precipitation reactions A. Precipitation Reaction- formation of an insoluble product (precipitate) B. Metathesis reaction reaction that involves the exchange in parts between parts in two compounds C. Solubility maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature 1. CASH N G1A C is chlorates A is acetates S is sulfates (except: Ca, Ba, Sr.....just remember the tv network CBS) H is halogens( except: Ca, Ba, Sr (CBS) Hg Ag Pb (HAPPY) ) N is Nitrates, G1a is Group I A metals. ---> THESE ARE ALL SOLUBLE, XCEPT

2. CCOPS Carbonates Chromates OH Ba(OH)2 Phosphates Sulfides D. Molecular Equations, Ionic Equations, Net Ionic Equations Molecular Equation- formulas of the compounds are written as tough the species existed as molecules or whole units. identifies reagents (Lead(ii) sulfide) KNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) KCl(aq) + HNO3(aq)

III.

Acid- Base Reactions A. Acids 1. Sour taste (vinegar acetic acid, lemons, citrus fruits with citric acid) 2. Color changes in plant dyes- litmus from blue to red 3. Acids react with certain metals-- zinc, magnesium, &iron-- to produce hydrogen gas 4. Acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates-- such as Na2CO3, CaCO3, and NaNCO3--to produce carbon dioxide gas 5. Aqueous(aq) acid solutions conduct electricity B. Bases 1. Bitter taste 2. Slippery feeling(soap contains bases) 3. Litmus paper changes from red to blue

4. Aqueous(aq) base solutions conduct electricity

C. Bronsted acids and bases 1. Bronsted acid- proton donor (H+) 2. Bronsted base- Proton acceptor (OH)

3. Diprotic Acid- each unit gives up 2 H= protons 4. Triprotic Acids- yields 3 H+ ions

5. Acid Base reaction (neutralization) Acid + Base salt +water

IV.

Oxidation Reduction Reactions A. oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions are considered electron transfer reactions (ex. fossil fuels & bleach)

B. Oxidation number 1. Also known as oxidation state 2. # of charges the atoms wound have in an ionic compound or molecule if electrons were transferred completely

C. Types of Redox Reactions 1. Combination Reaction

2. Decomposition Reaction

3. Combustion Reaction (reacts with oxygen)

4. Displacement Reactions a. Hydrogen displacement

b. Metal displacement (above) c. Halogen displacement 5. Disproportionation Reaction- an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

V.

Concentration of solutions A. Concentration of Solution- the amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent, or solution B. Molarity

C. Dilution the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one

VI.

VII.

D. Quantitative analysis determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample. E. Gravimetric analysis an analytical technique based on the measurement of mass Acid-Base Titrations A. Titration- a solution of an accurately know concentration B. Standard solution- added gradually to another solution of an unknown concentration , until the chemical reaction between the two is complete C. Equivalence point- the point at which an acid has completely with or has been neutralized by a base D. Indicators- substances that have different colors in acidic or basic media Redox titrations