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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources "American Spaces in the Philippines: August 8, 1945 President Truman signs U.N. Charter." American Spaces in the Philippines: August 8, 1945 President Truman signs U.N. Charter. http://www.americanspacesph.com/2013/08/august-8-1945-president-truman-signs-u n.html (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this primary source to show how impactful the signing of major diplomatic documents was after a WWII, and how it demonstrated Trumans motivation to make diplomatic progress for the US. We were able to incorporate it into our website as visual aid on the page about Harry Truman. "Assistance for Greece and Turkey." Our Documents. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/document_data/document_images/doc_081_big.jpg (accessed January 28, 2014). This primary document was helpful in looking at the request for assistance for Greece and Turkey that lead to the Marshall Plan. We used this on our website so that the viewers can see what the actual document looked like, not just the text. Associated Newspapers. "Hell in the Pacific: Rare World War II photographs show American soldiers' fight for survival in brutal Battle of Saipan." Mail Online. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2087023/World-War-II-photographs-Americansoldiers-fight-survival-brutal-Battle-Saipan.html (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this photograph to visually display the brutality of WWII, and why George Marshall may have felt it a responsibility of the US to respond after his experiences. We used this in our website on the background information on WWII. "Avalon Project - Truman Doctrine." Avalon Project - Truman Doctrine. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp (accessed January 28, 2014). We used this transcript of President Trumans address to learn the how this speech about the Truman Doctrine set the stage for the Marshall Plan. We were able to incorporate this onto our page about the Truman Doctrine and Harry Truman. "Bottroper Sonderstempel." Bottroper Sonderstempel. http://briefmarken-bottrop.de/sammlung_bottrop/sonderstempel/sonderstempel.htm (accessed January 12, 2014). We used this primary source, a picture of the stamp of signet for the Marshall Plan to see what the representation of the Marshall plan looked like at this time. This was apparent on our website in a header at the top Marshalls page.

Citino, Nathan. Interview by author. Email interview. Email, February 15, 2014. We used this interview to develop more knowledge on the motivation the US had to draft the Marshall plan, also the effects it created not only for European economies, but the US as well.

"Cold War." The National Archives. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/coldwar/g3/cs3/cwar.pdf. (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this primary source of a series of documents to understand the historical context in which the Marshall Plan was drafted, such as the Truman Doctrine. It was helpful in learning about not only George C. Marshalls perspective on the future of Europe, but also President Truman. Committee of European Economic Cooperation, " Conference Report of the Committee of European Economic Co-Operation." Last modified September 21, 1947. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan/Reports/Committ ee_of_European_Economic_Co-operation_General_Report_1947.pdf. (accessed October 18, 2013). We used this primary source to analyze the response of the Committee of European Economic Cooperation to Marshalls speech initiating the ERP. We used it to show that the responsibility felt by Marshall to rebuild Europe was felt across the globe, as the economic committee quickly approved the plan.

"Committee of European Economic Co-Operation General Report of 1947" The George C. Marshall Foundation. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan/Reports/Committ ee_of_European_Economic_Co-operation_General_Report_1947.pdf. (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this primary source to analyze the response of the Committee of European Economic Cooperation to Marshalls speech initiating the ERP. We used it to show that the responsibility felt by Marshall to rebuild Europe was felt across the globe, as the economic committee quickly approved the plan.

Dubinsky, Vladimir. "How Communism Took Over Eastern Europe After World War II." The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/10/how-communismtook- over-eastern-europe-after-world-war-ii/263938/>. (accessed February 14, 2012). We used this primary source article to learn more about the threat that communism posed to the US and Western Europe after the war, because of the fact that it was rapidly

expanding in the East. This threat was on of the main reasons that Marshall felt the responsibility to step in and protect the rights of European citizens against communism. We used this information on our historical context page.

"Europe After 1945." FeelingEurope.eu. http://www.feelingeurope.eu/Pages/europe%20after%201945.html (accessed November 13, 1923). We used this primary source photo to understand the great effects of the ERP. This picture displays the Hague Congress held in the Congress of Europe to pave the way for the European Union in 1948. This helped us understand the extreme unification the ERP provided for struggling European countries, making them stronger economically, politically, and diplomatically. We used this picture as a visual aid on our timeline.

"For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan." Dutch View of the Marshall Plan: For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan (Library of Congress Exhibition). http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars10.html (accessed January 12, 2014). This cartoon released by the Dutch after announcement of the Marshall Plan helped us to understand how other nations reaction to the ERP. We used it to illustrate how the ERP was a positive and effective plan for all of Europe.

"Foreign Assistance Act of 1948." Marshall Foundation. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan/Reports/Foreign_ Assistance_Act_of_1948.pdf (accessed October 17, 2013). This primary source is a series of documents that made up the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 that helped us understand the steps that were taken after the official speech had been given by Marshall. We incorporated this into our website by showing the legitimacy and depth of the plan as it was developed. Foreign Policy . "Our Magazine Archive." Foreign Policy. http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/01/10/does_history_need_a_marshall_plan (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this primary source photo to provide visual aid on our timeline of George C. Marshall himself. This source gave us a mental picture of what the powerful political leader looked like.

"George C. Marshall:Secretary of State." Wikipedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_C._Marshall,_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jpg (accessed January 10, 2014). This picture helped us get a visual of what the secretary of state looked like, and we used the primary source to add visual aid and intrigue to our website, giving readers a more realistic perspective on the post-war era.

George , Marshall. "Marshall Plan Announced." Speeches and Audio Recorded June 05 1947. History.com. Web, http://www.history.com/topics/marshall-plan/speeches (accessed November 30, 2013). This primary source was used by letting us hear what the delivery of the Marshall Plan speech actually sounded like, showing how big of a moment this was for not only Europe, but the entire world. In our website we were able to put the actual audio of the speech onto our homepage of the website.

Hinton, Harold B. "Aid Bill is Signed by Truman as Reply to Foes of Liberty." New York Times, April 04, 1948. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0403.html (accessed November 23, 2013) This primary source, being the front page of the New York Times, was helpful in understanding what a huge deal for American Foreign Policy the ERP was at the time. We used it to add visual aids to our website and emphasize how pivotal the Marshall Plan was for the post-war era.

"Hiroshima and the Cold War." Hiroshima and the Cold War. http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war5.htm (accessed February 18, 2014). We used this primary source photo to depict just how significant the bombings at Hiroshima were after WWII. This photo illustrates what a devastating yet huge foreign policy move this event was for the US, as well as one of the main triggers for the Cold War. We used it as visual aid on our timeline.

"Korean War Begins." This day in History. http://dingeengoete.blogspot.com/2012/06/this-day-inhistory-jun- 25-1950-korean.html (accessed January 7, 2014). We used this primary source photo add visual aid to our timeline. It helped us understand the reason that the US discontinued the ERP, being that their economic and military aid was needed in the Korean war, which started in 1950.

Marshall, George. "Remarks by the Secretary of State at Harvard University on June 5th, 1947." Last modified June 05, 1947. http://marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan_Speech_Complete.pdf. (accessed October 18, 2013. ) We used this primary source as our copy of the transcript of the the speech, which helped us further our understanding of Marshalls true intentions for the ERP. In our website we were able to use this source by pulling quotes and analyzing the speech.

"Marshall Plan Speech Complete" The George C. Marshall Foundation. http://marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan_Speech_Complete.pdf (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this primary source as our copy of the transcript of the the speech, which helped us further our understanding of Marshalls true intentions for the ERP. In our website we were able to use this source by pulling quotes and analyzing the speech.

Marshall Plan, "European Crisis." Last modified May 27, 1947. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/The_European_Crisis_Clayton_ to_Acheson_May_27_1947.pdf. (accessed November 12, 2013). We used this primary source to further understand the crisis that Europe was in prior to the implementation of the ERP. In our website we were able to incorporate this by explaining the economic debt and social issues that Europe was facing during and after WWII.

"Marshall Plan." - Conservapedia. http://www.conservapedia.com/Marshall_Plan (accessed January 12, 2014). We used this picture of the front page of the New York Times during the height of the ERP as primary source to see how important any new developments were to citizens of the United States. In our website this also shows up as one of the first pictures when one views the site.

Mills, Nicolaus, and The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Nicolaus Mills.. "Obama and the college speaker game." CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/08/opinion/mills-obama-barnard-commencementspeech/ (accessed February 19, 2014).

We used this primary source photo of Marshall speaking at his Harvard address in June of 1947 to add visual aid to the Marshall page on our website. This photo gave us a visual picture of the environment of Marshalls speech half a century ago.

Modern American Poetry. "A Photo-Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki." A Photo-Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/levine/bombing.htm (accessed February 17, 2014). We used this picture as a primary source to understand how devastating the bombings in Nagasaki and Hiroshima were. This helped us understand why some considered it the trigger of The Cold War. We used it in our timeline.

"National Anthem of the Soviet Union." National Anthems of the Soviet Union and Union Republic. Orchestra of the USSR State 01 01 1996. compact disc (accessed April 1, 2014) This primary source was used to hear what the Soviet national anthem sounded like. We used this on our Joseph Stalin page to emphasize his support of the Soviet Union. National Archives, "Pravda Newspaper." Last modified June 29, 1947. http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/coldwar/g3/cs3/cwar.pdf (accessed November 12, 2013). We used this primary source to understand the historical context in which the Marshall Plan was drafted, such as the Truman Doctrine. It was helpful in learning about not only George C. Marshalls perspective on the future of Europe, but also President Truman.

OECD. "Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development." OECD. http://www.oecd.org/general/conventionontheorganisationforeconomiccooperationanddevelopment.htm (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this primary source picture to add visual aid to our timeline under the Organization for Economic Cooperation. This source helped us to understand what a huge impact the ERP had, and what optimism for economic recovery it was spreading throughout Europe, as the Organization for Economic Cooperation soon was created in Europe.

"On This Day: President Truman Signs Marshall Plan Into Law." On This Day: President Truman Signs Marshall Plan Into Law. http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/April/Truman-Signs-Marshall-Plan .html (accessed January 12, 2014).

This picture of the actual signing of the Marshall Plan, a primary source, helped us see what the process looked like, and how many important political leaders were present at the time. We included this picture on our website as one of the initial pictures that is seen on the web site.

"President Truman Special Message to the Congress on the Marshall Plan." The George C. Marshall Foundation. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/President_Truman_Special_Me ssage_to_the_Congress_on_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf. (accessed February 19, 2014). This primary source was used to help us see what Trumans thoughts were on the ERP and the general situation in Europe, and his hopes for nothing like this to ever happen again. We used this in our website by explaining how Truman felt very strongly about keeping international peace in the years to come.

Price, Harry Bayard. The Marshall plan and its meaning. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1955. This primary source written just years after the ERP helped us see a first hand account of the situation unrelated to the government. We were able to highlight the devastation that had taken over Europe before the Marshall Plan went into effect for every citizen who was negatively impacted as a result of WWII.

"Special Message to the Congress on the Marshall Plan." Last modified December 19, 1947. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/President_Truman_Special_Me ssage_to_the_Congress_on_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf. (accessed October 18, 2013). This primary source was used to help us see what Trumans thoughts were on the ERP and the general situation in Europe, and his hopes for nothing like this to ever happen again. We used this in our website by explaining how Truman felt very strongly about keeping international peace in the years to come.

"Suspects Held In Holocaust Memorial Desecration." Gadling.com. http://www.gadling.com/2012/06/26/suspects-held-in-holocaust-memorial-desecratio n/ (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this picture of the holocaust to show the wide range of people that were devastated by the war, and had rights taken away from them. This picture was used in the slideshow on WWII in our website.

"The Blitz: 7 Bloody Months." The Kids Pages; London & The Blitz in World War II for Children. http://www.thekidswindow.co.uk/Kids/The_Blitz.htm (accessed January 29, 2014). This picture shows how the air raids affected the daily lives of European citizens, and created many hardships. We used this in the context section about World War II on the website.

"The European Crisis Clayton to Acheson." The George C. Marshall Foundation. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/The_European_Crisis_Clayton_ to_Acheson_May_27_1947.pdf. (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this primary source to further understand the crisis that Europe was in prior to the implementation of the ERP. In our website we were able to incorporate this by explaining the economic debt and social issues that Europe was facing during and after WWII.

"The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: British Children Endure an Attack." The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: British Children Endure an Attack. http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/children-shelter.htm (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this picture to understand the drastic measures that families had to take in order to protect themselves from the violence ensuing on Europe. We used this on the website about WWII in the slideshow.

"The Marshall Plan." CNBC. http://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2011/08/23/277189 37-06_Marshall_Plan.jpg (accessed February 2, 2014). We used this picture to visualize and further understand how bad conditions were in Europe after the war. This primary source was helpful in realizing what great need of an economic plan Europe was in need of at the time, because of such vast devastation it endured.

"The Marshall Plan." The Marshall Plan. http://tpsnva.sonjara.com/teaching_materials/learning_experience/all.php?experiences_ke y=4374 (accessed January 9, 2014). We used this cartoon from the time, a primary source, to understand what the world would be like without the Marshall plan. We were able to put

this on our social impacts page as a simple way to show and describe how essential the ERP would be.

"Timelines: 1938." Eugenic sterilization in Nazi Germany. http://www.lifesciencesfoundation.org/events-Eugenic_sterilization_in_Nazi_Germany. html (accessed January 29, 2014). This picture allowed us to get a visual of the power that Adolf Hitler had over Europe during WWII which we used on our website by putting it into the slideshow on the WWII page. "Top of Glacier." Post World War II. http://stevemckelvie.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/top-of-glacier-001.jpg (accessed January 15, 2014). We used this picture to further see how great the improvement of Europe was after the implementation of the ERP. We put this on our website on the economic impacts page, because a better economy improved the quality of life.

"Top 25 Quotes of Harry Truman." Listverse. http://listverse.com/2007/12/19/top-25-quotes-of-harry-truman/ (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this primary source of quotes from Harry Truman to get a better understanding of what kind of person he was, and his outlooks on the world at war. We used this in our website on the Harry Truman page, as well as the page on the Truman Doctrine.

Town Hall Media. "Never Let A Crisis Go To Waste: Marxists Blame Capitalism (and America) For Sandy Hook Massacre." RedState. http://www.redstate.com/2012/12/24/never-let-acrisis-go-to-waste-marxists-blame-capitalism-and-america-for-sandy-hook-massacre/ (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this primary source photo of Stalin to get a visual picture of what the Soviet leader looked like. We used this as a visual aid on our page for Joseph Stalin.

"Truman Doctrine." Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/doctrine/large/documents/ index.php?documentdate=March%205,%201947&documentid=8-9&pagenumber=1

(accessed February 13, 2014). This primary source telegram from Hungary after WWII informed us of the European response to the proposal of the Marshall plan. It informed us about the condition of Western Europe after the war in the midst of communist expansionism, and reinforced the responsibility Marshall felt to solve the problem. We used a quote from this document on our historical context page.

"Unlearning 101." 'Unlearning 101'. http://www.unlearning101.com/fuhgetaboutit_the_art_of_/politics/ (accessed January 12, 2014). This photograph, a primary source, was important in our understanding of how the Marshall Plan was delivered, with many graduating Harvard students surrounding him. We included this picture by adding it to our homepage as visual aid.

"Uploads."Comicvine.http://static.comicvine.com/uploads/original/5/50734/1378360-ma r6.jpg (accessed January 12, 2014). We used this primary source to help give our website more visual appeal and help us understand the many different aspects of George Marshall. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. "Marshall_Plan." National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/marshall_plan/ (accessed February 17, 2014). We used this primary source document to examine Marshalls exact words from the European Recovery Act, to use as quotes throughout our website, as well as visual aid on the Marshall page. This helped us further understand the USs true intentions and motivation to rebuild European economies. "Who Caused the Cold War?." Wikispaces. http://bobhistory.wikispaces.com/Who+Caused+the+Cold+War%3F (accessed December 12, 2013). We used this primary source photo to add visual aid to our timeline page. This picture of world leaders at the Potsdam conference helped us build historical context and background to the ERP. The Potsdam conference was one of the many meetings held by Allied powers to determine the post war order. We used this to learn more about the division of Germany into Western and Eastern regions after the ERP.

Wikimedia Foundation. "George Marshall." Wikipedia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall (accessed January 9, 2014). This picture, a primary source, was used to improve the visual appeal of our web site, and put a face to the name, clarifying who exactly George C. Marshall was. World War II United States Army Pictorials." World War II United States Army Pictorials. http://www.paperlessarchives.com/wwii_army_pictorials.html (accessed January 28, 2014). We were able to incorporate this primary source by displaying how violent and high pressure being in the war was for military members. We put this in our slideshow on the WWII page.

WWII Archives; Preserving Their Sacrifice. " World War II Photograph from Battle of Iwo Jima." World War II Photograph. http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/photo/1866/0 (accessed February 18, 2014). This primary source, a picture of collapsed soldiers, was used in our website to understand how deadly WWII was. We put this in our slideshow on WWII.

Xplore. "George C. Marshall Quotes." BrainyQuote. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/g/george_c_marshall.html (accessed January 12, 2014). This primary source was a quote from Marshall himself that helped us recognize the risk that the US was taking by involving itself in Europes economy after such a devastating war. We now understand that the European Recovery Program was achieved through persistence and dedication to the reconstruction of Europe without looking back. We used it to reveal Marshalls outlook on his very own strategy for recovery. Zeiler, Tom. Interview by author. Personal interview. George Washington High School, January 14, 2014. We used this primary source, an interview, to get specific information on the impacts of the Marshall Plan, and incorporate quotes and information throughout our entire website.

"27s Fly Over Polesti During WWII." Wikipedia Pictures. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-24D%27s_fly_over_Polesti_during_World_War_II.jpg (accessed January 27, 2014). This picture of many dead bodies actually during WWII was helpful to visualize the extent to which those fighting in the war had been hurt. We used this on our background

page on WWII.

80th Congress, "Foreign Assistance Act of 1948," Economic Cooperation Act of 1948. Last modified April 3, 1948. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan/Reports/Foreig n_Assistance_Act_of_1948.pdf. (accessed October 17, 2013). This primary source is a series of documents that made up the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 that helped us understand the steps that were taken after the official speech had been given by Marshall. We incorporated this into our website by showing the legitimacy and depth of the plan as it was developed.

Secondary Sources A&E Television Networks. "Marshall Plan." History.com. http://www.history.com/topics/marshall-plan (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source helped us further comprehend the conflict that the ERP sparked between the United States and Soviet Russia. It was used to emphasize the impacts that the ERP had on not only Europe itself, but the future of United States Foreign Policy. Abraham, Sara. "Yalta Conference." Then Again. March 16, 2000. http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/world/yaltaconf.html (accessed February 11, 2014). We used this secondary source to learn more about what events lead up to the creation of the Marshall Plan, and the policies that would establish the post-war reorganization. We used this information in our timeline under The Yalta Conference.

AMG FTT. "MARSHALL PLAN Free Territory of Trieste ." Main Page @ marshallplan.freeterritorytrieste.com. http://www.marshallplan.freeterritorytrieste.com/ (accessed February 18, 2014). We used this image as a secondary source to learn about how much money the Marshall Plan gave to European countries, proving that the Marshall Plan was a huge economic expenditure for the US. It was extremely impactful to the European and American economies. We used it on our economic impacts page. Arkes, Hadley. Bureaucracy, The Marshall Plan, and The National Interest. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 19731972. This secondary source was helpful in understanding how the European Recovery Program was created not only to help Europe, but also as a way to boost the United States economy and market internationally. We used this in our website by demonstrating the motives, partially focused on self interest behind the ERP.

Behrman, Greg. The most noble adventure: the Marshall plan and how America helped rebuild Europe. New York: Free Press, 2008. This secondary source helped us to further understand the roles that many important figures played throughout the creation and implementation of the European Recovery Program. We used this mostly to emphasize the important responsibilities that many people took on during this plan.

"Cold War timeline." Cold War timeline. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/coldwartimeline.htm (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this secondary source timeline to include historical context for our website. This website was useful in understanding what important political and economic events leading up to the ERP, including Trumans growing frustration with the Soviet Union. We used this on our timeline page.

"Focus on the Marshall Plan and the Cold War." UNCC. http://coedpages.uncc.edu/theafner/Advanced%20SS%20methods/Pathfinder%20devel oped%20by%20Keisa%20Hines.htm (accessed January 14, 2001). We used this website as a secondary source to examine the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan. We used it on our historical context page.

"For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan Exhibition Overview." Overview. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/marsh-overview.html (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source helped us to develop understanding of the reasons supporting George C. Marshalls launch of the European Recovery Program, and why he felt it was the United States responsibility to step in. We used this website to highlight the historical context in which the ERP was created, and what it accomplished. For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan. Netherlands: U.S. Library of Congress., 1949. (accessed November 12, 2013). We used this secondary source to learn more about motivation for the ERP, such as fear of communist domination in Europe. We used it to express how the US felt that this threat was so extreme that in order to protect the rights of European assistance, they had no choice but to intervene. "George C. Marshall - Biographical." George C. Marshall - Biographical. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/marshall-bio.html (accessed January 9, 2014). This secondary source informed us about the life of George C. Marshall, and what lead to his career as Secretary of State. We used it to demonstrate what an impactful role he played in the post-World War II era, becoming an important historical figure during the 1940s and 50s.

Gimbel, John. The origins of the Marshall plan. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976. This secondary source about the Marshall Plan helped us discover the great amount of economic assistance the U.S. gave to Western Europe in the reconstruction of their economic as well as political infrastructure. We were able to incorporate this into our website by showing how essential the amount of money given was to the ERP. Glogster. "The Iron Curtain." Glogster. http://www.glogster.com/mackenziemoore945/ironcurtain/g-6likt4phmg7k436bouj8qa0 (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this secondary source map to fully grasp the extent to which the Soviets were trying to broaden their sphere of influence after the war. This map shows almost all of Eastern Europe taken over by the Soviets. We used this image as visual aid on our timeline. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. "VE Day." History Learning Site. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ve_day.htm (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this secondary source website to develop knowledge on the lead up to the proposal of the ERP, including the end of WWII. Since WWII was the main event triggering the creation of the ERP, we included this information in our timeline. Hogan, Michael. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe 1947-1952. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. We used this secondary source to show how the ERP was more than just a effort for the United States to grant economic assistance, it was a hope to completely refashion the the Western European market and its infrastructure. We were able to incorporate this into our website by highlighting not only the economic implications of the ERP, but the social and political as well. "Home." Our Documents -. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=82 (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source helped us deepen our understanding on Marshalls motives and goals with the ERP, and why he felt it was necessary to take action in post-war Europe to protect the rights of citizens. We used the source to outline prior events leading up to the implementation of the ERP, and motivation for the program. Lisa Reynolds Wolfe. "THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND THE MARSHALL PLAN (A PODCAST)." the Cold War RSS. http://www.coldwarstudies.com/2013/04/09/the-truman-doctrine-andthe-marshall-plan-a-podcast/ (accessed February 18, 2014).

We used this graph as a secondary source to examine the amount of money the US gave to each European country after the war. This demonstrates just how pivotal Americas role was in European economics. We used it as a visual aid on our economic impacts page.

"Marshall Plan." History. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source was helpful in outlining the direct areas of Europes economy in the post-war era in which ERP funds would be directed towards. It helped us understand what aspects of Europe the plan would go towards improving, and we used it to emphasize the economic impacts of the ERP for Europe and the US. "Marshall Plan." Marshall Plan. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1852.html (accessed February 17, 2014). We used this secondary source website to develop background knowledge on our topic. We used this information on the George C. Marshall page to understand his background in politics, and his role in implementing the ERP. We used this information to write about the responsibility Marshall felt as Secretary of State of a prosperous country to assist struggling economies. Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia. "Ministry of Internal Affairs - Home." Ministry of Internal Affairs. http://police.ge/en/ministry/structure-and-offices/international-relationsdepartment/euro-atlantic-integration/european-union (accessed February 18, 2014). We used this image as a secondary source. Being a picture of the European Union flag, it helped us realize what a huge step the EU was for Europe, and how it united them and aimed to prevent further conflict after the Marshall Plan. We used it on our political impacts page to provide visual aid.

Oregon State Archives. "Threats from Abroad and Enemies at Home: The Cold War." Oregon Responds to World War II: Threats from Abroad and Enemies at Home: The Cold War. http://www.sos.state.or.us/archives/pages/exhibits/ww2/after/cold.htm (accessed February 18, 2014). We used this secondary source to learn more about George C. Marshall and the threat of Communism after WWII. We used an image of Marshall from this website on our George C. Marshall Page to add visual aid.

"Origins of The Cold War: 1946-1950." Authentic History. http://www.authentichistory.com/19461960/1-cworigins/ (accessed February 18, 2014).

We used this secondary source website to learn more about US-Soviet relations during the war. This information helped us understand that a tense alliance with Russia during WWII only heightened the Cold War in the years following. Miscommunications between the two powers during the war, and the mistrust that developed was a main motivator for the US in drafting the ERP in order to protect citizens from Soviet Communism. We used this information on our timeline as well as our historical context page. "Seeing the Victory Through: The 50th Anniversary of the Marshall Plan." YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-w39y31KnFA (accessed April 1, 2014). We used this secondary source of a short documentary on the Marshall Plan to discover personal responses to the ERP from people who were involved in either the government or the implementation at this time. We used this to put clips throughout the website on the pages WWII, George Marshall, and Historical Context. "Social Transformation in Europe after World War II." History Doctor. http://www.historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20European%20History/Notes/ social_transformation_in_europe_after_WWII.htm (accessed October 25, 2013). We used this secondary source website to gain knowledge on the social changes that the ERP caused. The Marshall plan was extremely impactful in terms of social class, as well as science and technology in European economies. We used this information on our social impacts page. Tangient LLC. "~ 10 FACTS ABOUT THE COLD WAR ~." Ms.Huckleberry. http://mshuckleberry.wikispaces.com/The+Cold+War (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this secondary source cartoon to illustrate the conflict between the US and Russia over influence in Europe. This political cartoon perfectly illustrates the tensions of the Cold War, and we used it in our timeline. The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. "Iron Curtain (European history)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294419/Iron-Curtain (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this secondary source website to learn more about the division that occurred between Eastern and Western Europe after the war, and the metaphorical idea of the Iron Curtain, i.e. the refusal of Western and American ideas that Stalin demonstrated. This idea only heightened the Cold War and set the stage for decades of competition between the US and Russia. Stalin was threatened by the idea of Western expansionism competing with Soviet expansionism, which is why the US felt it was their responsibility to intervene. We used this information in our timeline.

"The Marshall Plan." The Marshall Plan.

http://www.marshallfoundation.org/TheMarshallPlan.htm (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source helped us to understand the need for the Marshall Plan that urged the US to intervene, as well as the impact it had on the people of Europe. We used it to demonstrate that not only did the ERP aid the Europes economy, but it also had a significant social and political impact on the people, protecting their basic human rights. "The Marshall Plan." Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/marshall-plan.html (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source was helpful in understanding the significance of the ERP, and how great the responsibility of the US was to intervene. We were able to learn how great the amount of economic assistance given to Europe was, and we used it to elaborate on what it did to restore Europes economy. The New York Times Company. "The Europe-in-Rubble Excuse." Paul Krugman The Europe in Rubble Excuse Comments. http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/19/theeurope-inrubble-excuse/ (accessed February 18, 2014). We used this article from the NYT to learn about US economic trends during the period in which the ERP was in action. This secondary source provided us with a graph of US exports and imports during the Marshall Plan. We used this on our economic impacts page.

"The Truman Doctrine, 1947 - 19451952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian." The Truman Doctrine, 1947 - 19451952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine (accessed January 28, 2014). This secondary source was helpful in learning about what the Truman Doctrine truly was and we used this on our website by adding information on how this doctrine, just years before the Marshall Plan, set the stage for the ERP. "The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan - history 12." history 12. http://clairehistory12.weebly.com/the-truman-doctrine-and-marshall-plan.html (accessed February 19, 2014). Wed used this secondary source cartoon to report on Stalins reaction to the Truman Doctrine. This source helped understand how opposed the Soviets were to American intervention in post war Europe. The fact that Stalin was so against US involvement lead us to later develop the idea that the Truman Doctrine and ERP were few of the events that triggered the Cold War. We used this on our Truman Doctrine page as visual aid.

The White House. "Harry S. Truman ." The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman (accessed January 10, 2014). We used this secondary source to learn about how Trumans role in the ERP was sprung on him when he became president part-way through a term. In our website, we were able to incorporate the pressure he felt at this time. We used this information on the Harry Truman page under historical figures.

United States Department of State. "The Marshall Plan: The Vision of a Family of Nations." United States Diplomacy Center United States Department of State. http://diplomacy.state.gov/exhibitions/pdf/MP_Education_Packet.pdf (accessed February 14, 2001). We used this secondary source to find out about the events happening before and after the implementation of the Marshall Plan. This website was helpful to us because it enabled us to learn about the historical context of the ERP. We used it in our timeline.

US Navy. "Potsdam Conference." Potsdam Conference. http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-dpl/hd-state/potsdam.htm (accessed February 19, 2014). We used this secondary source website to learn more about the lead up to the Marshall Plan. We gathered information form this site about the Potsdam conference, in which world leaders met to discuss post war order, which was extremely influential to the implementation of the Marshall Plan. We used this information in our timeline.

"U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Official Declarations of War by Congress." U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Official Declarations of War by Congress. http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/WarDeclaration sbyCongress.htm (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this secondary source to see when exactly World War II was declared, and how the timing of the Marshall Plan fell into play with the beginning and end of the war. It was helpful in determining how significant the timing was to European Recovery. YouTube. "Cold War 03/24 full length documentary Marshall Plan 1947 1952." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DQTilkyIp0 (accessed January 29, 2014). This secondary source- short video documentary- was used to help expand the threat that expansion of Communism had on Western Europe. We used it to emphasis the

rights that could be taken away as communism spread, so the greater responsibility the US felt to stop it. "Welcome to the City of Toronto website." V-E Day and V-J Day: The End of World War II in Toronto, 1945.http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=35ee757ae6b31410Vg nVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=7cb4ba2ae8b1e310VgnVCM10000071d60f8 9RCRD (accessed February 18, 2014). We used this secondary source to learn more about prior events leading up to the ERP, such as WWI. We used this source in our timeline to highlight important days throughout the war.

"Welcome to the Marshall Center." History of the Marshall Plan. http://www.marshallcenter.org/mcpublicweb/en/nav-mc-about-history/nav-mc-abou t-portrait-marshall/431-art-mc-about-mission-marshall-plan.html (accessed January 29, 2014). This secondary source was helpful in giving us a more in depth background of the Marshall Plan and its implementation. We were able to use this in our website to get more information on the context and all of the people involved. "Yalta Conference." Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651424/Yalta- Conference (accessed November 13, 2012). We used this secondary source website to investigate the Yalta Conference, a major gathering of the Allied leaders towards the end of the war to discuss the defeat of Nazi Germany. The end of the war directly prompted the Marshall Plan, so this event was extremely relevant to our topic. We used this information in our timeline. "1940s Timeline." About.com 20th Century History. http://history1900s.about.com/od/timelines/tp/1940timeline.htm (accessed January 28, 2014). We used this timeline on our context page to learn more about the events prior and after the implementation of the Marshall Plan. It helped us understand how the events surrounding the ERP impacted it.

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