Electrical Circuits-203

Name: Bruna S. Boneberg, Kieran Rutter, Zhi Wen Luo Student number: 173560 0, 161!13"3, 1777603" #it$e o% the e&'eriment: (ntrodu)tion to *ea+urement ,e-i)e+, So$dering Laborator. grou' : Wed 0/0001000 Laborator. +u'er-i+or: 1$orian Barbieri ,ate 'er%ormed: 02032 01! ,ue date: 0320!2 01! ,ate +ubmitted: 032032 01!
I hereby declare that this report is entirely my own work and has not been copied from any other student or past student.

Student +ignature: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Introduction to Measurement Devices, Soldering

1. Introduction #he 're+ent re'ort 3i$$ 're+ent a brie% theor. re$ated to +erie+ and 'ara$$e$ re+i+tan)e+ and ho3 to )a$)u$ate it u+ing %ormu$ae, a$+o it 3i$$ i$$u+trate the methodo$og. a''$ied during the e&'eriment, the mea+ured re+u$t+, and the ana$.+i+ )om'aring the theor. 3ith the 'ra)ti)a$.

2. Aim and ob ectives #he ob4e)ti-e+ in thi+ e&'eriment are: Learn ho3 to 3or5 3ith Breadboard+, *u$timeter and 6+)i$$o+)o'e7 8nder+tand ho3 to in-e+tigate K9L, K:L, the :urrent ,i-i+ion and 9o$tage ,i-i+ion on a +am'$e node and me+h7 Learn ho3 to +o$dering on ;rinted :ir)uit Board <;:B= ;rotot.'e7 *ea+ure the e>ui-a$ent im'edan)e o% a )ir)uit.

3. !"eor# 3.1. $"ms %a&

'igure 1 - $"ms %a& 'ormulas. 3.2. Series and (arallel Circuits

Re+i+tan)e

'igure 2 ) Sim*le Series Circuits.

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#he Re+i+tan)e i+ e>ua$ to the +um o% the indi-idua$ re+i+tan)e+ <a+ +ho3n in 1igure =. *oreo-er, the )ir)uit +hare the +ame )urrent: (#ota$ ? (1 ? ( ? @..? (n. :on+e>uent$., the tota$ -o$tage i+ e>ua$ to the +um o% the indi-idua$ -o$tage dro'+: A#ota$ ? A1 B A B . . . An. <Cughe+, A.=

Re+i+tan)e

'igure 3 ) Sim*le (arallel Circuits.

#he +ame -o$tage i+ +hared in a 'ara$$e$ )ir)uit: A#ota$ ? A1 ? A ? . . . An. 1urthermore, the tota$ re+i+tan)e in a 'ara$$e$ )ir)uit i+ $e++ than an. o% the indi-idua$ re+i+tan)e+ <a+ +ho3n in 1igure 3=. #here%ore, the tota$ )urrent in a 'ara$$e$ )ir)uit i+ e>ua$ to the +um o% the indi-idua$ bran)h )urrent+: (#ota$ ? (1 B ( B . . . (n. <Cughe+, A.=

3.3. +irc""o,,-s .oltage %a& /+.%0

1!"e algebraic sum o, all voltages in a loo* must e2ual 3ero1 'igure 4 ) +.% !"eor#. Source5 All About Circuits.

3.4. +irc""o,,-s Current %a& /+C%0

1!"e algebraic sum o, all currents entering and e6iting a node must e2ual 3ero1 'igure 7 ) +C% !"eor#. Source5 All About Circuits.

3.7. .oltage and Current Division

'igure 8 ) .oltage and Current Division 'ormulas. Source5 9ug"es, E.

4. Met"od #he e>ui'ment uti$iDed 3ere: E 1 & Breadboard E 1 & ,: ;o3er Su''$. E 1 & ;ortab$e *u$timeter= E 1 & *u$timeter E 1 & 1un)tion Fenerator E 1 & 6+)i$$o+)o'e E 1 & ;rotot.'e ;:B E 1 & So$dering +et E 6 & Re+i+tor+

6ne im'ortant +te' 3a+ a 're0$aborator., on B$a)5board, 3here a$$ the )ontent re$ated the 6+)i$$o+)o'e, *u$timeter and ;rinted :ir)uit Board <;:B= ;rotot.'e 3ere a-ai$ab$e to under+tand ho3 3or5+, and ho3 the grou' +hou$d 'ro)edure in the )$a++. Co3e-er, in the )$a++ the e&'eriment 3a+ di-ided into three 'art+. 4.1. 1st (art #hree un5no3n re+i+tor+ 3ere )ho+en and their -a$ue+ 3ere read b. the grou', the re+i+tan)e 3a+ identi%ied b. the )o$our )ode+. *oreo-er, the -a$ue+ 3ere )he)5ed 3hen the 'ortab$e mu$timeter 3a+ u+ed to mea+ure )a$)u$ate the )urrent and -o$tage in ea)h
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re+i+tor. G$+o, a$$ the re+u$t+ 3ere noted. 1urthermore, the 'ro)e++ 3a+ re'eated u+ing the de+5to' mu$timeter. So, the three re+i+tor+ in +erie+ and the ,: ;o3er Su''$., 3hi)h +u''$ied 109, 3ere )onne)ted on the bread board, a+ +ho3n in the diagram in 1ig.7.

'igure : ) ;esistors in Series G%ter the )ir)uit 3a+ bui$d, the )urrent and -o$tage in ea)h re+i+tor 3ere mea+ured b. 6+)i$$o+)o'e, ;ortab$e *u$timeter and ,e+5to' *u$timeter. La+t$., a$$ the re+u$t+ 3ere noted.

4.2. 2nd (art G$$ the a)tion+ in the %ir+t 'art 3ere re'eated 3ith three re+i+tor+ in 'ara$$e$.

'igure < ) ;esistors in (arallel

4.3. 3rd (art #he re+i+tor+ 3ere mea+ured b. ;ortab$e *u$timeter and noted. *oreo-er, the re+i+tor+ 3ere +o$dered on bread board. 1ina$$., the e>ui-a$ent re+i+tan)e %rom G to B 3a+ )a$)u$ated.

'igure = ) ;esistors in (arallel

7. ;esults 7.1. ;esults5 1st (art :on+idering the )ir)uit in +erie+, a+ +ho3n in the 1ig.7. #he -a$ue+ obtained u+ing the tab$e o% )o$our %or ea)h re+i+tor. ;esistor R1 R R3 !able 1 ) ;esistors .alues >sing t"e Colour Code. !olerance .alue B20 5H 100 KI B20 5H 1/ KI B20 5H 00KI

Re+i+tor+ in +erie+ u+ing 109 a+ +our)e, the -a$ue o% :urrent in the +erie+ )ir)uit: (#6#GL ? !.! mG.

1urthermore, %or the te+t 1 o% the )ir)uit in +erie+, a+ +ho3n in the 1igure 7. #he -a$ue+ obtained are 're+ented in the #ab$e , #ab$e 3 and #ab$e !.

!able 2 ) Data o, ;esistor 1 Calculation 0.!31 Multimeter 1 0.! 1 .;1 /.0 Multimeter 2 0.! 1 $scillosco*e 0.! "
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Calculation !.31!

Multimeter 1 !.!

I;1 /?A0 Multimeter 2 !.!

$scillosco*e !. "

!able 3 ) Data o, ;esistor 2 Calculation 0.0765 Calculation !.31! Multimeter 1 0.076! Multimeter 1 !. .;1 /.0 Multimeter 2 0.076 I;1 /?A0 Multimeter 2 !. $scillosco*e 0.0/!3 $scillosco*e !.6/

!able 4 ) Data o, ;esistor 3 Calculation 0.0765 Calculation !.31! Multimeter 1 0.076! Multimeter 1 !. .;1 /.0 Multimeter 2 0.076 I;1 /?A0 Multimeter 2 !. $scillosco*e 0.0/!3 $scillosco*e !.6/

7.2. ;esults5 2nd (art 1or the te+t o% the )ir)uit in 'ara$$e$, a+ +ho3n in the 1igure /. #he -a$ue+ obtained are 're+ented in the #ab$e 5, #ab$e 6 and #ab$e 7.

!able 7 ) Data o, ;esistor 1 Calculation 10 Calculation 100 Multimeter 1 10.07 Multimeter 1 101.1 .;1 /.0 Multimeter 2 10.0/ I;1 /?A0 Multimeter 2 100.! $scillosco*e 10.3 $scillosco*e 103

!able 8 ) Data o, ;esistor 2

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Calculation 10 Calculation /!.75

Multimeter 1 10.07 Multimeter 1 //.7!

.;1 /.0 Multimeter 2 10.05 I;1 /?A0 Multimeter 2 /5.

$scillosco*e 10.3 $scillosco*e /7. "

!able : ) Data o, ;esistor 3 Calculation 10 Calculation !.31! Multimeter 1 10.07 Multimeter 1 !./ .;1 /.0 Multimeter 2 10.0/ I;1 /?A0 Multimeter 2 !.! $scillosco*e 10.3 $scillosco*e !.!!

7.3. ;esults5 3rd (art 1or the te+t 3 o% the )ir)uit in 'ara$$e$, a+ +ho3n in the 1igure ".

;esistor ;1 /@A0 ;2 /@A0 ;3 /@A0 ;4 /@A0 ;7 /@A0 ;8 /@A0 ;! /@A0

!able < ) Data ,or !est 3 !olerance B20 5H B20 5H B20 5H B20 5H B20 5H B20 5H B20 5H

.alue "".3 17." 00 0.01 0.0"/1 0."/6 16.!6

:a$)u$ated -a$ue %or the e>ui-a$ent re+i+tan)e ? 16.6! 5I.

8. Discussion 1or the %ir+t te+t, there i+ a +$ight di%%eren)e bet3een the -a$ue+ +'e)i%ied and re)orded %or ea)h o% the re+i+tor+ <a+ +ho3n in the #ab$e 1=, thi+ i+ be)au+e re+i+tor+ are not e&a)t$. the -a$ue+ di+'$a.ed b. their mar5ing+, but in+tead 3ithin a to$eran)e o% the -a$ue, 3hi)h i+
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di+'$a.ed b. their mar5ing+ <the to$eran)e i+ +igni%ied b. a di%%erent )o$oured band at the end o% the re+i+tan)e )o$our )ode= and our re+i+tor+ are 3e$$ 3ithin thi+ to$eran)e. #here i+ a +$ight di%%eren)e bet3een the mea+ured -a$ue+ and )a$)u$ated -a$ue+ o% the -o$tage+ a)ro++ the +erie+ re+i+tor+ <a+ +ho3n in the #ab$e , #ab$e 3 and #ab$e !=, thi+ i+ due to +$ight di%%eren)e+ bet3een idea$ )ir)uit+ and rea$ )ir)uit+, +u)h a+ the )onne)ting 3ire+ ha-ing a +ma$$ re+i+tan)e, the re+i+tan)e o% the re+i+tor+ -ar.ing 3ith heat and the mea+uring de-i)e+ ha-ing a +$ight amount o% error. Co3e-er, a$$ o% the -a$ue+ 3ere 3e$$ 3ithin the e&'e)ted range o% the idea$ -a$ue+. #here%ore, %or the %ir+t te+t 3e )an +ee that the -o$tage di-ider ru$e i+ -a$id %or the +erie+ re+i+tor )ir)uit 1or the +e)ond te+t, there i+ a +$ight di%%eren)e bet3een the )a$)u$ated re+u$t+ and mea+ured re+u$t+, thi+ i+ due to the +ame rea+on+ a+ the error+ in the %ir+t te+t. G$+o, the 'ortab$e mu$timeter u+ed 3ou$d not )orre)t$. mea+ure )urrent and %or the +e)ond te+t there 3ere no other mu$timeter+ a-ai$ab$e at the time. 1or thi+ )ir)uit the regu$ar )urrent di-i+ion ru$e i+ not re$e-ant, be)au+e there are three re+i+tor+ in 'ara$$e$, but the regu$ar )urrent di-ider ru$e )an be e&tended to )o-er thi+ )ir)uit. 1or the )ir)uit in the third te+t, there i+ a +$ight di%%eren)e bet3een the )a$)u$ated tota$ re+i+tan)e and the theoreti)a$ )a$)u$ated re+i+tan)e and thi+ i+ due to the u+ua$ %a)tor+ o% the )om'onent+ u+ed not being idea$ and the mea+uring de-i)e+ ha-ing a +$ight $e-e$ o% ina))ura)..

:. Conclusion
#hroughout the e&'eriment the re+u$t+ re)orded 3ere 3e$$ 3ithin rea+onab$e -arian)e o% the theoreti)a$ e&'e)ted -a$ue+ 3hi)h indi)ate+ that the $a3+ and ru$e+ that 3ere being in-e+tigated ho$d true. #he+e are: Kir)hho%%J+ 9o$tage La37 the +um o% a$$ the -o$tage+ a)ro++ the +erie+ re+i+tor+ i+ e>ua$ to the tota$ A*1 +u''$ied b. the -o$tage +our)e Kir)hho%%J+ :urrent La37 the +um o% the )urrent+ through the three 'ara$$e$ re+i+tor+ i+ e>ua$ to the )urrent being +u''$ied b. the -o$tage +our)e

<. ;e,erences
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Cughe+, A. <1""5=. Cughe+ A$e)tri)a$ #e)hno$og.. Ne3 Kor5, NK. G$$ Gbout :ir)uit+. <n.d.=. Retrie-ed %rom: htt':22333.a$$about)ir)uit+.)om2-o$L12inde&.htm$.

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