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BASIC CONCEPTS
INTRO CIRCUIT ELEMENTS SYSTEM REPRESENTATION IDEAL & NON-IDEAL SOURCE BRANCH NODE LOOP
INTRO
Electric Circuit (D.C and A.C) is an interconnection of electrical components to perform certain function. Examples of electrical components are resistor, capacitor, inductor, battery, A.C source, etc.
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Active element
Voltage/current source that can deliver energy to the network Example :- generators, batteries, operational amplifiers Most important are voltage or current sources generally generate power to the circuit connected
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Independent sources
Voltage sources maintains a voltage(fixed or varying in time) which is not affected by any other quantity Current sources maintains a current(fixed or time-varying) which is unaffected by any other quantity
Dependent sources
Voltage and current sources which is their values varying with some other variables
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Dependent sources
Voltage/current varies according to other variables (current or voltage) connected in the circuit Diamond shape symbol
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Passive element
SYSTEM REPRESENTATION
Electrical energy sources (active elements) deliver/provide power to the loads (passive elements) Positive current (proton) flows from positive terminal Electrical system representation conceptual, symbolic (circuit) and physical
An ideal source is a source that delivers a constant/ certain amount of energy. The amount of voltage/ current delivers does not change due to circuit connection An ideal voltage source delivers certain amount of voltage across its terminal independently to the current flowing through it. The amount of current delivers by the source is determine by the circuit connection
Delivers certain amount of current to any circuit connected to it. The voltage in the circuit determined by the circuit connected to it Have property such that the current deliver is independence to the voltage across its load
Non ideal voltage source consists of an internal resistance in series with an ideal voltage source, hence there is a voltage drop Non ideal current source consists of an internal resistance in parallel with an ideal current source, hence the current flow will be reduced
BRANCH
Any part of circuit that consist of 2 or more terminals across it Represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor etc
NODE
Point where two or more components (branches) are connected An area that enclose or combined more than one node called as SUPERNODE
LOOP
BASIC LAWS
OHMS LAW
Stated that,
The voltage V across a resistor is directly proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor
OHMS LAW
Example :
Stated that,
The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path (loop) must be zero
OR The sum of all the voltage drops around a single closed path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage in that closed path SUM OF VOLTAGE DROPS = SUM OF SOURCE VOLTAGE
Example :
Stated that,
OR The sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of the currents leaving a node SUM OF CURRENT ENTER = SUM OF CURRENT LEAVE
The algebraic sum of the four currents entering the node must be zero The algebraic sum of the four currents leaving the node must be zero Sum of the currents going into a node must equal the sum of the currents leaving or going out from a node
Example :
VOLTAGE DIVIDERS
The voltage drop across any resistor or combination of resistors in a series circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistance value to the total resistance, multiplied by the source voltage
CURRENT DIVIDERS
The total current divides among parallel resistors into currents with values inversely proportional to the resistance values