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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
The Department of Anthropology at National P.G. College is affiliated to Arts Faculty and also attached to Science faculty. It has both Under Graduate (B.A., B.Sc.) and Post Graduate (M.A., M.Sc.) Courses. Both the courses have semester system i.e., the Under Graduate Course is of three years and comprises of six semesters. While the Post Graduate course is of two years and has four semesters. Apart from the above the Department also runs a three months certificate course in Forensic Science Add on Certificate Course in Finger Prints and Document Examination. Anthropology aims to use a broader approach to gain an understanding of our past, present, and future to address the problems that humans face in biological, social, and cultural realms. The subject explores the origin, evolution and variation of humankind through time and space and looks at how we have evolved from a biologically and culturally weak species to one that has the ability to cause catastrophic change. It has both scientific and humanistic endeavour to explain differences and similarities in appearance, language, culture and society. It incorporates basic biology and physiology, history, geography, sociology, evolution, and sometimes a suspended value judgment, in order to understand why people are, who they are?, why they do? and what they do?. It also introduces the physical, archaeological, linguistic, and ethnological fields of anthropology including human origin, genetic variations and contemporary issues.

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY (Under Graduate Programme)

Class B.A./B.Sc. Sem. I

Paper Paper I Paper II Paper I Paper II Paper I Paper II Paper I Paper II Paper I

Name of the Paper Introduction to Social Cultural Anthropology Society & Culture Introduction to Physical Anthropology Practical (Anthropometry & Human Osteology) Emerging Trends in Anthropology Practical (Dermatoglyphics, Serology & Stone Tools) European Prehistory Conceptual Background to Social- Cultural Anthropology Comparative Ethnography

Marks 70+30 70+30 70+30 70+30 70+30 70+30 70+30 70+30

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. II

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. III

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. IV

Paper II file:///C:/Documents and Settings/NPGC/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/Content.MSO/WordWebPagePreview/anth.htm

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. V

70+30
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Sem. V

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Paper II Paper III Paper I

Indian Prehistory Practical (Material Culture &Technology and Field Work) Tribal and Rural Development Human Genetics, Nutrition, Growth & Development Practical (Genetic Markers)

70+30 70+30 70+30 70+30 70+30

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. VI

Paper II Paper III

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. I Paper - I M.M. 70 Introduction to Social Cultural Anthropology The paper defines concepts and terminologies related to the study of the core social institutions viz. marriage, family, kinship and descent. It provides comparative base of social organization and processes of cultural change with a focus on non-Western societies or primitive societies.

Unit I Meaning & definition of Anthropology, Scope and branches of Anthropology. Meaning and historical development of Social- Cultural Anthropology. Its relation with other social sciences: Sociology, Psychology, History & Economics.

Unit II Definition types and forms of Marriage. Marriage payment: Dowry and Bride -Wealth. Rules and Regulations: prohibition, preferential marriages, exogamy, endogamy. Unit III Definition, types and forms of family Nuclear, extended and joint family system. Functions of Family. Continuity & Change.
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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Rules of residence: patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal, virilocal and uxorilocal. Unit IV Kinship Terms and Usages: Classificatory and Descriptive systems (Morgans and Murdocks view) Avoidance and Joking Relationship, Couvade, Amitate, Avunculate, Tecknonymy.

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. I Paper - II M.M. 70 Society & Culture In social anthropology, sociality is the central concept which focuses on the study of social status and roles, groups, institutions, and the relations among them and also the concepts and terminologies related to the religion, patterns of subsistence, political organization and social control.

Unit I Religion: Meaning and Definition Theories of origin of religion: Animism, Animatism, Naturism, Functional theory and Sociological Theory Magic, Religion and Science.

Unit II Totem: Meaning and Definition. Types of Totem. Totemism: Theories of origin of Totem. Taboo: Definition and Types. Origin of Taboo. Social Importance of Taboo in Indigenous Culture. Unit -III Economic Organization primitive economy. Types of economy: food gathering, hunting, fishing, pastoralism, shifting cultivation and settled agriculture. Exchange (Types of exchange: Barter, Reciprocity, Redistribution, Ceremonial and Market Exchange).

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Unit IV State and Stateless societies. Social control in stateless political systems. Definition of law and Primitive law. Cultural background of law (suitable cases)

B.A./B.Sc. Sem. II Paper I M.M. 70 Introduction to Physical Anthropology The paper aims to study evolution and variations in human perspective which is one of the fundamental aspects of physical anthropology. As man had to pass through various developmental stages to attain his present position. These variations can be better understood with the help of genetics.

Note: Unit I and Unit IV are common for both B.A./B.Sc. While Unit II (A) and Unit III (A) is for B.A. and Unit II (B) and Unit III (B) is for B.Sc.

Unit I Evolutionary Anthropology its scope, place in Physical Anthropology. Origin of life and evidence of evolution. Theories of organic evolution: Lamarckism, Neo- Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory of Evolution. Neutral theory of Molecular Evolution. Position of Man in animal kingdom. Evolutionary trends of order primate. Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Man, Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangutan and Gibbon. Unit II (A) Human Genetics: its definition, scope and relevance in Anthropology. The structure of cell. Cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis. Unit II (B) Taxonomy and classification. The binomial nomenclature. Theories concerning the origin of mans posture. Evolution of Orthograde spine, postural adaptations of shoulders, thorax, abdomen, the viscera, pelvis and the evolution of human foot. Unit III (A)
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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Mendals law of inheritance and its application to man. ABO and Rh blood group systems and their inheritance.

Unit III (B) Fossil evidence for the emergence of Man. Fossils and fossilization. Geological Time Scale and Dating methods. Unit IV Early hominid fossils- Ramapithecus and Australopithecus, Homo habilis. Emergence of man- Homo erectus- general characteristics, cultural context and phylogenetic position. Mousterian man- Homo neanderthalensis- progressive and conservative controversy- its general characteristics, disappearance, cultural context and its place in human phylogeny. Homo sapiens- Rhodesian man, Cromagnon man, Chancelade and Grimaldi. Races and species of fossils of fossils.

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B.A./ B.Sc. (Sem.II) Paper- II Practical M.M.-100 Anthropometry is the branch of physical anthropology that provides scientific methods & techniques for various measurements & observations on the living human body, skeleton and cadaver. It helps in the study of human variations and racial classifications.

SOMATOMETRY (on 5 subjects). CEPHALOMERTRY: Maximum head length, Maximum head breadth, Minimum frontal breadth, Bizygomatic breadth, Bigonial breadth, Morphological total facial height, Morphological Superior facial height, Physiognomic total facial height, Physiognomic superior facial height, Nasal length, Nasal breadth, Head circumference, Ear length, Ear breadth. Height vertex, Height tragion, Height acromian, Height dactylion, Sitting height vertex. CRANIOMETRY (on 3 crania and 3 mandibles) Maximum cranial length, Maximum cranial breadth, Maximum frontal breadth, Minimum frontal breadth, Bregma- Basion height, Bizygomatic breadth, Superior facial height, Nasal Length, Nasal breadth, Biorbital breadth, MEASUREMENTS ON MANDIBLE: Bicondlar breadth, Bigonial breadth, breadth of ramus. INDICES SOMATOMETRY: Cephalic Index, Facial Index, Nasal Index, Jugo- frontal Index, Jugo- mandibular Index. CRANIOMETRY: Cranial index, facial index, superior facial index, nasal index. SOMATATOSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Head Hair: (a) Form (b) Colour (c) Texture (d) Quantity (e) Limit Forehead: Height (b) Breadth (c) Slope Eye region: (a) Eye brows (b) Eye-fold (c) Eye opening Nose: (a) Nasal root (b) Nasal bridge (c) Nasal wing (d) Nasal tip (e) Nasal septum Lips: (a) Upper lip (b) Lower lip (c) Eversion Chin: (a) Prominence (b) Form Prognathism: (a) Facial prognathism (b) Alveolar prognathism Ear: (a) Ear-lobe (b) Darwins Tubercle.

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OSTEOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction Bones & its function, difference between bone & cartilage Types of skeleton: (a) Axial (b) Appendicular Types of bones- long, short long, irregular, pneumatic. seasmoid, flat. Various joints& articulations: (a) perfect (b) imperfect Cranium- normas: (a) bones (b) sutures Long bones humerus, clavicle, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula. Girdles pectoral & pelvic

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B.A./B.Sc. SEM- III PAPER- I

Emerging Trends in Anthropology M.M. 70

The paper aims to study the applied aspects of anthropology. It opens numerous job opportunities for students in various fields.

Unit I Medical Anthropology Definition and scope of medical anthropology. Illness and disease, Ethnomedicine, AYUSH. Medical practitioners in tribal societies. Shaman and Shamanism. Unit II Meaning and Definition of Forensic Science Meaning and historical development of Forensic Anthropology. The use of anthropology in forensic science: Dermatoglyphics, Osteology and DNA finger printing.

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Unit III Meaning and scope of anthropometry and its historical background. Application of anthropometry in Ergonomics, Occupational health, Kinanthropometry, Nutrition and Growth. Unit IV Basic concept and types of Tourism: Ethnic Tourism, Eco- tourism, Adventure tourism, Health tourism, Pilgrimage tourism, Recreational Tourism, Sports Tourism. Scope and contribution of Anthropology in tourism studies: Physical Anthropology, cultural Anthropology, Archaeological Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology.

B.A./B.Sc. SEM- III PAPER- II Practical (Dermatoglyphics, Serology and Palaeolithic tools) M.M. 70 Anthropology is one of the few discipline combining fascinating courses with practical career training. The paper focuses on the practical study of serology, dermatoglaphics and palaeolithic tools, which are helpful in tracing the blue-print of mankind and the study of who we are and how we came to be that way. It provides many carriers and jobs in todays globally competitive world.

1) Identification, sketching and description of the lower palaeolithic tools. ABO blood group typing on at least 10 individuals. Dermatoglyphic study of 10 cases of finger balls and palm prints. Indices- pattern intensity index, Furhatas index, Dankmiejers index, Main line index, Main line formula, total finger ridge count and absolute finger ridge count.

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B.A. /B.Sc. Sem. IV Paper I European Prehistory M.M. 70 The paper aims to study the ancient and recent human past through material remains of the ancient inhabitants of Europe. The archaeological records provides the primary source of information for their interpretations about the past. Unit I The meaning and scope of different kinds of archaeology: classical, historical and proto historic. Old world and new world archaeological tradition. Aechaeology and anthropology. Absolute and relative methods of dating in archaeology. Unit II The geological time scale. Pleistocene epoc: climate & climatic fluctuations, flore & fauna (villafranchia). Cause and evidences of the great ice age- River terraces, moraines and solifluxion, loes deposits, stratigraphy. Unit III The Palaeolithic tool typology & technology. The chief subdivisions of Palaeolithic. The main features of the European upper Palaeolithic art and its significance. Unit IV Tool typology & technology of Mesolithic. Mesolithic in northern & western Europe.
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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

The barbarism of first food producers. The chief features of the Neolithic Revolution.

B.A. /B.Sc. Sem. IV Paper - II M.M. 70 Conceptual Background to Social Cultural Anthropology

The paper aims to study a background of important anthropological concepts and the theoretical formulations of eminent thinkers who laid the foundation of the subject. Unit I Concept & definition of Culture. Attributes of Culture. Define & distinguish: Material & Non-material Culture, Ethos & Eidos, Emic & Etic, Ethnocentrism & Cultural Relativitism, Ethnography & Ethnology Man, environment and culture. Unit II Cultural Evolutionism: Classical (Tylor & Morgan) and Modern (White & Steward). Culture Trait, Culture Complex, Culture Area, Diffusion & Tradition. The British (Pan Egyptian) School, American School (Culture Area Approach) and German-Austrian School (Kulturekreise, Fern-Interpretation, Criteria of Form & Quantity) Unit III Fuctionalism: Malinowskis theory of Need. Radcliffe- Browns concept of Structural Functionalism Levi -Strausss concept of Social Structure Culture Pattern (Margret Mead), Culture Configurationalism (Ruth Benedict), Basic Personality Structure (Linton & Kardiner) & Modal Personality(Cora-du-bois).

Unit IV Innovation, acculturation, transculturation, contracculturation, enculturation

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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Field work tradition in anthropology and the basic attributes of field work in anthropology. A brief description of the contributions of Malinowski and Radcliffe Brown to fieldwork tradition in anthropology

B.A./B.Sc. SEM- V PAPER-I COMPARATIVE ETHNOGRAPHY M.M. 70

The main objective of this paper is to study the detailed ethnographic account of indigenous cultures of the world in order to better understand their adaptation strategies and relationship between man, nature & culture. Unit I Concept and definition of Ethnology and Ethnography. Culture Area and Ethnographicl area. Africa as an ethnographic zone. (Classifications of F. M. Keesing and M. J. Herskovits) Detailed study of Hottentots, Pygmy and Bushmen. Unit II America: Various cultural areas of North America and South America as Ethnographic Zones. (Classifications of F. M. Keesing & A. L. Kroeber) Detailed study of Eskimo tribe. Unit III Oceania as an ethnographic zone. Detailed study of Samoan people and their culture. A brief study of selected Indian tribes: Toda and Khasa.
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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Unit IV Detailed study of one monograph. The Nuer by E.E. Evans Pritchard.

B.A./B.Sc. SEM- V PAPER- II

INDIAN PREHISTORY M.M. 70 The paper focuses on the prehistory of the Indian sub-continent as it is a melting pot of continuous cultural activity for thousands of years, provides a pathway for the development of numerous later cultures all around the world.

Unit I Palaeolithic age in India. Distribution and cultural development. Madras culture, Soan culture, Narmada valley culture. U nit II Mesolithic age in India. Main sites: Bagor, Bhimbetka, Birbhanpur. Neolithic Complex in India: The chief features of Neolithic Revolution. Unit III The chief features of Indus Valley Civilization: agriculture, urban planning, socio-economic life, political aspect, religious life, art and script. A study of extent and development of Indus Valley Civilization and reasons for its decline. Main sites: Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Kalibangan, Lothal. Unit IV
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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

South Indian Megaliths: Classification, distribution and main characteristics of Indian megalithic monuments.

B.A./B.Sc. SEM- V PAPER- III

PRACTICAL M.M.70

The objective of studying the paper is to train the students in field work methods and technologies as it gives an indepth knowledge about material culture & non-material culture and society itself. Material Culture & Technology Identification and technological description of implements used by primitive people for their subsistence belonging to different economic stages viz. food gathering, hunting and fishing. Techniques of data collection Construction of Interview Schedules and Genealogies. Project report based on empirical investigation under the supervision of a faculty.

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B.A./B.Sc. SEM- VI PAPER- I

Tribal and Rural Development M.M. 70

Keeping in view the relevance of the theme of socio-economic development, especially in the marginal sections, this paper aims to acquaint the students with the various aspects of tribal and rural development in India. Unit I

Meaning and Definition of Caste and Class. Basic Concepts: Great Tradition, Little Tradition, Sanskritaization, Tribe- Caste Continuum, Dominant Caste. Classification of Indian Tribes: Demographic, Regional, Economic and Linguistic.

Unit II

Tribal problems: land alienation bonded labour, indebtedness, shifting cultivation. Forest and tribes.
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Problems of culture contact, impact of urbanization and industrialization. Tribal revolts: Santhal, Mizo, Munda.

Unit III

Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled castes & scheduled tribes, Vth Schedule & VIth Schedule. Tribal Development Programmes: Tribal Sub Plan (TSP)- Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP),Modified Area Development Programme (MADA), Clusters, Primitive Tribal Group Project (PTGP).

Unit IV

Rural Development Programmes: Past and Present. Community Development Programme (CDP), IRDP, SGSY, SGRY, MNREGA, Land reforms: abolition of intermediaries (Zamindari Abolition), land tenure, ceiling & consolidation of land, compilation & updating of land records.

B.A./B.Sc. SEM- VI PAPER- II Human Genetics, Nutrition, Growth & Development

M.M. 70 The paper aims to study the biological aspects of man. Genetics is the study of biological blueprints that
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DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

dictates the inheritance of physical characteristics, while nutrition is the science of food, nutrients and other substances, their action, interaction and balance in relationship to health & disease. Growth & Development on other hand is the interaction of several processes viz. genetics, economic, environmental etc.

Unit I

Human Genetics: aims & scope, relevance in Anthropology Mechanism of inheritance: role of mitosis and meiosis. Cell division and gametogenesis Chromosomes and genes: normal & abnormal chromosomes and their associated syndromes. Unit II

Types of inheritance: autosomal, sex linked, sex influenced, sex limited- traits in man. Definition of race/ethnic groups- characteristics of three major races of the world and their sub- divisions. Ethnic elements in Indian sub-continent.

Unit III

Meaning & Definition of Growth and Development. Its scope. Factors affecting growth and development: genetical, environmental, nutritional, and socio-economic. Methods of studying Growth- Longitudinal, semi- longitudinal and cross- sectional. Their merits and demerits. Milestones in growth; retarded growth, growth spurt & ageing. Unit IV

Meaning and definition of nutrition. Nutritional requirements for normal growth, mal nutrition, under nutrition. Nutritional disorders and their manifestations- kwashiorkor, marasmus, scurvy, night blindness, osteoporosis, anaemia, goiter, albinism.

B.A./B.Sc. SEM- VI
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PAPER- III

PRACTICAL M.M. 100 This paper deals with genetic markers of Homo Sapien sapiens. Their features can be better understood in terms of advanced genetic markers, which provide a great deal of information on the physiological aspects of the human biology.

Genetic Markers Haemoglobin Estimation Phenyl Thio Carbamide (PTC) Test Colour Blindness Test Estimation of Blood Pressure and Pulse rate

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