GRAMMAR SHEET# EXPRESSING ABILITY We use can, could and be able to to express ability.

PAST I could run faster when I was a hild. I was able to run faster when I was a hild. PRESENT She can roller!s"ate. FUTURE I will be able to roller!s"ate if I pra tise.

He isnt able to wal" without a sti ".

EFINING RELATI!E "LAUSES When we tal" about a definin# relati$e lause% the first part of the senten e is in o&plete% or a&bi#uous% if we do not ontinue with the se ond one. These are lauses whi h add a $ital pie e of infor&ation to the entire &eanin# of the phrase. This is the letter which I received this morning. This is the letter. is in o&plete. 'efinin# relati$e lauses are introdu ed by( who (whom), whose, which, that, where, why, when. They can be omitted in these sentences. Whats the name of the girl who Chris got married to? Whats the name of the girl to whom Chris got married? (for&al) It was returned to the person whose name was inside. Its not a book that/which most people would choose. We went back to look at the house where we used to live. e e!plained why he had come. I en"oyed the time when we went to the mountains.

N#N$ EFINING RELATI!E "LAUSES When we tal" about non!definin# relati$e lauses% the first part of the senten e is o&plete% the se ond part only #i$es extra infor&ation about the person or thin# that is already identified. The two ideas are separated by a o&&a. Im going to stay with my friend# who is $merican. %he let me borrow her bicycle# which was new. %&o is used with people. %&ic& is used with thin#s or ani&als. %&o or w&ic& annot be o&itted in these senten es.

EGREES #F "ERTAINTY ' PRESENT SITUATI#N

(ust ) BE The spea"er thin"s( )I*& sure it is.+ &ou must be 'ams sister. &ou look "ust like her. The baby is crying. It must be hungry. "ant ) BE The spea"er thin"s )I*& sure it isn*t.+ It cant be (um at the door. Its only ten oclock. %he cant be asleep. %hes "ust gone to bed. (i*&t ) BE The spea"er thin"s( )This is a possibility.+ $) Wheres *i+? ,) I dont know. %he might be in the kitchen or bedroom $) Why isnt Ted at school? ,) I dont know. e might be ill.

EFINITE ARTI"LE The definite arti le t&e is used( ,.with #eo#raphi al nouns% e.#. o eans% seas% ri$ers% &ountain ran#es and islands( The -anube flows into the ,lack %ea. -.before a uni.ue person% thin#% or #roup of people( The moon shines at night. /.before superlati$es( %he is the tallest in her family. 0.when we refer ba " to so&ethin# already &entioned( I bought a banana and an apple but the banana was bad.

REP#RTE SPEE"+ STATE(ENTS ,-To report so&ebody else*s words we an use( say 1 2that3( (ike said .that/ he didnt like the play. tell 1 person 1 2that3( (ike told her .that/ he didnt like the play. .-The $erbs often #o ba " one tense( Si&ple 4resent 5 Si&ple 4ast 4resent 6ontinuous 5 4ast 6ontinuous To& 2on Saturday afternoon3( )The film is fantastic.+ 7red 2on Sunday3( Tom said .that/ the film was fantastic. /-4ronouns often han#e( Mi"e 2at the theatre3( )I dont like -racula.+ 8i9 2at ho&e3( (ike said that he didnt like -racula. Mi"e 2o$er the phone to 8i93( )Im not feeling well.+ 8i9 2at s hool3( (ike told me that he wasnt feeling well. 0UESTI#NS We used reported .uestions to say what so&ebody as"ed. i1ect 2uestion Wh0word 1 :b 2present3 1 S; %&e1e is your sister; %&4 do you li5e her; %&at can you tell &e; +ow do you do it; %&en can you 3&one &e; %&o is that &an; %&ic& pi ture do you li5e; Re3o1ted 2uestion He<She as"ed &e 1 wh!word 1 S 1 :b2past3 He<She as"ed &e w&e1e &y sister wasHe<She as"ed &e w&4 I li5ed her. He<She as"ed &e w&at I could tell hi&<her. He<She as"ed &e &ow I did it. He<She as"ed &e w&en I could 3&one hi&<her. He<She as"ed &e w&o that &an wasHe<She as"ed &e w&ic& pi ture I li5ed-

ETER(INERS USE F#R ESTI(ATING T+INGS ,==> ?=> /=> ,=> => All of Most of Some of A few of one of answered said t&ou*&t told the inter$iewer replied

The people

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