Society of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 36973

New Technology Improves Cement Slurry Design

J W Anderson,
Copyright Th!s paper ~Tc?re.ce Th!s paper ,nformat,on presented currect,uc posmon meetings Petmt.,,m words P O S0. 19S+3 Society was held

SPE, A I Buchanan,
of Petroleum Engineers lnc at the Crtnkr 1S96 IM

SPE, and A. Susanto

P.T

BJ Services

Indonesia

prepared at A%m!de

for presentation Australla 2&?l

SPE

As,a

Pac,f,c

011 and

Gas

was selected
conta, ned have by the I. not been author(s) Soaety

for presenlat,on by an SPE Program Commdiee follov.mg ,. .b.t, act s,, hm,n,=d hy the .,,thr(s) G)ntent. of the revwwed -k of Petloleum by the So.,ety (I,ater, al as Eng, neers of Petroleum pmsel, ted or does members Eng,.eers Papers f ad ,not ,le&ssardy presented of ..t

rev,ew pr, pm (e fleLt

of . . to ar, y

are sub~ect

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are sub)ect Fngme.=m 111.strat$o.s 833636

to p. bhcatton review by Eddorlal P.rrn..mn tn ..ny ,. re.tr,ctti t. may not and be cop,ed the The paper U S A by whom was

Commtftees an .h.hart should presented

the Somety of mnri= than Wll CONSPICUOUS L, bfar,an SPE

abstract

conta,n Wrde

.chr,uwledgrueul

uf where R,chardxm

TX 75082-3836

fax 01-214952-9435

Abstract For years the drilling indust~ has wrestled with the problems associated Mi~h Mc1l cementing, The introduction of pneumatic bulk s}stems increased cement slur~ mixing rates but accurate density control slill eluded the ex~rts, Many companies hate introduced process controlled miting v stems but these are both expensive and not totally reliable. A new ccmcnting sywcm. that does not rely on bulking. has become a~ailable to the industn - a storable oilwell cement slurw that can be kept in a liquid state indefinitely- and made to set as and when required. Operators in Indonesia arc now benefiting from this nm> tcchnolo~. Slurries are mixed and tested to ensure (hey meet design spcitications well txforc they are required on site The Base Slum or Liquid Cement premix. which t~pically has a densit~ of 16.0 pounds per gallon (ppg). is transported to the rig. diluted to produce the required densitl and pumped ensuring a homogeneous SIUW from start 10 finish. Introduction Due to the staggering economic and population growth in Indonesia the government has undertaken an ambitious plan to supply sufficient clcch-icity to support this development, Situated on the Pacific Rim-. in an area renowned for being part of the Ring of Fire. geothermal electricity generation is an okious choice and a crucial component to the success of this plan A promising geothermal concession earmarked in the plan is situated in a tea plantation on the island of Java. A drilling project };as undertaken to e~aluatc and harness this excellent

resource. The evaluation program incorporated the usc of two slim hole rigs to drill appraisal wells and establish the fill potential of the field. Companies arc being faced with en~ironmental concerns throughout the world, This. and the requirement to reduce the size of drilling sites in environmcn+ sensitive areas. necessitated a change in the way these operations \verc scniccd (Figure 1). Cementing companies historically have needed a large work area or foot print for bulking and mixing equipment. Geothermal \vclls arguably present the most severe conditions to which cements arc c~pmcd. As a result, the performance rcquircmcnts arc among the most stringent. At present, geothermal ccmcnts arc usually designed to provide at Icast 1.000 psi (7.0 Mpa) comprcssi~c strength. and no more than 1.0 md water permeability ( 1). Meeting these requirements was further complicated with the cement slur~ for the 4-1/2 casing \vhcrc, if lost circulation was ck~rienced during drilling and a coring string utilized to reach casing ~int, the open hole section could have a diameter as small as 5, while casings Mith tight annular clearances require that good cementing practices be obsened (i.e. centralization. drilling fluid conditioning etc. ) it also creates conditions that demand much greater care and control in slurry and procedure design than regular casing cementations Guidelines. when designing a cement system for slim-holes specify: 1. 2. 3. Keeping the cement sluq densi~ fluctuations to a minimum. Desigmng the ccmcnt slurry to hale the lowest practical rhcologies while maintaining zero free water breakout. Enhanced slur-q rhcologies for optimum wel[tmrc flo\\ phenomena.

While free water and thickening time requirements \vere similar under geothermal and slim-hole conditions. the use of Pcrlite and sdlca flour, in large percentages, complicated the theological limitations. Achieving these prerequisites \vith less equipment in an cn~ironmcntally sensiti~e area posed an intcresting problem

127

SPE 36973

NEW TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES CEMENT SLURRY DESIGN

Technology provided an answer that not only alleviates the operational concerns about being able to mix and pump a system designed to meet both geothermal and slim-hole specifications with a minimal amount of equipment. it also eased environmental worries in an area where cement dust and wash-down water emissions had to be minimized.

Liquid Cement Premix

Liquid Cement Premix (LCP) can be defined conceptually as a storable cement slurry that can be kept in a liquid state indefinitely and made to set as-and-when required (2). It consists of a premixed slum of Portland cement (or other cementations material) containing set retarding and conditioning agents. with water as the carrier fluid. This storable sl~ can be tailored to have a storage life of anywhere from several days to over six months and it can be formulated with standard oilwell cements. API Classes G. H. C and A have all yielded satisfactory LCPS and it is also possible to prepare storable slurries based on blended cements e. g, with silica flour. flyash etc. When required the LCP is activated andlor otherwise moditled if necessav. to yield a finished sluny with suitable properties for well cementing. This requires the use of an activator. added immediately prior to pumping the slurry into the well. This activator reinitiates the chemical hydration and allow-s the slurry to &elop compressive strength afler a predetermined pumping time (3).

complex chemical reactions is set in motion. The exact nature of some of these reactions. and the interaction belween the reactants and the hydration products remains the subject of considerable debate. Irrespective of the e.sact mechanisms. in a matter of a few hours. the miwure is transformed irrwcrsibly into a hard set product \vith considerable mechanical strength and low permeabili~. The strength is largely a function of the enormous increase in surface area of the cement caused by the formation of voluminous. amorphous hydrates coupled with crystalline deposits of pordandite (calcium hydroxide) and ettringite (calcium sulphoaluminate). Reduced to its simplest terms. the setting of Portland cement is a dissolution / precipitation process in which somewhat soluble minerals dissolve to produce lowsolubility hydrates which then precipitate from supersaturated solutions. The nucleation and growth of these hydrates is an essential feature of the setting process. In the case of Liquid Cement Premix. the combination of set-retarding and conditioning agents slows the forward hydration reactions to an imperceptible level. The solution composition of the interstitial fluid is changed significantly with respect to certain key ions. and the nucleation and growlh of hydrates is inhibited. Due to these changes. interparticle forces between cement grains are reduced and sedimentation of the solids must be prevented. Again. this is handled @ the conditioning agents in the formulation of LCP.

Properties of Liquid Cement Premix (LCP). Prior to activation, the LCP essentially behaves as a weighted mud. It is stored as a slurry at a density of 16,0 Ibm/gal and is in the form of a stable suspension, Agitation is not generally required for LCP but with a high silica flour loading, stirring occasiomlly is beneficial as it ensures there is no settling and offsets any slight thixotropic tendency. After activation the LCP behaves as a conventional cement sh.rq with an excellent right angled set (Figure 2). As a set cement, it develops normal levels of compressive strength and other mechanical properties - slurries with short thickening times can develop early compressive strengths of 50 - 100 psi in three (3) hours, Examination of the microstructure of set LCP shows that it is essentially identica[ to a conwntiona] Portland cement. LCP can be used for all nor-ma] well temperatures. e.g. up to 450 F (230 C). the thickening time is controlled from less than 1 to 24 hours by the use of activator or conventional retarder, Through the addition of extenders. or weighting agents. a dcnsih range of 11 to 21 lbndgal can be achifled. Additional slum properties, such as rheology and fluid loss. The LCP IS can be adjusted to suit the application. compatible with all conventional cementing additives (2). Chemistry
con~entional

Application
A central cement mixing and storage facility was to be set up The premix outside the environmentally sensitive area. would be mixed and tested to ensure it met the design specifications. The LCP would be transported to site in a purpose built Liquid Cement Unit (LCU - Figure 3) featuring a single triplex pump. centrifugal pump and two twenty fi~e (25) barrel agitated batch tanks. when required. A short discharge line would be run to the rig floor and w-hen needed, the LCP would be activated and pumped. On completion of the cementing operation the discharge line would be rigged down and the unit transferred to a washdown area for cleaning. The prelimina~ well program called for three sizes of casing to be cemented back to surface \vith light weight lead slurries being used on the two dccpcr strings (well data is shown in Table 1).

Laboratory Testing
Most geothermal wells in indonesia are not cemented under Geothermal conditions. While wells can have bottom hole static temperatures (BHST) in excess of 570 F (300 C) fluids circulated during drilling, cool the formation substantially. reducing the design problems associated }vith thickening / pumping time.

of Liquid Cement Premix

When (LCP). Portland cement is added to water. a chain of

128

SPE36973

J W. ANDERSON,

A.I. BUCHANAN,
3. 4.

A. SUSANTO
blend

3
through

Prior to commencing the project. an extensive laboratory testing progran~was undertaken todesignthc optimum LCP forallof theprogrammcd casing strings. The design criteria was based on a number of factors: do~~n hole slum properties set cement properties WC]]conditions ra~} rnatcrials mixing method storage life at tropical temperatures transportabilih method of activation The original 1().() ppg LCP formulation met. and in some cases exceeded. the design criteria under laboraton The slur~s design specifications (Table 2) conditions

Add bulk cement / silica flour recirculating jet. Agitate with paddle for 10 minutes

Field testing identified two phenomenons that v cre not experienced during laborato~ testing phase .
G

The ~iscosity of the field mixed LCP was slightly lower than the rheology readings of the laborato~ samples. The field mixed LCP eshibited a settling tendency when the ~stem was exposed 10 sc~crc vibrations. This test }$ as performed in an effort to duplicate the anticipated vibrations that the LCP would experience during road transpmlation.

included: 55% silica flour concentration good fluid loss control zero free water low rhcolog} casil} mixed and pumped thickening Iimcs of one to hvo hours satisfacto~ earl! comprcssi~c strength
The addition of a Liquid Addilivc Package (-LAP Pcrlitc. fluid loss control additi~e and }tatcr) also produced acceptable light weight slurries enabling the cementation of all lhc programmed casing strings. and an! lost circulation zones cncountcrcd during drilling, with a single LCP formulation Where jobs required lead and tail slurries. sufficient LCP for both stages would be transported to location in one tank LAP to mix the required quantity of Icad slurq would be in another. Prior to the job the desired quantity of LCP would be added to the LAP to produce a non-activated. light weight. premix which could be stored for up to ti~ c (5) days. The useful storage Iifc of the LCP w stem ~jas designed to cxcecd twcnt~ onc (2 I ) dais (Table 3). Due LOthis. and the clien[s rcquircmcnt that thickening times be relatively short even ~~ hen the BHCTs were low. t~~ o activators- II crc used to rca~iaken the liquid cement.

To reproduce the propxties c.xhibited in the laboratory. minor moditicalions were made to the LCP design and mixing procedure: a) b) Additive concentrations were adjusted. The slum was mixed faster to reduce recirculating time. \vas attributed to the high silica flour - sc~cre J ibration had no detrimental silica tlour To negate the effects of was agitated during transportation.

The settling tendenq loading in the ~ stcm effect on L(P without the \ ibration. Lhc LCP

Field Operations
Follow ing field pilot testing the LCP \\as mixed and then stored for nine (9) days. Laboratory tests. on samples taken from the Batch Mixer. confirmed the prclimina~ results. A total of thi~ five (35) barrels of LCP was transported to location. a da~ before the job v as plannccL for the first o~ration. Prior to the job. confirmation tests. using actual Nell conditions. were performed on the LCP (results

Table 4),
When the casing ~fas landed. and circulation establishedthe required slurq \ olume (20 bbls) was circulated in the Batch Mixer and the acti} ator added. After fr~c (5) minutes the slurv was pumped and displaced with full returns to surface. Three hours after the ccmcnt was put in place the samples of the actitatcd LCP were deemed hard enough to The landing string was support the v eight of the casing backed out and wellhead installation work undertaken Subsequent operations. with ~-olumcs less than thirty (30) barrels. ha~ e been completed in a similar fashion. In addition. the immediate a~ailabilit! of a ccmcnt premix, subsequently adjusted to pro~ide thisotropic properties. has been utilixcd on a number of wcasions to succcssfull~ cure problematic lost circulation zones. When the operation required a light wcighl lead slurq and hca~ier tail-in ? stcm additional tanks were utilized - a trailer mounted Batch Mi\cr pro\idcd the additional storage space (Figure 4) Fluid loss additi~c and Pcrlitc Mcrc mixed in

Field Pilot Testing

To confirm the latxmato~ test results. a batch of LCP \\as mlxcd in the ticld. Using a tv in 50 bbl batch mixer the follow ing scqucncc was adopted for the trial. 1. 2. Place fresh }*atcr into batch mixer and circulate through mixing jet. Add retarding and conditiomng agents.

129

SPE 36973

NEW TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES CEMENT SLURRY DESIGN

watcrto fom~aLiqui dAdditnc Package (LAP). Whilcthc casing was run. LCP was added to the LAP raising the dcnsit! to rncc[ the des]gn spxifications, When the casing was in place. and circulation established acti~ator was introduced and the cement slurry pum~d and displaced. Losing circulation during slurry placement is an inherent problcm Nhen cementing geothermal wells. The practice of performing a Top Job, cementing down the casing / casing annulus. is one of the indust~s solutions to this problem. By adjusting the LCP activator concentrations the pumping I setting time is fine-tuned to meet the operators rcquircmcnts pumping times as short as thirty (30) minutes were utilized for this operation. The usc of Liquid Cement Premix is becoming common practice in Indonesia - to date this-t} (30) jobs hale been complctcd successfully (Table 5).

c)

f)

g)

h)

rheology of the ? stem c~cn few da}s enables early detection of any changes in storage life, The use of centrifugal pumps for agitating LCP should be minimized as they can induce cxccssi~e shear which could be detrimental to the storage properties of the Premix - regular agitation by paddles / augers is preferable. Depending on the designed storage life of the LCP. activator requirements tend to decrease as the ~stcm ages - tests to confirm -thickening times should be performed prior to pumping. The Right Angle Set tendency and early compressive strength of an LCP ~ stem dramaticall~ rcduccs nonproductive rig time, Quali~ Control (QC) checks arc performed on the actual slurq to be pumped, Problems related to sampling of non-uniform solid materials are eliminated.

Future Applications
Applications for LCP tcchnolog~ arc numerous. arc being considered b} operators arc: 1, Some that

Conclusions
1.

Combating lost circulation zones using LCP. as a base tluicL for foamed cement plugs with densities as low as 8 PPg Performing large prima~ ccmcnt jobs using purpose built tank farms or mud pits for LCP storage. Using coiled tubing and LCP to perform multiple Nell abandonments offshore. Transporting LCP offshore in tanks / drums for small ccmcnting operations on production platforms, High rate cement slurry placement as there are no mixing limitations \vhcn LCP tcchnolo~ is utilized.

2. 3.

2. 3. 4. 5.

4.

5.

Summary
Liquid Cement Premix operations arc much simpler than conventional cement jobs so fe~v operational problems have been qwicnced. There are, however. a number of areas that should be highlighted when using this system: a) One LCP formulation can be designed to co!cr a J$idc range of conditions Mhcther it be for the geothermal or oil indust~. LCP can be stored and pumped succcssfidly with up to 55% (by ~veight of cement) silica flour concentrations higher percentages were not tested. All the criteria required for a goo& geothermal slum can be achic~ed with an LCP ~stem - because of its buiIt-in suspending properties LCP does not necessitate the use of Bentonite (an additi~e widely believed to be detrimental to the long term strength of cement under geothermal conchtions). Storage Ilfe of the LCP must be tested in the laborato~ at predicted rigsite ambient temperatures - not room Sampling the tank and recording the temperature. 6 7.

An LCP formulation Nill meet. and in most cases cxcccd. the design criteria for an acceptable geothermal cement slurrJ Utilization of LCP can negate problems associated with k;cl] cementing in cn~ironmcntally sensitive areas With accurate well data (l.c. bottom hole temperatures) the pumping time of LCP slurries can be tailored to minimize Wait on Cement time. Probably the single most important parameter affecting cement slum performance is slum densi~. Liquid Cement premix (LCP) solves the problem of density control by eliminating the need to mix slur~ on the fly, LCP allows dramatic simplification of cement mixing equipment and improves wellsite quality control and logistics, Mi.ting time is eliminated so high rate cement slurry placement is practical when LCP technology is utilized While the benefits of using LCP for small cement jobs are ohious. larger Liquid Cement Premix jobs are now a realistic alternative to conventional cementing techniques.

Acknowledgments
The authors wish to extend their thanks to the management of BJ Scmices for permission to publish this work Thanks also go to Phil Rae. Neil Johnston. Gino Di Lu11o. and all the personnel irnrolvcd u ith this project in the field

b)

c)

References (1) API Task Group on Cements for Geothermal Wells

(2) Liquid Stone BJ Sewiccs Brochure ( 1995) (3) Rae, P. and Johnston, N. Liquid Cement Premix Introduces NW Solutions to Con~entional Cementing Problems lADC/SPE 35086(1996)

d)

130

Table 1 Preliminary Slim-Hole Casing Program

1 1

Casing 9-518
_

Hole Si7@

Depth 125 fl (38 mtrs)

;~-;(~-;;

I I

BHST
140F (60C)

BHCT 105F (40C) 175F(800C)

Slurry
Tail Lead Tail

Density
16.00 ppg

12-1/4
) ------8-i/2w

_ ~n
285F(i&C)

. ,3.5oppg 16.00 ppg

13.50 ppg -Tail 16.00 ppg

---[4-1/2
.

---5-1/2
_

2600 ft (792 mtrs) ,----------4 ..

455F (235C) --1 250F ( 120C) . . . ~

Lead

Figure 1
Slim Hole Drilling Site

r-~ T ~;
l,!

...~ ~ . -_______
----
7

~~
,.
I

Sump

$ 11
L.__L...

I-&..

. ..._

~.--.L..
I l.
Rig
-_..

.
1
-J

.._

MudPit

____ -._ . . ..=._. ~ - -------l ~ 1 ! I Water-Tank I

. .

_. ~1 ------ ..-_J

Pump

----._ -.
I . - 1 ~
II

Rig ,._~,=_._. :www .- - -. L ~ ---Cementing Equipment --i i L.. . ~ ; I J Lay Dwn Area b ~ ;:~j .

Caair@7pe Rack
l --6 w ---=

----

-----

-----

.-. IaJu

131

Casing

Rhc(}logj
fk!nl I\ AcII\atcd (omprcmtvc

(){)0
3(101 220 }{ours 1~

3[N)
IN() I 34

200
134 c)J

100
w j ()

6
lx ~) Dcnsil!. ppg

3
15 7 10 ()()

%518

BHsT ( lw)fm
Ilio

Sorfwx

( l(KJnF)
180

Strcnfyll,

psl

Thlckcntng Tinw. reins

Free Water. mls Fluid Loss. nlls(iloooow

-1-1
1) 22s

?-l
48 {wing

2X50
~~jo

I400
2100

Rhcolog\
Prcnli\ Premix & 1.AP Ach\ wxf L)ownholc
(omprmlf

600
100+ 14X 122 02 Hours ]~ 24 4!!

3[)0
180 ()() 117 30

200
174 ()() 4) ?7

I00

X4
-H) ~() 17 Dcnsit?,
ppg

18
17

15
I (1

7 [Ia(l

7
()

7
5
1350

IJ, 175F
c

BHST (285F)
025 I 150

Surface ( loOOF) II rm :~~

Strength.

psI

Thlckcning

Tlmc.

reins

100 ()

Frcc Watcr, mls Flu]d

LOSS.

I-IX()

510

111]S (i, looopSl 6 3

~xc)

Rheology
Prcnli\
7 liii] Prcnli&Additncs Ac[i\atcd Dowrrholc u 175(F

600
300t

300

200

1()()

7(}()+
loot
Vy I{ours ]~ 24

IX(I loot
?~)()
[2X Iltlsl (2 X5F) I 700 l??i

I 74 ~J()
~~I
~) .$

x-l 1X3
]32
54

lx 2X
lx
t)

15 ~~
13
4
10.()()

CSomprcssllc Slrcnglh. pw

Sorfacc ( I()()F)
Ii 1.500

Density,

ppg

Thickcnlny Free Waler, Fluld loss.

Time, mls
1111S[[

reins

7? ()

-lx
Casing

~]~i

2340

][)()()PSI

7-I

Rhedog~
Prctnl \ Prcnm\ & LAP
Acti\atcd [)ownhole Comprcswvc Slrcn-glh. psl a I)()F

600
3001 ~()~
~io X5 Hours 11 ~J 48

300
[xl] I x-l
151 J?

200
I 14 141
115 ~() Surfaw

100
w ()()
(>7 17 ( IwPF) (,() ~

()
lx I ()
Ii 3

3
15 :2
13 ~

4-1/2

Liid

BIIST (455<F)
1?7$ I 72.5 1)30 300

Dcnsit). ppg
Thlckcning Free Water. Fluid loss, Time. mls nllsi~ Il)()()psi 6 3 nuns

H 50
147 () 147

Xxo
1005 200 100

Rheolo~\ Premix 4-1/2 Itiil Prcmix&Add][i; Act]\atcd Lkmnholc Conlprcssi\c Strength. psi {1190F cs

000 30[)+

~()()t 300t
Iil }iours [J 24

IX(I 300+ loo,

~)1 BtlST (455F) J()(}() 4375 4750

I 34 700+ ~<)x
64

w ~~] 1X4
-w) Density,

lx -ix ~()
5 ppg Time. mls nuns

Is ?X ~~
-1 10 ()() 135 () ()3

Surface ( 10(SF) 70 Iltt(l

Thickening Free Water.

-lx
1. L(fcon[alns
3. 1Ix wmcn[ tilsurf~cc 55(OSil]ca sluro floljr fort llccon[rol flu]dlosscon[rol condltlrmwl l)

1X5(J
relrogrcwon

Fluid Loss. mls:ulooopsi

of$lrcngltl xkht]tc at BH17T

2. I. AP Isa nl]\[urcof\+aicr. [cnl~ral~]re(l(t(l

andpcrl]tcusuf for IS nunutm

[orcducc[hcdcnslty prior [o [cst]ng

thcccmcn(sl urn tl~ccol~lprcss] \cstrc]lgtt)

ha$ fwcn

4.

Liquid Cement

Table 3 Premix - Storage

Life

RHEOLOGY VS TIME

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110 1(D

z
z

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.+
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*

~ [;, -{~ t
J 1 . r-;T i

30. --2010 0 78910111213 I-ITT. - .-

L-] --J ..1...

14151617181920 2122232425

Storage Time, Days (Temp. 10~ deg. F)

.
_ 100

RPM

+3

RPM ]

THEOLOGICAL READINGS - FANN 35 (R], Bl, S1)

DAYS
10(3rpm 3 rpm

(3
73 14

i
57 6

10

II

[2

13

14

[5

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

X() 10

85 10

n9 10

95 12

94 10

93 11

99 12

9x 12

100 13

104 13

104 12

105 14

106 14

107 15

106 1s

109 16

110 15

114 16

116 19

114 22

118 28

I 32 76

133

Table 4 9-5/8 Casing- Slurry Design

Depth BHST BHCT

Class G

126 ft (38.4 mtrs) 90 F (32 C) 800 F (27 C)

Cement

+ 55A Silica Flour (db-bwx) + ().55 gaml Activator -3 + 0,10 ga~l Activator -1 16,0 1.69 6.50 6.66 ppg cuftkack gps (fresh water) gps

Pre-mix Density Pre-mix Yield

Mixing Water Total Fluid Thickening Time (Q 80F Free Water @;80F Fluid LOSS kj 80F Farm 35 Reading (R1.B1.F1)

1 hour and 27 minutes (see Figure 2) 0%0 by volume 218 cc /30 minutes /1000 psi 300 200100 6 3 133 94 53 7 5 1950 psi tier 24 hours 3120 psi after 36 hours

Compressive Strength @j90F

Figure 2 Thickening Time Curve of Activated Liquid Cement Premix

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134

Figure 3

TWIN 5 BE3L STAINLESS STEEL DISPLACEMENT -n TANKS

l\

~ OPERATORS DECK

25 13BL STAINLESS STEEL MIXING TANKS WITH HYDRAULIC AGITATORS

LIQUIDCI+:MENT PREMIX PUMPING UNIT

Figure 4
Liquid Ccment Premix - Equipment Schematic

. _
Extra eauipment for Iaraer lobs

.-l

1 I I
/\ @@ * ? +

/ I

~cen-+id:
1 I
l_________

L!mm!HJ

Twm 26 bbl,

-_

Trailer Mounted Batch Mixer

Liquid Cement Premix

Pumping Unit (LCU)

135

1iit)lc 5
[ Iqllid (cIl)cllt 10b S(lnlnliln

JOB NUMBER

DATE 29/03/96 04/04/96 04/04/96 05104/96 05/04/96 05/04/96 13/04196 13/04/96 15/04/96 22104196
1 --

RIG Rig#2 Rlg # 2 Rig # 2 Rig # 2 Rig # 2 Rig # 2 Ria # 1 Rig # 1 Rig # 1 Rig #_l
I

OPERATION 9-5/8 Casing Lost Circulation Lost Circulation 7 Casing 7 Back-fill 7 Top Job Lost Circulation Lost Circulation 9-5/8 Casing Lost Circulation

DEPTH feet Plug#l Plug#2 126 617 617 617 617 126 22 22 108 260

BHCT DENSITY dea F DDa 80 100 100 100 100 80 80 80 80 80 16.00 14.00 14.00 13.50 13.50 16.00
1400

ACTIVATOR A-1 A-3 010 045 045 025 025 020

030

VOLUME bbls 20.0 7.5 7.5 25.0 25.0 10.0

100

001
002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 nll -.,

055 080 080 055 055 055

080

Plua#l Plug#2 Plug#l

.
L

1400 16.00 1450 13.50 1600 16,00 1350 1600 1350 1600 1350 -1600 1600 1600 16,00 14.90 1490

030 0.10 0.55 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.05 040 1010 0.40 0.05 0.05 0.10 000 0.35 035

080 055 080 015 6 i5 055 015 020 015 i 0551 020 010 055 055 015 055 055

10.0 40.0 100 350 100 10,0 200 100 300 1001 350 100 200 100 4.0 4.0 5.0

76m4mi .-., ----

Rin ti 1 7 Ca<inn --.,,,-17,, P-1..;nfi

(lParj)
/4n T\ Y\ Lull]

t
012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021

1000 110 110 1000

1000 1827 ...._.. 1827 1827 , 1827 I 80 120 120 120 80

26/04/96 29104196 30/04/96 30/04/96 08/05/96 08/05/96 08/05/96 25/05196 26/05/96 26/05/96 I

Rig # 1 ; ;;;;ob RIg # 2 4-1/2 Casing (lead) 4-1/2 Casing (tail) Ria # 2 4-1/2 Back-fill lRia # 2]4-1 /2 ToD Job Rig # 1 4-1 /2 Casing fleadJ Rig Rig Rig ]Rig [Rig # # # # # 4-1/2 Casing (tailj 1 4-1/2 Back-fill 1 4-112 Top Job 2 Cement Plug 2[Cement Squeeze 2] Cement Squeeze

1975 135 135 1975 1975 135 80 1975 -185 4175 17Top~ 90 1720

-5

05/07196

Ria # 1 7 Casina
s

(lf?d~ -. .__. !!!

1/

:-!! 108 80 -80 80 30 80 80

Eo 16.00 15.80 1580 1350 13,50 13.50 13.50

027 028 029 030

05/07/96 7---06/07/96 06/07/96 06/07/96

t 05/07/96

!Ria # 117 ToD Job # 1 r lRig # 1 ]7 Top ,Job # 2 , Rig # 1 7 Rig # 1 7 Rig # 1 7
Top Top Top

E==
Note: Actwator

Job # 3 Job-# 4 Job # 5

968 76 76 76 76 . 76 76

005 . 010 F35 005 010 0.10 060 060 060 0.60

E
040 Total:

i! 020 055 055 045 045 045 045

-- 20.0 100 7.0 7.0 10.0 10.0 3.0 550.0 [

concentrations

specified

in gallons

per barrel of Liquid Cement

136