ATISH DIPANKAR BIGGAYAN O PROJUKTI BISHAWBIDYALAY

B.Sc. IN TEXTILE ENGINEERING PROJECT ON EFFECT OF M: L RATIO ON SUMIFIX AND JAMAFIX(YELLOW,RED,BLUE)DYES SUPERVISED BY MD. ASIB I BAL LECTURER DEPERTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING ATISH DIPANKAR BIGGAYAN O PROJUKTI BISHAWBIDYALAY BANANI.DHAKA!"#"$ SUBMITED BY: MD.RUHUL AMIN ROEL ID NO: "%&!#'%!%%$ SEMISTER: FALL!#%"(

ATISH DIPANKAR BIGGAYAN O PROJUKTI BISHAWBIDYALAY

B.Sc. IN TEXTILE ENGINEERING PROJECT ON EFFECT OF M: L RATIO ON SUMIFIX AND JAMAFIX (YELLOW,RED,BLUE)DYES. SUPERVISED BY: MD. ASIB I BAL LECTURER DEPERTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING ATISH DIPANKAR BIGGAYAN O PROJUKTI BISHAWBIDYALAY BANANI, DHAKA!"#"$ SUBMITED BY: MD.RUHUL AMIN ROBEL ID NO: "%&!#'%!%%$ SEMISTER: FALL!#%"(

Page-3

TITLE OF THE PROJECT THESIS

E))*c+ O) M:L R,+-. O/ J,0,)-1 A/2 S30-)-1 (R*2,Y*44.5,B43*) D6*7

Page-4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All thanks are due to almighty "Allah"the most beneficial and merciful who enable us to complete this project. The completion of this project is percei ed as the fruithful result of and incredible effort!de otion and hard work."t can be stated without any hesitation that this thesis is the out come of the join effort of all concerned by successfully negotiating the arious tedious problem and hardles. #e are particularly thankful of lecturer $d.Asib "%bal sir my project ad isor for the guidance and aluable co-operation render by him at any stage regarding this project.&e fully indulged himself to facilitate our job whene er approached him to seek guidance regarding this study. " am really greatfull to the honorable '($ $d. &adi sir! Pn) "ndusties *td. and management outhority who as permitted me for doing this course.Also goes to heartfull thanks to P$ $d.+horshed Alom sir and *ab "ncharge ,ree "ndro-eet 'e sir! Pn) "ndustries *td. ,pecial thanks are reser ed for the &ead of Te.tile /ngineering 'epartment of Atish 'pankar 0iggayan 1 Projukti 0ishawbiddalay2A'0P03 for encouraging and moti ating throughout the successful completion of this project.#e are ery thankful to each and ery person of who make oursel es ery comfortable during our whole internship program!who led us to complete this project work. 4aculty of Te.tile /ngineering Atish 'ipankar 0iggayan 1 Projukti 0ishawbiddalay.

Page5

ABSTRACT

The objecti e of our project was to compare among different $5* ratio dyeing methods of cotton yarn with ,umifi. and 6amafi.27ellow!)ed!0lue3dyes.

After dyeing the dyed sample were subjected to se eral tests8. 9olor fastness to light. :. 9olor fastness to rubbing. 3. 9olor fastness to washing 4. Process effecti eness ;. 9ost analysis

4inally from the o erall comparison for different $5* ratio processes.

Page-<

T,84* .) C./+*/+

,=. 8 : 3 4 ; < >

Topics Title 1f Project Abstract Acknowledgement (eneral "ntroduction *itarature )eniew $aterials And $ethods )esult And 'iscussion

Page

? @

9onclusion )eferances

Page->

*ist 1f 4igure

Page-?

*ist 1f 4igure

Page-@

CHAPTER!%"

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Page-8A

The project work! which builds understanding! skill B attitude of the performer! which impro es his knowledge in boosting producti ity B ser ices. Thesis work pro ides us ast theoretical as well as more practical knowledgeC which helps us

to be familiar with technical support of modern technology! skillness about arious processing stages. $y project work is Effect Of M:L Ratio On Sumifix And Jamafix(Yellow,Red,Blue) Dye . To complete this project work effecti ely we ha e to know about some important points! such as 5 cotton yarn! sumifi. and jamafi. dyes! dyeing fastnees! dyeing procedure. =ow-a-days cotton yarn is used e.tensi ely in te.tile field.. ,o my project work is an effecti e one. ,umifi. and jamafi. dyeing is probably the best described as an industrial art! ha ing an assured future. The introduction of sumifi. and jamafi. dyes for cotton yarn has gi en the dyer the possibility of using only one type of dye B simple application conditions! in place of the necessary at one time. #e ha e prepared this report sincerely as re%uired on completion of our project work according to the guideline gi en by our super ising teacher! which will lead to a strong guideline B milestone for our future carrier. O89*c+-:*7 .) .3; P;.9*c+: 8. To compare the effect of m5l ratio different process of cotton yarn dyeing . :. To analy-e the cost of dyeing of each mehtod of dyeing 3. To assess the color fastness properties of dyed cotton yarn using different dyeing method 4. To find out the o erall comparison.
Page-88

CHAPTER!%#

LITERATURE REVIEW

Page-8:

F-8;*,Y,;/,D6*7

O:*;:-*5 : The starting point for any te.tile or apparel product is the raw fiber. To go from fiber to finished garment! the process is generally as follows5 8. 4ibers are most commonly transformed into yarn 2e.ceptions will be discussed below3. :. 7arns are intertwined by either a wea ing or a knitting process to form fabrics! or knit directly into garments. 3. 4abrics are cut into garment componentsC components are sewn into garments. 4. (arments may be embroidered! dyed! Dstone washed!E or otherwise further processed. 9olor may be imparted to a fabric at the fiber! yarn! fabric! and F or assembled garment stage through dyeing and F or printing processes. F-8*;7: 4ibers are the raw material for any te.tile product. They are thin! fle.ible! hair G like strands of matter that range in length from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters. ,hort fibers 2from a few to many centimeters in length3 are called staple fibers. *ong! continuous fibers are called filament fibers. fibers! depending upon their source and chemical make up. There are four common types of natural fibers5 H cotton! H wool! H silk! and H fla. 2linen3.

Page83 4ibre are generally classified into two categories5

 =atural! and $an-made. 0oth natural and man G made fibers are further classified into5 H cellulosic 2plant fibers3 and H non G cellulosic 2animal! mineral! or synthetic3 fibers! depending upon their source and chemical make up. There are four common types of natural fibers5 H cotton! H wool! H silk! and H fla. 2linen3. 1ther less common natural fibers include animal hairs such as icuna! camel hair! mohair! alpaca! cashmere. 'epending upon their source and chemical make up! natural and man G made fibers are each further classified asH cellulosic 2plant fibers3 and H non G cellulosic 2animal! mineral! or synthetic3. $an G made fibers are generally produced by e.truding a chemical solution through a spinaret. The process is similar to that used to make spaghetti noodles! resulting in long! continuous filaments that may be used in filament form or cut into short staple lengths and spun like a natural fiber.

Page-84 Te.tile manufacturers engineer fabrics to ha e certain characteristics! according to the needs of the end G user. 4abric to be used in apparel will be engineered for comfort. 'epending upon the intended use of the garment 2e.g. childrenIs play clothes! or ladiesI e ening wear3 certain characteristics may be more important! or less important 2durability! washability! fabric luster or shine.3 This engineering process begins with the careful selection of fibers! according to their characteristics! and continues through the choice of yarn type and si-e! method of fabric construction! dye selection and dyeing or printing methods! and so on. C<*0-c,4 c<,;,c+*;-7+-c7: 4ibers may be categori-ed as being hydrophilic 2easily absorbing water3! hydrophobic 2not easily absorbing water3! or oleophilic 2easily absorbing oil! and hence oily stains3. ,uch differences play a key role in how easily a fabric or garment may become soiled! whether it absorbs oily substances that easily stain or mark a fabric and may be difficult to remo e. They play a ital role in whether a garment can be laundered 2washed with water and detergent3 or must be dry cleaned with chemical sol ents. $any consumers dislike the latter because of the e.pense and concerns about the en ironmental impact of chemicals used in the dry cleaning process. $ost natural fibers are hydrophilic! that is to say they absorb water easily. Polyester is notably oleophilic! meaning it easily absorbs oil! making it less desirable for certain types of apparel or home furnishings uses. These characteristics also make it important for manufacturers to select the proper dyes for coloring a yarn or fabric! as the chemical make G up of the dye must be compatible with the chemical make G up of the fiber 2whether the fiber is

natural or man G made3. If a garment is to be dyed after assembly 2either garment dyed or o er G dyed3! it Page8; is particularly critical that the thread used for sewing the garment be made from a fiber with the same characteristics and dyeability as the fabric. 1therwise! %uality problems will occur during the dyeing process! causing unsightly color defects in the finished garment. This is e%ually important in selecting embroidery threads for any fabrics or garments that will be dyed after being embroidered. "t is also itally important to consider fiber content when selecting fibers to be used in swimwear. "t can be e.pected that swimwear will be e.posed o er prolonged periods of time to salt water! chlorine! and sun. Any one of these in isolation or in combination can be highly degrading to certain fibers 2and dyes3. 9are should be taken to select those fibers 2hence fabrics3 that can withstand such agents without degradation or loss of %uality. P<67-c,4 c<,;,c+*;-7+-c7: /ach type of fiber also has its own physical characteristics of strength! luster! softness or rigidity! surface feel! etc. This makes some fibers more suitable to certain types of apparel than others. 4or e.ample! culti ated silk is known for its smoothness and luster! but many animal hairs 2wool! camel! etc.3 often ha e a scratchy feel due to their irregular! scaly surface. An o er iew of fiber characteristics follows. 4ashion and clothing designers will select and specify a particular type of fabric! including its fiber content! yarn si-e! method of fabric construction!

dye type! and dyeing or printing method according to the characteristics sFhe wants in the finished garment. 'esigners wanting a finished garment that is cool! comfortable! and easily washed may select a8AAJ cotton! or a blended fabric 2two or more fiber types in the same yarn or fabric3 containing a high
Prepared by $argaret 0ishop and 0rent ,mith for the #est Africa Trade &ub ?FA4 3

Page8< color! luster! but less concerned with washability! may select silk. 'esigners wanting ease of care may select nylon or polyester Table 8. ,trength 4eel F *uster Typical 9omfort characteristi cs of common te.tile fibers 4iber 9otton *ow! 9omfort A erage especiall able! y when especiall wet y in heat #ool *ow! ,cratchy *ow especiall ! y when uncomfo wet rtable in heat ,ilk &igh ,mooth! &igh comforta ble in heat and cold Polyester &igh Kncomf Laries ortable in heat =ylon &igh ,mooth! &igh uncomfo rtable in heat

fibers. A table of characteristics of se eral commonly used fibers follows.

Page8> 4iber identification5 /ach specific type of fiber can be easily and clearly identified by arious isual! tactile! physical! and chemical tests. "t should be noted! howe er! that sometimes more than one type of fiber may gi e the same results when tested using a certain method. Therefore! it may be necessary to conduct two or more different tests to determine the e.act identification of the fiber. K, law re%uires that all manufactured apparel sold in the Knited ,tates carry a permanent label clearly stating the fiber content and care instructions for the garment. Apparel manufacturers should test incoming raw materials for their fiber content! or re%uire that their suppliers pro ide proof of testing and results. A word of caution. 9ompanies purchasing yarn or fabric described as! Dsilk!E D9hina silk!E Dsilky!E or DsilkenE should take care to ha e the fiber content tested and erified by an accredited third party lab. These terms are often used incorrectly and F or in purposely misleading ways to make buyers belie e a particular yarn is silk when it is a different fiber. ,imilarly! companies buying yarns or fabrics labeled as DlinenE should ha e the fiber content erified by testing at an independent lab as many less e.pensi e fibers may be substituted for linen. 7arn5 $ost fibers are too short to be of any use in their original form. They must be formed into yarn to be of real alue in te.tile or apparel manufacturing. "n order to form a yarn with sufficient strength and uniformity! the fibers must be straightened and aligned in a parallel orientation. 0undles of fiber must be twisted slightly! elongated! twisted again and elongated more!

Page8? until the yarns form a thin! tight yarn suitable for wea ing or knitting. "t is the twist that holds the indi idual fibers together and gi es strength to the yarn. $ore highly twisted yarns are generally stronger than less highly twisted yarns of the same fiber type and si-e. &owe er! if the yarn is twisted too much! it becomes less pliable! de elops kinks! and becomes difficult to work with in a wea ing loom or knitting frame! ultimately causing %uality problems in the fabric. Yarn Manufacturing5 Although there may be some technology! terminology! or process differences between yarn manufacturing systems for cotton! wool! linen! spun synthetics 2e.g. spun polyester! acetate! etc.3 or other fiber types! the general steps and workflow are similar. The general steps are5 8. 9leaning 2remo ing dirt and debris3 :. 0lending fibers 3. Aligning fibers and forming loose web or mass of fibers. 4. /longating mass of fibers ;. ,pinning! twisting to lock fibers together <. Plying two or more yarns into one. ,tep 8! 9leaning5 All natural fibers must be cleaned and separated before processing. ,eeds 2e.g. cotton3 must be remo ed! dirt and other foreign matter must be remo ed 2plant and animal fibers3. Processing fibers without properly or thoroughly cleaning

Page-8@ them causes ery poor %uality yarn not suitable for apparel. 0ales of raw fiber are opened and fed into machines that separate dirt and debris from fiber. ,tep :! 0lending5 "n order to achie e a better combination of desirable characteristics in a yarn or fabric! manufacturers often blend two or more fiber types 2or lengths3 together into the one yarn. This is generally done at the fiber stage. 4ibers are usually fed into a large 2:!AAA kg or larger3 blending machine that mi.es the fibers for an e en distribution of each fiber type and F or length. ,tep 3! Alignment5 0efore fibers can be formed into a yarn! they must be aligned in parallel 2or nearly parallel3 orientation. ,horter fibers gi e significantly less strength to a finished yarn! so manufacturers ma.imi-e the length of each fiber by straightening it and laying it parallel to other fibers before beginning the yarn formation. 1nce aligned! the loose fibers form a wide! thick! fluffy mat with little or no strength. These mats of fiber are then pulled gently into a loose! rope G like cylinder a couple of centimeters in diameter! 2about the diameter of a medium carrot3 called a sliver. ,tep 4! /longating5 "n order to gi e yarn strength! the sl er must be further elongated and some twist must be imparted to hold the indi idual fibers together more tightly. The sli er is pulled 2drawn3 and twisted down to a roving! the si-e of an ordinary pencil. ,tep ;! ,pinning5

Page-:A The ro ing is drawn again! twisted tightly! forming a continuous thread G like yarn with substantially more strength than the ro ing. 'ifferent methods may be used for spinning! but ring spinning and open end spinning are the most common. After spinning! yarn is wound onto a thick cardboard or plastic cone! or onto a bobbin! depending upon how it will be used. Left: cone of yarn: ,tep <! Plying5 4or greater strength! thickness! and at times certain other design characteristics! two or more yarns may be twisted together. /ach indi idual yarn is then referred to as a D ply.E The number of plys is often noted in describing the yarn 2e.g. a singles yarn denotes it has not been plyedC a two-ply yarn indicates two yarns ha e been twisted together into one!3 Prepared by $argaret 0ishop and 0rent ,mith for the #est Africa Trade &ub ?FA4 ; 7arn numbering systems 'ifferent yarn numbering systems are used for cotton! linen! wool! and silk or synthetic yarns. Traditionally yarns ha e been bought and sold by weight rather than length. To further complicate matters! each yarn manufacturing system 2cotton system! wool system! etc.3 had its own uni%ue measuring F numbering system to describe the weight 2hence si-e3 of the yarn produced. The arious systems can be categori-ed as either direct yarn numbering systems! or indirect systems. 'irect systems5

Page:8 'irect yarn numbering systems %uantify the weight per a standard length of yarn. As the weight of the yarn increases! so does the numerical alue assigned. ,ilk and most synthetic yarns are measured using the direct system. 1ne unit of measure is called denier. The weight of a yarn using this system is e.pressed as the number of grams 2weight3 per @AAA meters 2length3. The higher the denier of a yarn! the greater its weight 2per gi en length of yarn3! therefore the higher the denier! the hea ier and often thicker the yarn. "ndirect systems5 #ith indirect yarn numbering systems! the weight F length relationship is re ersed. The larger the number assigned to a gi en yarn! the lighter 2and generally thinner or finer3 the yarn. #hile there are se eral different indirect systems! each based on one or another of the different yarn manufacturing systems 2e.g. cotton! wool!M3 the most commonly used today is the measurement system from the cotton system. 0ecause cotton! wool! and linen yarns typically are plied 2two or more indi idual yarns are twisted together to form a stronger! thicker yarn3! the yarn numbering system deri ed from these manufacturing systems indicates the number of plys. The cotton system! used for cotton yarns and cotton blend 2e.g. cotton F polyester3 yarns utili-es a two G part number! with the two numbers separated by a slash 2F3. The number preceding the slash indicates the length 2in ?4A yard lengths for the cotton system3 per pound of yarn. The greater the length of yarn needed to weigh 8 pound! the lighter F finer the yarn. The number following the slash

indicates the number of plys 2indi idual yarns3 used to make the final yarn. A :AF8 yarn is a single ply yarn. A :AF: yarn is a two G ply yarn. As the yarn count increases! the weight 2and generally the fineness3 of the yarn decreases! hence the term Dindirect numbering system.E Page-:: 7arn system 'irect "ndirect 7arn Preparation5 4abric manufacturing re%uires preparation of the yarn before the yarn can be interlaced 2wo en3 or looped together 2knit3 to form the fabric. 7arn preparation in ol es se eral steps that ary depending upon whether the yarn will be used to wea e or to knit a fabric. 0ecause of the tension placed on warp yarn! and the abrasion it faces during the wea ing process! warp yarn must be si-ed and F or lubricated for added strength! and so yarns will easily slip past one another during the wea ing process without catching and breaking. (enerally starch is applied to the yarn! as well as some sort of slippery lubricating agent. This lubricant F starch is called Dsi-ing.E 'epending upon the type of fiber and yarn these may be added at arious points during the yarn forming process. ,i-ing is not added to yarn used for knit fabrics. 9ones of yarn are placed into a large frame called a creel. /ach creel holds hundreds of indi idual cones! with guide wires to position each piece of yarn toward a de ice that winds yarn onto a large beam. A warp beam resembles a giant spool of thread! but with hundreds of indi idual yarns 2ends3 wound ne.t to each other #eight per length increases increases =umber increases decreases

around the beam rather than one yarn wound around the spool. /ach indi idual yarn is called an end. =ormally there are between 8@ and >A ends per cm.

Page-:3

CHAPTER!%&

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Pge-:4

L-7+ .) 26*7 = c<*0-c,47 5<-c< ,;* 37*2 -/ 06 >;.9*c+ 5.;?:

SN. 8 : 3 4 ; < > ? @ 8A 88 8: 83

N,0* 7ellow dyes )ed dyes 0lue dyes 7ellow dyes )ed dyes 0lue dyes Argonal 88@ )* &911& ,fter &:1: =a1&

C.00*;c-,4 S3>>4-*; /,0* ,umifi. co. )-/N4 ,umifi. co. 0-/N4 ,umifi. co. 7-/' 6amafi. 9o. )-/' 6amafi. 9o. 0-/' 6amafi. 9o. ,oaping 'ycin Agent 9o. 4i.ing Agent 'ycin 9o. *e elling TBT Agent *e elling 'ycin Agent 9o. #ashing 'ycin Agent 9o. *e elling 'ycin Agent 9o. *e elling 'ycin 7-/N4

Page-:<

P;.c*23;* .) +<* 2-))*;*/+ 26*-/@ 0*+<.2 (":A,":B,":"%) 5-+< "% @0 c.++./ 6,;/:

(A)M:L R,+-. ":A S30-)-1 26*7 (Y!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 5 7-/N42A.?J3 7arn 5 8A gm ,olt 5 3 gm ,oda 5 8.A: gm $5* 5 85< Time 5 <A min Temp 5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 27-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. Page-:> -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash. -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard.

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc) W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42

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Page-:?

(B)M:L R,+-. ":B S30-)-1 26*7 (Y!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 57-/N42A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt54 gm ,oda58.3< gm $5*585? Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 27-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both.

-This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash. -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash.

Page-:@ -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard.

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

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Page-3A

(C)M:L R,+-. ":"% S30-)-1 26*7 (Y!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 57-/N42A.?J 7arn58A gm ,olt5; gm ,oda58.> gm $5*5858A Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 27-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-38

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

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Page-3:

(D)M:L R,+-. ":A J,0,)-1 26*7 (Y!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 57-/N42A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt53 gm ,oda58.A: gm $5*585< Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 27-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-33

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

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Page-34

(E)M:L R,+-. ":B J,0,)-1 26*7 (Y!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 57-/N42A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt54 gm ,oda58.3< gm $5*585? Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes.

-Then the 6amafi. dyes 27-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold was -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard.

Page-3;

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc) W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

A%DE#% 0-/ #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG) S,4+ (N,#S.()

"% 0-/3+*

Page-3<

(F)M:L R,+-. ":"% J,0,)-1 26*7 (Y!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 57-/'2A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt5; gm ,oda58.> gm $5*5858A Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 27-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-3>

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"% 0

Page-3?

(G)M:L R,+-. ":A S30-)-1 26*7 (R!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 5)-/N42A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt53 gm ,oda58.A: gm $5*585< Time5<A min Temp5<AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 2)-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash. -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash

!Then the sample is o

en dry and compared standard. Page-3@

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc)

A%DE#% 0-/

#% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG)

S,4+ (N,#S.()

W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-4A

(H)M:L R,+-. ":B S30-)-1 26*7 (R!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 5)-/N42A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt54 gm ,oda58.3< gm $5*585< Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 2)-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash

-Then the sample is o

en dry and compared standard. Page-48

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc)

A%DE#% 0-/

#% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG)

S,4+ (N,#S.()

W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-4:

(I)M:L R,+-. ":"% S30-)-1 26*7 (R!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 5)-/N42A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt5;gm ,oda58.> gm $5*5858A Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 2)-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-43

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc) W,7<-/@ ,@*/+

A%DE#% 0-/ #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 S,4+ (N,#S.()

F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG)

37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-44

(J)M:L R,+-. ":A J,0,)-1 26*7 (R!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 5)-/'2A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt53 gm ,oda58.A: gm $5*585< Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 2)-/'3 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-4;

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc)

A%DE#% 0-/

#% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG)

S,4+ (N,#S.()

W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-4<

(K)M:L R,+-. ":B J,0,)-1 26*7 (R!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 5)-/'2A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt54 gm ,oda58.3< gm $5*585? Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 2)-/'3 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash. -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-4>

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*;

A%DE#% 0-/

((%Dc) #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG) S,4+ (N,#S.() W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-4?

(L)M:L R,+-. ":"% J,0,)-1 26*7 (R!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 5)-/'2A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt5; gm ,oda58.> gm $5*5858A Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 2)-/'3 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-4@

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*;

A%DE#% 0-/

((%Dc) #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG) S,4+ (N,#S.() W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-;A

(M)M:L R,+-. ":A S30-)-1 26*7 (B!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 50-/N42A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt53 gm ,oda58.A: gm $5*585< Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 20-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-;8

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc)

A%DE#% 0-/

#% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG)

S,4+ (N,#S.()

W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-;:

(N)M:L R,+-. ":B S30-)-1 26*7 (B!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 50-/N42A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt54 gm ,oda58.3< gm $5*585? Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 20-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-;3

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*;

A%DE#% 0-/

((%Dc) #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG) S,4+ (N,#S.() W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-;4

(O)M:L R,+-. ":"% S30-)-1 26*7 (B!EXF) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 50-/N42A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt5; gm ,oda58.>gm $5*5858A Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the sumifi. dyes 20-/N43 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash Page-;; -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard.

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.,>-/@

A%DE#% 0-/ #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG) S,4+ (N,#S.()

S.2, (N,#C.&)

(A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc) W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-;<

(P)M:L R,+-. ":A J,0,)-1 26*7 (B!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 50-/'2A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt53 gm ,oda58.A: gm $5*585< Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:
-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 20-/'3 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash Page-;> -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard.

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc) W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

A%DE#% 0-/ #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG) S,4+ (N,#S.()

"% 0-/3+*

Page-;?

( )M:L R,+-. ":B J,0,)-1 26*7 (B!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
,umifi. dyes 50-/'2A.?J3 7arn58A gm ,olt54 gm ,oda58.3< gm $5*585? Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 27-/'3 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-;@

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*;

A%DE#% 0-/

((%Dc) #% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG) S,4+ (N,#S.() W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-<A

(R)M:L R,+-. ":"% J,0,)-1 26*7 (B!ED) c.++./ 6,;/:!

CR*c->*:
6amafi. dyes 50-/'2A.?J3
7arn58A gm ,olt5; gm ,oda58.> gm $5*5858A Time5<A min Temp5 <AO9

CP;.c*23;*:

-At first take it )* le elling agent A.4 J! 8A gm yarn !and water put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for 8A minutes. -Then the 6amafi. dyes 20-/'3 A.?J put in the dye both. -This condition is kept for :A minutes and dye both temperature is raised to <AO9 -Then the solt put in the dye both This condition is kept for :A min at <AO9 -Then the soda put in the dye both -This condition is kept for 8A min at <AO9 -Then time check and sample OK. -Then the washing agent used 2soaping3 <AO9 temperature and cold wash. -Then the softer used 4AO9 temperature and cold wash -Then the sample is o en dry and compared standard. Page-<8

CP;.c*23;* 26*-/@ c3;:*:

A%DE"% 0-/ S.2, (N,#C.&) S.,>-/@ (A%Dc)F S.)+*; ((%Dc)

A%DE#% 0-/

#% 0-/ RL(%.(G)F0,+*;-,4 F5,+*; C.4.3;(%.BG)

S,4+ (N,#S.()

W,7<-/@ ,@*/+ 37*2 ,/2 c.42 W,7<.

"% 0-/3+*

Page-<:

CHAPTER!%(

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Page-<3

SAMPLE ("% @0 6,;/): CD6*-/@ .) 7,0>4* 730-)-1(Y!EXF),/2 9,0,)-1(Y!ED) 26*7:! D6*7 %.BG %.BG %.BG

S30-)-1 26*7(Y! EXF)

J,0,)-1 26*7(Y! ED)

Page-<4

CD6*-/@ .) 7,0>4* 730-)-1(R!EXF),/2 9,0,)-1(R!ED) 26*7:!

D6*7

%.BG

%.BG

%.BG

S30-)-1 26*7(R! EXF)

J,0,)-1 26*7(R! ED)

Page-<;

CD6*-/@ .) 7,0>4* 730-)-1(B!EXF),/2 9,0,)-1(B!ED) 26*7:!

D6*7

%.BG

%.BG

%.BG

S30-)-1 26*7(B! EXF)

J,0,)-1 26*7(B! ED)

Page-<<

D6*7,C<*0-c,4 A/2 A31-4-,;-*7 C.7+

1200 1000 gfhhgh 800 600 400 200 0

Salt Soda RL Argonal Softer Fixing Agent Sumifix Dyes J amafix Dyes H !!H

Page-<>

O/46 D6*-/@ C.7+ S30-)-1 A/2 J,0,)-1(Y*44.5,R*2,B43*)

1040 1020 1000 "80 "60 "40 "20 "00 880 860 Sumifix Dyes#$ello%&Red&'l ue( J amafix Dyes#$ello%&Red&'l ue(

Page-<?

O/46 C<*0-c,4 C.7+

"00 800 +00 600 *00 400 )00 200 100 0 RL Argonal Softer Fixing Agent H !!H ,a!H

Page-<@

C.4.3; F,7+/*77 T. L-@<+(L,0> T*7+)

(") A>>4-c,+-./:
D*+*;0-/* +<* c.4.3; ),7+/*77 +. 4-@<+,5-+< 730-)-1 26*7(Y! EXF) 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"% 2-))*;*/+ 4-@<+ ),7+/*77 >*;c*/+,@*(G)

A>>,;,+37 R*H3-;*2:
L-@<+ ),7+/*77 +*7+*; 5-+< 4,0>.

R*>.;+:
V-*5 +<* *6* 5-+< 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B (%.IG) 4-@<+ ,/2 ":B );.0 ":"% (%.IG) 4-@<+.

Page->A

(#) A>>4-c,+-./:

D*+*;0-/* +<* c.4.3; ),7+/*77 +. 4-@<+,5-+< 730-)-1 26*7(Y!ED) 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"% 2-))*;*/+ 4-@<+ ),7+/*77 >*;c*/+,@*(G)

A>>,;,+37 R*H3-;*2:
L-@<+ ),7+/*77 +*7+*; 5-+< 4,0>.

R*>.;+:
V-*5 +<* *6* 5-+< 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B (%.IG) 4-@<+ ,/2 ":B );.0 ":"% (%.IG) 4-@<+.

Page->8

(&)A>>4-c,+-./:

D*+*;0-/* +<* c.4.3; ),7+/*77 +. 4-@<+,5-+< 730-)-1 26*7(R! EXF) 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"% 2-))*;*/+ 4-@<+ ),7+/*77 >*;c*/+,@*(G)

A>>,;,+37 R*H3-;*2:
L-@<+ ),7+/*77 +*7+*; 5-+< 4,0>.

R*>.;+:
V-*5 +<* *6* 5-+< 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B (%.IG) 4-@<+ ,/2 ":B );.0 ":"% (%.IG) 4-@<+.

Page->:

(() A>>4-c,+-./:

D*+*;0-/* +<* c.4.3; ),7+/*77 +. 4-@<+,5-+< 730-)-1 26*7(R!ED) 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"% 2-))*;*/+ 4-@<+ ),7+/*77 >*;c*/+,@*(G)

A>>,;,+37 R*H3-;*2:
L-@<+ ),7+/*77 +*7+*; 5-+< 4,0>.

R*>.;+:
V-*5 +<* *6* 5-+< 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B (%.IG) 4-@<+ ,/2 ":B );.0 ":"% (%.IG) 4-@<+.

Page->3

(I ) A>>4-c,+-./:
D*+*;0-/* +<* c.4.3; ),7+/*77 +. 4-@<+,5-+< 730-)-1 26*7(B! EXF) 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"% 2-))*;*/+ 4-@<+ ),7+/*77 >*;c*/+,@*(G)

A>>,;,+37 R*H3-;*2:
L-@<+ ),7+/*77 +*7+*; 5-+< 4,0>.

R*>.;+:
V-*5 +<* *6* 5-+< 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B (%.IG) 4-@<+ ,/2 ":B );.0 ":"% (%.IG) 4-@<+.

Page->4

(A) A>>4-c,+-./:
D*+*;0-/* +<* c.4.3; ),7+/*77 +. 4-@<+,5-+< 730-)-1 26*7(B!ED) 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"% 2-))*;*/+ 4-@<+ ),7+/*77 >*;c*/+,@*(G)

A>>,;,+37 R*H3-;*2:
L-@<+ ),7+/*77 +*7+*; 5-+< 4,0>.

R*>.;+:
V-*5 +<* *6* 5-+< 0:4 ;,+-. ":A );.0 ":B (%.IG) 4-@<+ ,/2 ":B );.0 ":"% (%.IG) 4-@<+.

Page->;

L-@<+ F,7+/*77 +. @;,)-c7 D*7-@/

(A)M:L ;,+-. (%.IG,%."%G,%."IG) 2-))*;*/+ (":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"%) 5-+< S30-)-1 D6*7:!

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1-06 1-08 1-10

Page-><

L-@<+ F,7+/*77 +. @;,)-c7 D*7-@/

(B)M:L ;,+-. (%.IG,%."%G,%."IG) 2*))*;,/+ (":A );.0 ":B );.0 ":"%) 5-+< J,0,)-1 D6*7:!

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1-06 1-08 1-10

Page->>

C.4.3; F,7+/*77 T. W,7<

A>>4-c,+-./:
D*+*;0-/* +<* c.4.3; ),7+/*77 +. 5,7< 5-+< 730-)-1(Y!EXF,R! EXF,B!EXF) 26*7 ,/2 9,0,)-1(Y!ED,R!ED,B!ED) 26*7 ,;* 8*+5**/ 2-))*;*/+ 5,7< ),7+/*77.

R*H3-;*2 M,+*;-,47:
(")S,0>4* :"% @0 (#)F.;0-c Ac-2 (HCOOH) (&)S.,>-/@ A@*/+. (()F-1-/@ A@*/+(""') (I)S.)+/*; A@*/+. (A)N.;0,4 C.42 W,7<.

R*H3-;*2 I/7+;30*/+:
".S<,?,; 0,c<-/* #.D;6 O:*/ &.L,0>

Page->?

P;.c*23;*:

!A+ )-;7+ +,?* -+ HCOOH (F.;0-c Ac-2) >3+ -/ +<* 8.+<. !T<-7 c./2-+-./ -7 ?*>+ I% c T*0>*;,+3;* ,/2 c.42 5,7<. !T<*/ +,?* -+ 7.,>-/@ ,@*/+ ,/2 +<-7 c./2-+-./ -7 ?*>+ A% c T*0>*;,+3;* ,/2 c.42 5,7<. !T<*/ +<* )-1-/@ ,@*/+ (""') +,?* -+ ,/2 +<-7 c./2-+-./ -7 ?*>+ (% c T*0>*;,+3;* ,/2 c.42 5,7<. !T<*/ +<* 7.)+/*; ,@*/+ +,?* -+ ,/2 +<-7 c./2-+-./ -7 ?*>+ (% c T*0>*;,+3;* ,/2 /.;0,4 c.42 5,7<. !T<*/ @. +. 2;6 .:*/ ,/2 @*+ ?/-++-/@.

R*>.;+:

!D;6 +<* 7>*c-0*/ ,/2 @*+ +<* ,/2 c<,/@* +<* 7<,2* (4,0> +*7+). ! S30-)-1 26*7 ( Y!EXF,R!EXF,B!EXF) ,/2 J,0,)-1 26*7 (Y! ED,R!ED,B!ED) ,;* "%G c.4.3; ),7+/*77 5,7< 2-))*;*/+ 730-)-1 26*7. !V-*5 +<* *6* );.0 4,0>.

Page->@

CHAPTER!I

CONCLUSION AND REMARKS

Page-?A

4rom this comparati e study among different dyeing method of cotton yarn dyeing with ,umifi. and 6amafi. 27ellow!)ed!0lue3 dyes we can submit that-

8. :. 3. 4. ;.

'ifferent $5* ratio change with dyeing method. 9olour fastness to light on chemical used. 9olour fastness to washing on chemical used. 'yes!9hemical and Au.iliariys cost. 'yes!9hemical and Au.iliariys only for dyeing cost.

&owe er! with this project work!we gained a great e.perience in my student life which will inspire us to do different studies in my future carrer.

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REFERENCES
8. *ewin! $.!. Pearce! /. $.5 4iber 9hemistry5 &andbook of 4iber ,cience and Technology 2"L3! $arcel 'ekker "nc.! 8@?;. :. http5FFwww.yarn.orgFdownload.phpP paperQ8BpaperRidQ@>R8RA8 3. 9hong! 9.*.! 8@@4! fibre dyeing! Te.tile Asia! ;@-<A 4. &oechst $itsubibishi+asei 9o. *td.! 8@@3! ,hingosen and its dyeing! Technical ;. 6erg! (. B 0aumann! 8.! 8@@A! A new generation of fabrics Te.tile 9hemists B 9olorists! ::! =o. 8:! 8:-84 <. 6. (ordon 9ook 5 &and book of Te.tile 4ibres 2 ol. ""-$an$ade 4ibres3 >. Trotman! /. ).! 'yeing and 9hemical Technology of Te.tile 4ibers! fourth edition! 8@>A. ?. Arthur '. 0roadbent! The 0asic Principles of Te.tile 9oloration. ,ociety of 'yers B 9olourists! :AA8 @. 'r. L. A. ,henai 5 Technology of Te.tile Processing 8A. http5FFwww.chemicals-technology.com 88.http5FFwww.ifc.net.auFeditFlibraryRfinRdyeRfinishingF'7/"=(. P'4 Page-?3

8:. http5FFte.tilelearner.blogspot.comF:A8:FA8Fdyeing-of-cotton yarn-with.html

83. ( 6erg and 6 0aumann! Te.t. 9hem. 9olorist! :: 2'ec 8@@A3 8: 84. , Anders and # ,chindler! $elliand Te.tilber.! >? 28@@>3 ?;. 8;. 0 (lo er! 9olour ,cience I@?! Lol. :! /d. , $ 0urkinshaw 2*eeds5 *eeds Kni .! 8@@@3 8A;. 8<. Practical 'yeing !Lolume 8 - 'ye ,election and 'yehouse ,upport 0y 6ames Park and 6ohn ,hore :AA4 ,ociety of 'yers and 9olourists. 8>. http5FFwww.mate.bd.comFau.iliariesFapplicationwiseF>;dyeing-chemicals 8?. Te.tile science - /. P. (. (ohl! *. '. Lilensky 8@.("001=!6/!9rimplene5profile of a yarnIs problems and success!&os.Trade 6!28@<;3,ept.!88A-88: :A.*A#!".$! 9rimplene5a fiber legend 28@?8!6une!>?-?8 :8.911+/!A.$.!A &andbook of te.tile fibre!28@<?3!$errow!K+. ::.91**/)!A.$.!A &andbook of te.tiles!28@>43!Pergamon press. :3.61,/P&!$.*.!"ntroductory te.tile science!28@<<3!)inehart and #inston.